To find the angle @ where a membrane stress transitions from compressive to tensile, identify the condition where the membrane stress equation changes sign from negative (compressive) to positive (tensile). This involves analyzing the stress behavior via equations representing σθ or σ@, factoring in the dome's self-load and geometrical properties, and solving for the angle @ where the stress transitions occur using boundary conditions and symmetry considerations.

To evaluate the total load F on the dome, you integrate the surface load over the dome's surface area defined by the opening angle from 0 to @. The load per unit area (p) is given, and you must consider the weight distribution components in the coordinate system: px = 0, py = psin@, and pz = pcos@. The integration must account for these components distributed over the area of the sphere subtended by the given angle, using spherical coordinates.

The hoop and meridional stresses in a reinforced dome are determined by analyzing the hoop force's equilibrium along the circular boundary and the meridional or vertical force distribution resulting from reinforcement. This involves calculating circumferential stresses due to the circular symmetry and radial stresses moving along the dome's sloping surface, encompassing changes in force because of the reinforcing ring or structure like a lantern, especially if external loads are applied.

Evaluating the resultant total load on a dome section with a reinforcing ring involves calculating the load captured by the dome due to its geometry up to the angle of the opening. Since p is the vertical load per unit length acting on the reinforcement ring, integrate this load around the circle subtended by the angle 2@0 of the dome to ascertain the resultant force. Consider the specific loading distribution influenced by the presence of the lantern and its design.

To plot the membrane stresses σθ and σ@ for a hemi-spherical dome, you need to calculate the stress values across the required angular range. This involves evaluating the expressions for σθ and σ@, which relate to internal force per unit length divided by the dome wall thickness at each point. Graph these stress values against the angle @ from 0 to π/2, considering variations due to geometry and the load conditions, to visualize the stress distribution.

The maximum compressive stress for the concrete dome can be computed by applying the formula for membrane stresses at the crown of the dome and comparing it to the dome's ultimate compressive strength. Given the dome's thickness and material properties (e.g., thickness of 70 mm, unit weight 23 kN/m^3, and i.d. span of 56 m), the compressive stress is assessed using σθ = (0.5 * g * unit weight * (span/2)) / thickness. Comparing this with the concrete's ultimate crushing strength (σuc = 21 MPa), you can determine if the stress exceeds permissible limits, thus posing a failure risk.

The membrane forces Nθ and N@ at a location on the dome can be evaluated by using the equilibrium of forces across small segments of the dome. Nθ and N@ are determined by considering the balance of forces in the radial and tangential directions, influenced by the weight of the dome and the geometry defined by angle @, taking into account the changes in stress due to curvature and loading conditions.

Stresses at a location on the dome defined by angle @ are derived by calculating the radial (meridional) and circumferential (hoop) components of stress at that specific point. These stresses result from the internal force equilibrium and depend upon the dome's geometric curvature, the thickness of the material, and the material’s weight distribution across the surface. The calculations involve transforming the internal forces into stress using the dome’s geometry and material properties.