UNIVERSITYOFTHECORDILLERAS

College of Criminal Justice Education

MODULE in LEA 1N: Law Enforcement Administration and Organization (Inter-agency Approach)

Course: ​LEA 1N
Course Title:​ Law Enforcement Administration and Organization (Inter-agency Approach)
Course Credits​: 4 units
Contact Hours/week​: 6hours
Pre-requisite:​ CRIMINOLOGY 1
Course Description:
This course covers the organizational set-up of relevant various law enforcement and
public safety agencies, as legal mandate, functions and responsibilities, and its functional
relations, coordination and cooperation with other Law enforcement and public safety
agencies.

Course Outcomes:​ At the end of the trimester, the students are expected to have:

1. In-depth knowledge and understanding of the

a) importance and purpose of the various law enforcement agencies
b) evolution of various law enforcement and public safety agencies
c) concepts and principles organization and administration in various law
enforcement and public safety agencies
d) principles and jurisprudence on law enforcement, public safety, and criminal
justice
e) powers and function of each law enforcement agencies
f) recruitment process, training, promotion, and benefits of the various law
enforcement agencies
g) disciplinary mechanism of the different law enforcement agencies

Topic 1:
Terminologies commonly used in Police Organization

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
● define the key terms and terminologies commonly used in Police Organization.
● broaden their knowledge on the importance of Police Organization.

Instructional Materials:
● Hand-out

No. of hours
1 hour and 30 minutes

Teaching-Learning Activity/Lesson Proper

Introduction to Police Organization and Administration

In all modern societies, the enforcement of the law is vital-without some type of law
enforcement, a society would eventually cease to exist. The function called law enforcement
is a society’s formal attempt to obtain compliance with the established rules, regulations, and
laws of that society. Without law enforcement, society as we know it would probably succumb
to social disorder and chaos (Jones and Barletlett Learning, 2020).

Police
● The agency of a community or government that is responsible for enforcing the law,
maintaining public order, and preventing and detecting crimes (Banton, Brodeur,
Kelling, Whetstone, & Walsh, 2019).
● The act of maintaining discipline or ensuring that the rules must be observed (Encarta
Word English Dictionary, 1999).

Organization
● A group of people who work together in an organized way for a shared purpose
(Cambridge Dictionary, 2020).

Administration
● The determination of objectives and major policies of an organization.

Police Administration
● An organizational process concerned with the implementation of the objectives and
plans, and internal operating efficiency of the police organization (Timpac, 2013).
● Otherwise known as police in action, the cooperative human effort to achieve the
purposes of the Criminal Justice System.

Police Organization
● A structured group of highly trained personnel dealt with achieving the following goals
and objectives (Padduyao, 2016)

Goal
 ● a desired result you want to achieve and is typically broad and long-term (Forsey,
2019).

Objective
● defines the specific, measurable actions (Forsey, 2019).

Goals of Police Organization

● To protect lives and properties.
● To ensure public safety
● To maintain peace and order

Objectives of Police Organization

● To attain effectiveness in the enforcement of law and efficiency of law enforcers.
● To attain a low crime volume and crime rate.
● To attain a maximum degree of solution and criminal conviction of law violators.
● To attain maximum degree in the protection of lives and properties.

POLICE TERMINOLOGIES OR JARGONS

Organize
● To form a police unit for the purpose of accomplishing a common objective.
● To arrange systematically a group of police unit/s.

Organizing
● The act of systematically arranging police units in hierarchical order to perform specific
functions thus achieve desired objectives.

Manage
● To direct or conduct the affairs or interests of various police units.
● To control the direction, operation, and business of a police unit or the police
organization as a whole.

Police Management
● The art or manner of administering, controlling, or handling all the various aspects of
the police organization.
● The skillful use of means to accomplish the task, purpose or objective of a police unit or
organization.

Police Politics
● The study of public administration or affairs of the government in relation to police
matters.
● Maneuvering for power within the police organization.

