○ Relative Nouns: Introduce relative clauses

(e.g., who).
Nouns
○ Indefinite Nouns: Non-specific reference (e.g.,
anyone).
● Definition:
○ Gerunds: Verb form ending in -ing that acts as
A word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, or
a noun (e.g., swimming).
abstract idea.

Cases of Nouns:
Functions of Nouns:
○ Nominative/Subjective Case: Acts as the
○ Subject of the Sentence: Performs the action
subject.
of the verb.
Example: Sheena is checking the medicines.
Example: The cat chased the mouse. ("Cat" is
○ Accusative/Objective Case: Acts as the object
the subject).
of a verb.
○ Object of the Verb (Direct Object): Receives
Example: She called Dr. Meena.
the action of the verb.
○ Dative Case: Acts as the indirect object.
Example: She read a book. ("Book" is the direct
Example: I brought my friend an anatomy book.
object).
○ Possessive Case: Shows ownership or
○ Object of the Preposition: Completes the
possession.
meaning of a preposition.
Example: The nurse’s skills were exceptional.
Example: He sat on the chair. ("Chair" is the
○ Vocative Case: Noun addressed in a sentence.
object of "on").
Example: I don’t know, Dr. Samantha.
○ Subject Complement (Predicate Noun):
Renames the subject after a linking verb.
Example: She is a teacher. ("Teacher" renames Pronouns
"she").
○ Object Complement: Renames or describes ● Definition:
the direct object. A word that substitutes a noun to avoid repetition.
Example: They elected him president. ○ Examples:
("President" renames "him"). ○ Aemie checked Ezekiel’s vital signs, and then
○ Appositive: Renames or explains another noun. she administered the medication to him.
Example: My friend Sarah is coming over. ○ Edith prepared the injection, and then she gave
("Sarah" renames "friend"). it to Benz.
○ Indirect Object: Indicates to whom/for whom
the action is done. Types of Pronouns:
Example: She gave John a gift. ("John" receives
"gift"). ○ Demonstrative Pronouns: This, that, these,
○ Object of Gerund/Infinitive: Acts as an object those (e.g., This is the one I left in the car).
of a gerund/infinitive. ○ Indefinite Pronouns: General reference (all,
Example: I enjoy swimming. ("Swimming" is the some, nobody) (e.g., Somebody must have seen
gerund). the driver).
○ Interrogative Pronouns: Used in questions
Types of Nouns: (what, which, who).
Example: Who told you to do that?
○ Common Nouns: General, non-specific (e.g., ○ Personal Pronouns: Replace specific persons
nurse). or things (I, you, he).
○ Proper Nouns: Specific, unique, and capitalized Example: I bought some batteries, but they
(e.g., Florence Nightingale). weren’t included.
○ Concrete Nouns: Perceived through senses ○ Possessive Pronouns: Show ownership (mine,
(e.g., apple). yours).
○ Abstract Nouns: Represent concepts or Example: The tickets are ours.
qualities (e.g., honesty). ○ Relative Pronouns: Head relative clauses
○ Countable Nouns: Can be counted (e.g., (who, that).
books). Example: The dog that stole my dinner is
○ Uncountable Nouns: Cannot be counted (e.g., outside.
water). ○ Reciprocal Pronouns: Indicate mutual actions
○ Collective Nouns: Refers to groups (e.g., (each other, one another).
family). ○ Reflexive Pronouns: Refer to the subject
○ Compound Nouns: Formed by combining two (myself, herself).
or more words (e.g., bus stop). Example: The dog bit itself.
○ Possessive Nouns: Show ownership (e.g., ○ Intensive Pronouns: Emphasize the noun
John’s book). (himself, itself).
Example: John bakes all the bread himself.
Cases of Pronouns: Verb Tenses
○ Subjective Case: Acts as the subject (e.g., I Past Tenses
have a chocolate bar).
○ Objective Case: Acts as the object (e.g., Give
1. Simple Past: Action completed at a specific time.
the chocolate to me).
○ Example: She walked to the store.
○ Possessive Case: Indicates ownership (e.g.,
2. Past Continuous: Ongoing action in the past.
That’s my shirt).
○ Example: She was walking when it started to
rain.
Interjections 3. Past Perfect: Action completed before another past
action.
1. Definition: ○ Example: She had walked before it rained.
Words expressing sudden feelings or emotions. Often 4. Past Perfect Continuous: Ongoing action before a
followed by exclamation marks or commas. specific past time.
2. Examples: ○ Example: She had been walking for 30 minutes.
○ Joy: Hooray! I’ve passed the board exam.
○ Fear: Ahh! There’s blood. Present Tenses
○ Disgust: Ew! The feces smells bad.
○ Surprise: Eek! Some nurses said there’s a 1. Simple Present: Habitual actions or general truths.
ghost. ○ Example: She walks to the store every day.
2. Present Continuous: Action happening now.
○ Example: She is walking to the store.
Verbs 3. Present Perfect: Action happened in the past, relevant to
the present.
● Definition: Words that express action (sing), occurrence ○ Example: She has walked to the store many
(develop), or state of being (exist). times.
● Examples: 4. Present Perfect Continuous: Action started in the past,
1. Jennifer walked to the store – (Past tense, still ongoing.
shows action). ○ Example: She has been walking for an hour.
2. You were a great singer – (Past tense, shows
state of being).
Future Tenses

Types of Verbs 1. Simple Future: Action will happen in the future.