Police Power
● The power of the government to impose what is considered reasonable restriction on
the liberties of its citizens for the maintenance of public order and safety.
 ● Legally speaking, it is the power of the government to enact laws or regulations
relative to persons and property that may promote public health, public morals, public
safety and the general welfare and convenience of the people.

Police Accountability
● The inherent responsibility of the police organization to be answerable for the
misconducts committed by its members.
● It is the legal responsibility of the police officers to face any consequence that may
arise while exercising their powers, duties, and functions.

Sworn Officer
● Personnel of the police department who took his oath of office and thus possesses the
power to arrest.

Superior Officer
● An officer having supervisory responsibilities (either temporary or permanent) over an
officer of lower rank.

Subordinate
● An officer belonging to the lower or inferior rank.

Commanding Officer
● An officer who is in command of a police department, bureau, division, district, or
area/station.

Ranking Officer
● An officer having the more senior/higher rank in a team or group of police officers.

Commissioned Officer (PCO)

● A police officer with a rank of police inspector and higher.

Non-Commissioned Officer (PCNO)

● A police officer with a rank of Senior Police Officer IV and lower.

Length of Service
● The period of time that has elapsed since the oath of office was administered to an
officer; previous active services maybe included or added.

On-duty/Active Duty
● The period when an officer is actively engaged in the performance of his duty.

Special Duty
● It is the form of duty requiring an officer to be excused from the performance of his
active regular duty.
Off-duty
● The nature of which the police officer is free from specific routine duty.

Leave of Absence
● A specified period during which an officer is excused from active duty or direct
participation in police work.

Sick Leave
● A period wherein an officer is excused from active duty by reason of illness or injury.

Suspension
● A consequence of an act that temporarily deprives an officer from the privilege of
performing his duties as a result of violating a directive or other departmental
regulation.

Departmental Policies/Rules
● Rules established by the police department directors/administrators to control the
conduct of the members of the police force.

Duty Manual
● A book of instruction that describes the procedures and defines the duties of officers
designed to a specified post or position.

Order
● An instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate either general, special, and
personal.

Report
● It is usually a written communication unless otherwise specified to be verbal report.

Verbal reports should be confirmed by written communication.

Enhancement Activity/Outcome:

1. Based on the terminologies presented, what are the two most significant terminologies
that you have learned?

2. What terminology/ies did you not understand?

Assessment
 Learning Check

1. Based on the terminologies, explain this statement “All police officials are law enforcement
officials, but not all law enforcement officials are police officials”. (10 points)

2. MULTIPLE CHOICE. ​Choose the letter of the correct​ ​answer. (5 items; 2 points each)
● Major General Debel Sinat was temporarily denied of his privilege for violating the
quarantine protocols. This is called as
a. Dismissal
b. Restriction
c. Reprimand
d. Suspension

● Major General Debel Sinat supervises the non-commissioned officers at NCRPO. Thus,
he is considered as-
a. Sworn officer
b. Commanding officer
c. Superior officer
d. Ranking officer

● Cardo Dimaguiba successfully passed the screening process of the PNP and took his
oath in Regional Training Center 1. Therefore, he is already considered as –
a. Sworn officer
b. Commanding officer
c. Superior officer
d. Ranking officer

● Pedro, Juan, and Jose decided to establish a group with the purpose of protecting
girls from perverts which they call as ‘Taraki Group’. This group can be classified as-
a. Non-government organization
b. Law enforcement organization
c. Organization
d. Gang

● The standard operating procedure in processing the crime scene is an example-

a. duty manual.
b. rules.
c. departmental rules.
d. policy.

References:
▪ Banton, M., Brodeur, J.-P., Kelling, g., Whetstone, T., & Walsh, W. (2019, September 12).
Police.​ Retrieved from Britannica: [Link]

▪ Cambridge Dictionary. (2020). ​Organization.​ Retrieved from Cambridge Dictionary:

[Link]

▪ Forsey, C. (2019). ​Goals vs Objectives: The Simple Breakdown.​ Retrieved from HubSpot:
[Link]
 ▪ Jones and Barletlett Learning. (2020, May 5). ​The Field of Law Enforcement.​ Retrieved
from ​[Link]
▪ Padduyao, Fernando B. (2016). Police Organization and Administration. Wiseman’s
Book Trading Inc., Quezon City

Topic 2:
Historical Development of Policing System in the Worldwide Setting

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
● trace and summarize the historical background of policing in the worldwide setting;
● identify key events and proponent of policing worldwide setting;
● identify significant statutes in the development of policing system in the worldwide
setting.

Instructional Materials:
Power point Presentation
No. of hours
2 hours

Teaching-Learning Activity/Lesson Proper

 Historical Development of Policing in the Worldwide and Philippine Setting

The term ‘POLICE’ was derived from the following:

● “POLITEIA” ​(Greek word) which means Greek word and used to describe the group of
civil officers governing the city and not necessarily the armed men guarding or policing
the city.
● “POLITIA”​ (Romans) which means civil administration.
● “​POLICE​” (French) used it to those authorized people who enforce the law.
● “​PULIS​” - Filipinos further translated the term police in a way for it to be compatible in the
manner they pronounce and spell words (Timpac, 2013).

EVOLUTION OF POLICING IN THE INTERNATIONAL SETTING

A. Anglo Saxon ​(Ancient England) Period – 600-1066 A.D.

POLICING SYSTEM FORERUNNER/PERSONALITIES CONTRIBUTION/DESCRIPTION
Thanes Policing System King Alfred the Great ● A type of internal police force
where landowners throughout
the kingdom were responsible to
police their own territory.

Landowners​ were empowered to:

- arrest offenders and deliver
them to the King.
- settle civil litigations.

Frankpledge Policing System ‘​TYTHINGMEN​’ ● This policing system was carried

- Every male over twelve (12) out under a system of mutual
years old joined nine (9) of pledge.
his neighbors to form ● Policing responsibility lies on the
TYTHINGMEN​. hands of the citizens.
- They performed police
works and anyone who
failed to join and perform
this duty was severely fined.

Tun Policing System ● This policing system required all

male residents to guard the town
to preserve peace and order,
protect the life and property of
the people and suppress other
factors affecting peace and
order.
● Tun was the forerunner of the
word “town”.

Hue and Cry Policing System ● Complainant or victim will go to

the middle of the community
and shout to call all male
residents to assemble. Once
heard, male residents will
automatically assemble to go
after the criminal and
apprehend him.

Royal Judge System Royal Judge ● It started the identification of

- conducts criminal criminals.
investigation and gives
appropriate punishment for
the crime committed.
 B. Normal Period ​– 1066-1285
POLICING SYSTEM FORERUNNER/PERSONALITIES CONTRIBUTION/DESCRIPTION
Shire-Reeve System King William Norman ● King Norman divided the
kingdom into ​55 military districts
known as Shire-reeves.
Shire​ – used to refer to a district.
Reeve​ – used to refer to the ruler
of the district who made laws,
rendered judgment, and
imposed penalties.

Court of the Tourn From the Court, 12 ‘​TYTHINGMEN​’ ● It settles a range of cases, more
were selected to hear serious cases. often dealing with petty offenses
and civil matters.

Court Leet ‘Master of the House’ ● The Normans established the

- The head of the court which Court Leet which looked after
was appointed by the King. matters of purely local interest
and petty village nuisances.
‘Comes Stable’
- also appointed by the King
to be responsible in keeping
peace and order in a
specific area.
- under the responsibility of
local officials who could
petition to remove him if he
did not perform his job
properly.
- Comes Stable became
Constable which is used to
day to refer to members of
the police force.

Legis Henrie King Henry I ● Imposed the following features:

✔ Law violations were classified as
offenses against the King.
✔ Policemen were considered as
public officials.
✔ The police and the citizens were
given the power to conduct
arrest.
✔ Grand Jury was created to
inquire on the facts of the law.