○ Example: She will walk to the store tomorrow.
1. Intransitive Verbs: Do not need a direct object. 2. Future Continuous: Ongoing action at a future moment.
○ Example: Rhay’s dog died. ○ Example: She will be walking at noon.
2. Transitive Verbs: Require an object. 3. Future Perfect: Action completed before a future point.
○ Example: Jahnell changed her clothes. ○ Example: She will have walked by noon.
3. Action Verbs: Describe actions, always in present tense. 4. Future Perfect Continuous: Ongoing action until a
○ Example: Anna plays the violin for a living. future point.
4. Linking Verbs: Connect subject with a noun/adjective. ○ Example: She will have been walking for an hour
○ Example: Sally looks gloomy. by the time you arrive.
5. Modal Verbs: Express mode or manners.
○ Examples: can, could, must, should.
○ Example: Zach must study hard to pass his Adverbs
exam.
6. Incomplete Verbs: Require more information.
○ Example: Yanna goes to the market. ● Definition: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs,
7. Phrasal Verbs: Formed by two or more words functioning describing how, when, where, and to what extent.
as a verb. ● Examples:
○ Example: Josh was taken aback by the 1. Dina spoke boldly in front of a huge audience.
workload. 2. My cousins will see a movie tomorrow.
8. Regular Verbs: End with “-ed” or “-ing”.
○ Example: Luna performed, Chanelle is looking
for her books.
Order/Types of Adverbs
9. Irregular Verbs: Have unique past forms.
○ Example: Logan fought with Natasha. 1. Manner: How?
10. Stative Verbs: Refer to conditions or state of being. ○ Example: Teacher teaches comprehensively.
● Example: Mizuki loves being alone. 2. Place: Where?
○ Example: She went to school.
3. Frequency: How often?
○ Example: The student always studies.
 4. Time: When? ○ Example: This will help wash out the stain.
○ Example: Test at 8 PM.
5. Purpose: Why?
○ Example: She exercises to lose weight. Split Infinitives

● Definition: A word appears between “to” and the verb.

Comparative Adverbs ● Example: To properly prepare for my presentation...
● Revision: To prepare properly for my presentation...
1. One-Syllable Adverbs: Add “-er”.
○ Examples: fast → faster, hard → harder. Adjectives
2. Two-Syllable Adverbs: Use “more” or “less”.
○ Example: Nurse Jane works more diligently. ● Definition: Modifies or describes a noun or pronoun,
3. Irregular Adverbs: Unique forms. expressing qualities independently or in comparison.
○ Example: badly → worse, well → better.

Types of Adjectives
Verbals
1. Descriptive Adjectives: Describe characteristics or
● Definition: Verb forms that do not function as verbs but qualities.
act as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. ○ Example: Gentle nurse, brave nurse
2. Limiting Adjectives: Restrict a noun’s meaning.
○ Example: Other nurses, certain patients
Participles 3. Possessive Adjectives: Show ownership.
○ Example: Her notes, my uniform
● Past: -ed, -en endings.
4. Demonstrative Adjectives: Indicate position in
● Present: -ing endings.
time/space.
○ Examples: eat → eaten, call → calling.
○ Example: That medication, these charts
5. Interrogative Adjectives: Ask questions.
Gerunds ○ Example: Which patient, whose notes
6. Attributive Adjectives: Directly precede nouns.
● Definition: Verbs ending in “-ing” used as nouns. ○ Example: Caring nurse, dedicated nurse
○ Examples: 7. Distributive Adjectives: Refer to individuals in a group.
1. Studying at the cafe is my favorite ○ Example: Each nurse, every student
activity. 8. Comparative Adjectives: Compare two things.
2. She enjoys reading about nursing ○ Example: Stronger nurse, weaker patient
theories. 9. Superlative Adjectives: Show the highest degree of
comparison.
○ Example: Strongest nurse, slowest recovery
Infinitives 10. Predicate Adjectives: Follow linking verbs as
complements.
● Definition: Verbs with “to” that act as other parts of ● Example: Room is peaceful, ICU is calm
speech. 11. Compound Adjectives: Formed from multiple words
● Examples in Sentences: (often hyphenated).
○ To succeed requires hard work. ● Example: Well-known nurse, low-cost programs
○ He wanted to scream. 12. Participial Adjectives: Based on participles.
● Types of Infinitives: ● Example: Sleeping patient, crying baby
○ As a Noun: Our aim is to graduate. 13. Proper Adjectives: Derived from proper nouns.
○ As an Adjective: The best person to consult is ● Example: Greek patient, Roman practices
your teacher.
○ As an Adverb: We tell stories to teach lessons.
Orders of Adjectives
Infinitive Phrases ● Sequence: determiner → quantity → opinion → size →
age → shape → color → origin → material → purpose.
● Example: Scientists promised to build jetpacks by the end ○ Example: The five skilled young nurses provided
of the century. quick bandages.