Keepers of the Peace King Richard of England (1195). ● It requires the appointment of
knights to keep the King’s
peace.

● The knights were posted on

bridges and gates to check the
people entering and leaving the
town or cities.

Magna Carta (Great Charter) King John of England on June 15, ● became a law upon the
1215 demand of the Knights of the
Round Table.
● It declared the following:
✔ No freemen shall be taken or
imprisoned, disposed,
outlawed, or bowed except by
legal judgment of his peers.
 ✔ No person should be tried for
murder unless there is proof of
the body of the victim.
✔ There should be national and
local government as well as the
national and local legislation.

C. Westminster Period ​(1285-1500)

POLICING SYSTEM/STATUTE FORERUNNER/PERSONALITIES CONTRIBUTION/DESCRIPTION
Statute of Winchester (1285) ● It was enacted for law and
- Watch and Ward system. order.

Statute of 1295 ● It began the closing of the gates

of London during sunset.
● This started the observation of
the curfew hours.

Justice of the Peace ● This was a position given to a

respected citizen, who has the
power to arrest, pursue and
imprison offenders.

Star Chamber Court ● a special court that tried

offenders against the state.
● Later on, it became both a court
of law to determine civil rights
and a court of revenue to enrich
treasury.

Keepers of the Peace King Richard of England (1195). ● It requires the appointment of
knights to keep the King’s
peace.
● The knights were posted on
bridges and gates to check the
people entering and leaving the
town or cities.

D. Modern Period
POLICING SYSTEM/STATUTE FORERUNNER/PERSONALITIES CONTRIBUTION/DESCRIPTION
Night Watchmen or Bellmen King Charles II in 1663 ● They were employed to be on
duty from sunset to sunrise.

Bow Street Runners Henry Fielding (1748) ● Thief Catchers

- Chief Magistrate of Bow ● Later on, he formed the Bow
Street in London. Street Horse Patrol whose duty
was to patrol the main roads thus
secure the travelers from
highway bandits.

London Metropolitan Police Sir Robert Peel (1829) - the world’s first modern
- Father of Modern Policing organized police force.
- later called Scotland Yard

E. French Police System

FORERUNNER/PERSONALITIES CONTRIBUTION/DESCRIPTION
 King Louis XIV (17​th​ Century) ● He​ ​maintained a small central police organization
consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with the help
of numerous paid informants, supplied the
government with details about the conduct of
private individuals.

Officers de Paix (1791) ● It was the origin of the term peace officers.

Sergent de Ville (Servant of the City) ● These were called the first uniformed police officers.

Other contributions: ● Conceiving street signs

● Assigning house numbers
● Installing street lighting
● Creating emergency and rescue services
● Use of police ambulances
● Use of warrant card and ID signifying authority to
arrest.

F. American Police System

1. Rattlewatch
● It was organized in New York, Philadephia, and Boston which was similar to the
night watchmen in London created during the reign of King Charles II.
● They carried rattles while on duty to inform the public of their watchful presence.

2. Municipal Police Force

a. Night watch (1638) – Boston, Massachusetts
b. Rattlewatch (1658) – New York
c. Night watch (1700) – Philadelphia
d. Introduction of police regulation that “No watchman has the liberty to sleep”
(1722) – New Haven, Connecticut
e. It became a government policy that able-bodied males over 16 years old wre
required to serve without pay (1800).
f. Daytime police with pay (1833)
g. Full police New York City

3. State Police Force

a. Texas Rangers (1835)
b. State Constables (1865) – Massachusetts
c. Pennsylvania State Police (1905)

4. Federal Police Force

a. Post Office Inspection System (1829)
b. Investigation on crimes against the government (1861)
c. Detective forces (1868) were formed to investigate problems on revenue
services, immigration and smuggling.
d. In 1934, Federal government attention focused on lotteries, drug regulations, and
transportation guidelines.
e. Enactment of the Anti-White Slavery Act and Motor Vehicle Act (1910)
f. In 1934, National Kidnapping Act, Banking Act, and Racketeering Act were
passed by the United States Congress.

Enhancement Activity/Outcome:
1. Identify at least five (5) historical concepts and provide its counterpart at present. (10
points)
 HISTORICAL CONCEPT COUNTERPART
Example: Tythingmen Squad system – policemen will be assigned
into group of 10 led by a life coach in the
PNP.

References:
● Dempsey, J. S., Forst, L. S.(2010).​ An Introduction to​ ​policing. (5th ed.)
Belmont,CA:Thomson/Wadsworth.
● Dempsey, J. S., Forst, L. S.(2008).​ An Introduction to​ ​policing. (4th ed.)
Belmont,CA:Thomson/
● Timpac, T.M. (2012). A handbook on police organization and administration with police
planning. Tarlac City: RMC Publishing Haus.

Additional Readings
● GOVPH. (2020). ​The Philippine National Police​. Retrieved from Official Gazette:
[Link]

Topic 3:
Historical Development of Policing System in the Philippine Setting
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
● trace and summarize the historical background of policing in the Philippine setting;
● identify key events and proponent of policing Philippine setting;
● identify significant statutes in the development of policing system in the Philippine
setting.

Instructional Materials:
Power point Presentation
No. of hours
2 hours

Teaching-Learning Activity/Lesson Proper

EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING

A. Pre-Spanish Period

The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of barangay chieftain
to select-abled bodied young men to protect their barangay during the night.

B. Spanish Period
1. Carabineros de Seguridad Publico (Mounted Police) - 1712
2. Guardrilleros (January 8, 1836)
3. Guardia Civil (February 12, 1852)

C. Japanese Occupation
1. Kempetai
2. Metropolitan Constabulary

A. American Occupation until the World War II broke out

1. Insular Police Force (November 30, 1890)
2. Insular Constabulary (July 18, 1901)
3. Manila Police Department (MPD) – July 31, 1901

Important Personalities
● Capt. George Curry​ – a U.S. Army officer appointed by the TAFT Commission on
August 7, 1901 as the first Chief of Police.
● Capt. Columbus Piatt​ – last American COP of MPD before World War II broke out.
● Col. Antonio C. Torres​ – first Filipino COP when MPD became an all Filipino police
organization; declared Manila as an open city when World War II broke out in
1941; during the World War II, MPD was placed again under the American
control.
● Col. Marcus Ellis Jones​ – a U.S. Provost Marshall who was named as MPD COP just
after the Manila Liberation.
● Col. Lamberto T. Javalera​ – the first Filipino COP of MPD appointed by Pres. Roxas
under the Republic Government.
4. Philippine Constabulary (1901)

Important Personalities
● Capt. Henry T. Allen ​– first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary from 1901-1907
such that he was called as the Father of Constabulary in the Philippines.
 ● Brig/Gen. Rafael Crame ​– first Filipino Chief of Police. He served as the PC Chief
from 1917-1927.

RELEVANT LAWS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF

POLICE SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Act No. 3815- ​The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines (January 1, 1932).
2. Philippine Constitution (1935) -​ (Section 9, Art. XIV).
3. Act No. 181- ​created the Bureau of Investigation (November 1938).
4. Republic Act No. 157 (June 19, 1947)- ​It provides for the creation of the National
Bureau of Investigation (NBI).
5. Republic Act No. 2678 -​It was enacted in 1960 which provides for the expansion and
reorganization of the NBI
6. Rules of Court (January 1, 1964) -​ to promote the broad objective of the criminal
justice system and to assist the parties in obtaining just, speedy, and inexpensive
determination of every legal action and proceeding.
7. Republic Act No. 4864 (September 18, 1966) - ​Police Act of 1966.
8. Republic Act No. 6040 (1969) - ​“Civil Service Act of 1969
9. Act No. 3815- ​The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines (January 1, 1932).
10. Philippine Constitution (1935) -​ (Section 9, Art. XIV).
11. Act No. 181- ​created the Bureau of Investigation (November 1938).
12. Republic Act No. 157 (June 19, 1947)- ​It provides for the creation of the National
Bureau of Investigation (NBI).
13. Republic Act No. 2678 -​It was enacted in 1960 which provides for the expansion and
reorganization of the NBI
14. Rules of Court (January 1, 1964) -​ to promote the broad objective of the criminal
justice system and to assist the parties in obtaining just, speedy, and inexpensive
determination of every legal action and proceeding.
15. Republic Act No. 4864 (September 18, 1966) - ​Police Act of 1966.
16. Republic Act No. 6040 (1969) - ​“Civil Service Act of 1969.
17. Republic Act No. 6506 (July 1, 1972) -​ “An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for
Criminologists in the Philippines and for other purposes”.
18. Philippine Constitution (1973)- ​(Section 12, Article XV).
19. Presidential Decree No. 421 (1974)
20. Presidential Decree No. 765 (August 8, 1975)
21. Presidential Decree No. 1184 (August 26, 1977) -​The Integrated National Police
Personnel Professionalization Act of 1977”.
22. Philippine Constitution (1987)
23. Republic Act No. 6975 (December 13, 1990) -​DILG Act of 1990
24. Republic Act No. 8551 (February 25, 1998) -​PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of
1998.

Enhancement Activity/Outcome:
 ACTIVITY

1. Which of the following period do you think has the best policing system in the Philippines?
Why?

2. Conduct an interview to at least two members of your family about the policing system
during the martial law period. Compare and contrast their statement using a Venn
diagram.

Assessment
LEARNING CHECK
1. Effective policing promotes public safety. Based on the historical development of policing,
identify, and discuss at least three (3) major changes in policing systems throughout the
history. (15 points)

2. Multiple choice

References:

● Timpac, T.M. (2012). A handbook on police organization and administration with police
planning. Tarlac City: RMC Publishing Haus.

Additional Readings
● [Link]
● GOVPH. (2020). The Philippine National Police. Retrieved from Official Gazette:
[Link]

Watch
● [Link]
Topic 4:
Police in the Modern World

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
● identify modern police forces and its functions.

Instructional Materials:
Power point presentation

No. of hours
1 hour and 30 minutes

Teaching-Learning Activity/Lesson Proper

POLICE IN THE MODERN WORLD
The police form part of a nation’s criminal justice system (CJS), which also includes the
courts and correctional institutions. In this sense, the police are called law enforcers. In
the CJS, they compose the law enforcement pillar.

A. Set-up of Police Force in the United States

1. City Police - are mainly responsible for enforcing the law in their own city.
● New York Police Department has the largest city police department in the
United States.
2. County Police - powers extend throughout the county.
● Sheriff serves as the chief law enforcement officer in most counties elected
by the people.
3. State Police - sometimes called state troopers or highway patrol officers because
they were originally organized along military lines and often rode horses.
● Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) - the chief investigating branch of the
United Stated Department of Justice.
● National Crime Information Center (NCIC) - a computerized information
system that stores records n wanted persons and stolen property; operated
by the FBI based in Washington, D.C.
4. Private Police Agencies - are licensed by federal state government to perform
limited types of police work such as detective services to individuals and
businesses.
● Pinkerton Private Detective Agency (Allan Pinkerton) - the earliest private
detective agency that was licensed by the federal state government.

B. National Police Agencies Around the World

1. Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) – Canada
2. London Metropolitan Police (Great Britain)
3. Australia Federal Police (Australia)
4. Surete Nationale (France)
5. Gendarmes
6. Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)
7. People’s Police (China)
 INTERNATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATION (INTERPOL) - ​Members exchange information
about international crimes and cooperate in fighting transnational crimes such as
counterfeiting, smuggling, and illegal buying and selling of weapons.

Assessment MCQ:

1. Identify five law enforcement agencies all over the world and provide for its best
practices.

References:
● Cordner, G.W. and Scarborough, K.E. (2010). Police administration. (7​th​ ed.) New
Providence, N.J.: LexisNexis
● Dempsey, J.S. and Forst, L.S. (2012). An introduction to policing. (6​th​ ed., Int’l ed.).
Clifton Park, N.Y.: Delmar, Cengage Learning
● Soriano, O.G. (2011). Police organization and administration: with police planning and
R.A. 6975 and R.A. 8551. Quezon City: Great Books Publishing
● Timpac, T.M. (2012). A handbook on police organization and administration with police
planning. Tarlac City: RMC Publishing Haus.
● Tradio, C.M. (2002). Philippine national police reform and reorganization act of 1998
annotated. (3​rd​ ed.). Quezon City: Phoenix Express
Topic 5:
Theories, Philosophies and Concepts of Police Service

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
● appraise the theories and concept of police service;
● explain the theories and concepts of police service.

Instructional Materials:
Power point presentation

No. of hours
1 hour and 30 minutes

Teaching-Learning Activity/Lesson Proper

THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF POLICE SERVICE

Theories of Police Service

1. Home Rule Theory
● Police are considered servants of the community.
● This is applied in countries that have decentralized government structure.
2. Continental Theory
● Policemen are considered servants of a higher authority.
● This theory is applied in countries that have centralized government.

Fundamental Concepts of Police Service

1. Old Concept
● Police is looked upon as a repressive machinery of the government.
● The yardstick of police efficiency is more arrest.
2. Modern Concept
● Police is an instrument for crime prevention.
● The yardstick of police efficiency is the absence of crime.

Basic Police Mission

The basic police mission is preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws. This
was the same in ancient societies as it is today in sophisticated urban communities.

POLICE ORGANIZATION UNITS

A. Functional Units
These are parts/components of the police organization that are well-designed to work
or perform definite tasks. These are as follows:
1. Bureau - ​the largest organic unit within a large department, each bureau is
composed of a number of divisions
2. Division - ​the primary subdivision of a bureau.
 3. Section - ​a smaller functional unit within a division that is necessary for
specialization purposes.
4. Unit - ​the smallest group within a section when further specialization is needed.

B. Geographical Units
1. Post
● A fixed point or location where a police officer is assigned for duty.
● This may include designated desk, an intersection or crosswalk, or a point of
ingress or egress.
● A permanent spot for general guard duty.
2. Route/Line Beat
● A length of street/s designated for patrol purposes.
3. Beat
● An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether by foot or motorized.
4. Sector
● An area containing two or more bats, routes or posts.
5. District
● A geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own
station.
6. Area
● A section or territorial division of a large city or metropolis, each composed of
designated districts.

POLICE FUNCTIONS
● Duties and responsibilities explicitly carried out by police agencies to meet the
demands concerning public order and public safety.

Types of Police Functions

1. Line Functions - ​these are designed to meet the basic police mission like patrol, traffic
enforcement, or criminal investigation.
2. Staff Functions - ​those that exist to support line functions, either directly or indirectly like
planning and research unit.
a. Auxiliary Support Services
● Those charged with the responsibility of giving immediate assistance to
the operations of line elements like communications and crime
laboratory services.
b. Administrative Services
● Those that provide services that are of less immediate assistance and
are supportive of the entire police department like personnel and
training.

Functions of the Police

1. Maintain peace and order
2. Enforce the laws in their respective assigned jurisdictions.
3. Prevent crimes.
4. Make arrests, searches, and seizure in accordance with law.
5. Investigate crimes.
6. Prosecute offenders.
7. Ensure public safety.
 8. Protect life and property.

Enhancement Activity/Outcome:
LEARNING CHECK

1. Read the article “what you need to know about Oplan Tokhang” in
[Link] and identify the concept of police service that
was employed? Justify your answer. (15 points)

References:
● Cordner, G.W. and Scarborough, K.E. (2010). Police administration. (7​th​ ed.) New
Providence, N.J.: LexisNexis
● Dempsey, J.S. and Forst, L.S. (2012). An introduction to policing. (6​th​ ed., Int’l ed.).
Clifton Park, N.Y.: Delmar, Cengage Learning
● Soriano, O.G. (2011). Police organization and administration: with police planning and
R.A. 6975 and R.A. 8551. Quezon City: Great Books Publishing
● Timpac, T.M. (2012). A handbook on police organization and administration with police
planning. Tarlac City: RMC Publishing Haus.
● Tradio, C.M. (2002). Philippine national police reform and reorganization act of 1998
annotated. (3​rd​ ed.). Quezon City: Phoenix Express

Additional readings
● YOURARTICLELIBRARY. Retrieved from
[Link]
unctional-and-line-and-staff-organisation/25679
Topic 6:
Principles of Police Organization

Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
● identify the principles of police organization;
● analyze and apply the principles of police organization.

Instructional Materials:
Power point Presentation
Handout

No. of hours
2 hours

Teaching-Learning Activity/Lesson Proper

PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. Principle of Unity Objectives - ​Every police officer should play a part in the attainment
of the objectives of the police organization.
2. Principle of Organizational Efficiency - ​This principle requires that, in order that the PNP
organization is effective, it must be structured in a certain manner to accomplish the
objectives with a minimum cost.
3. Scalar Principle - ​This principle requires a vertical hierarchy of an organization which
defines the unbroken chain of units and command from top to bottom describing explicitly
the flow of authority.
a. Unity of Command
● It states that a group of police officers should only be under the control
of one superior or ranking police officer.
b. Span of Control
● It states that a senior police officer should be provided with men not
more than what he can effectively direct.
c. Delegation of Authority
● A superior officer must designate some of his immediate subordinates to
exercise a part of his administrative power. However, the power passed
on by the superior officer carries an
appropriate responsibility.
4. Functional Principle - ​This principle is otherwise known as division of work according to
type, place, time, and specialization.
5. Line and Staff Principle - ​It implies a system of varied functions arranged into a
workable pattern.
6. Principle of Balance - ​Application of the principles of organization must be balanced
to ensure the effectiveness of the patrol force in accomplishing its objectives.
 7. Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility - ​It states that the responsibility for
performance of the deputy chief to the chief of police is absolute (unconditional) and vice
versa, and that the chief of police cannot escape his accountability on the activities
performed by his subordinates.
8. Principle of Flexibility - ​It states that there is higher tendency that the PNP can fulfill its
purpose if the organization receives more provisions for flexibility (adaptability).
9. Principle of Authority Level (Hierarchy of Authority) - ​Decisions within the authority of
the police station commanders should be made by them and should not be referred to their
superiors, such as the police district commander (or PNP provincial director).
10. Principle of Parity and Responsibility - ​The responsibility of the head of the Investigation
Section for the actions of his detectives cannot be greater than that implied by the authority
he has delegated, nor should it be less.

Enhancement Activity/Outcome:
LEARNING CHECK

1. Research one (1) news article showing an outright violation of the above-mentioned
principles of organization. It must contain the following: (35 points)
a. Summary of the news article.
b. Principle that was violated or not followed.
c. Impact to the organization.
d. References

References:
● Cordner, G.W. and Scarborough, K.E. (2010). Police administration. (7​th​ ed.) New
Providence, N.J.: LexisNexis
● Dempsey, J.S. and Forst, L.S. (2012). An introduction to policing. (6​th​ ed., Int’l ed.).
Clifton Park, N.Y.: Delmar, Cengage Learning
● Soriano, O.G. (2011). Police organization and administration: with police planning and
R.A. 6975 and R.A. 8551. Quezon City: Great Books Publishing
● Timpac, T.M. (2012). A handbook on police organization and administration with police
planning. Tarlac City: RMC Publishing Haus.
● Tradio, C.M. (2002). Philippine national police reform and reorganization act of 1998
annotated. (3​rd​ ed.). Quezon City: Phoenix Express