Bare Infinitives Conjunctions

● Definition: Infinitives without “to”.
● Definition: Connect words, phrases, or clauses for
● Usage with Modal Verbs:
coherent sentences.
○ Example: We must search for alternatives.
● Special Cases:
Types of Conjunctions 7. Uncountable Nouns → Singular Verb
○ Example: Water flows through pipes.
1. Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, 8. Titles: Treated as singular.
But, Or, Yet, So) ○ Example: "Honey, I Shrunk the Kids" was my
○ Example: I wanted to walk, but it rained. favorite movie.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions: Link dependent and 9. Collective Nouns: Usually take singular verbs.
independent clauses. ○ Example: The herd is stampeding.
○ Example: Because I was tired, I went to bed 10. Expressions of Time/Amount: Take singular verbs if
early. considered as a unit.
3. Correlative Conjunctions: Work in pairs. ● Example: Ten dollars is not enough.
○ Example: Either stay or regret it later.

Prepositions
Phrases
● Definition: Show relationships between nouns/pronouns
Groups of words working together to convey meaning.
and other sentence elements.

Types of Phrases:
Types of Prepositions
1. Noun Phrase: Headed by a noun and includes modifiers.
1. Prepositions of Time: Indicate when an event occurs. Example: The experienced cardiologist reviewed the
○ Example: We’ll meet at 2 PM. patient’s complex medical history.
2. Prepositions of Place: Indicate location. 2. Verb Phrase: Includes a main verb and auxiliary/modal
○ Example: Book is on the table. verbs.
3. Prepositions of Direction: Indicate movement. Example: The clinical instructor has been trying to get the
○ Example: Walked toward the beach. attention of the students.
4. Prepositions of Manner/Method: Describe how 3. Prepositional Phrase: Starts with a preposition, followed
something is done. by its object.
○ Example: Painted the wall in bright colors. Example: The lab manual on the table is mine.
4. Appositive Phrase: Provides additional information
Common Prepositional Pitfalls about a noun.
Example: The nurse, a skilled practitioner, administered
● Overuse: He jumped onto the chair and sat beside the the medication with care.
table. 5. Absolute Phrase: Adds context but doesn’t modify a
● Ambiguity: Talked her way out of the problem. specific noun.
● Stranding: That’s the book I was looking for. Example: The patient’s symptoms improved, when Dr. Ja
adjusted the treatment plan.
6. Adverb Phrase: Acts like an adverb, describing when,
Subject-Verb Agreement where, or how something occurs.
Example: The head nurse spoke to the student nurse with
● Definition: Subjects and verbs must match in number. pride.
7. Adjective Phrase: Functions as an adjective to modify
nouns/pronouns.
Rules for Subject-Verb Agreement
Example: Nurse Lyra speaks in a very slow voice.
8. Verbal Phrase: Includes modifiers and auxiliary verbs.
1. Singular Subject → Singular Verb
○ Participial Phrase: Contains a participle and
○ Example: She writes every day.
modifies a noun/pronoun.
2. Plural Subject → Plural Verb
Example: Removing his coat, James rushed to
○ Example: They write every day.
the ER.
3. Compound Subjects with "And" → Plural Verb
○ Gerund Phrase: Acts as a noun, beginning with
○ Example: Doctoral student and committee
a gerund (-ing form).
members write daily.
Example: Hiking in the mountains is a great way
4. Phrase Between Subject and Verb: Ignore intervening
to exercise.
phrase.
○ Infinitive Phrase: Begins with to + base verb,
○ Example: The student, with degrees, is
acting as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
motivated.
Example: To escape the heat, we went for a
5. Compound Subjects with "Or"/"Nor": Verb agrees with
swim in the lake.
the nearest subject.
○ Example: The student or members write daily.
6. Indefinite Pronouns (e.g., Everyone, Nobody) →
Singular Verb
○ Example: Everyone is here.
Clauses ○ Example: Doctor Gwen clocks in at work on
time, even though she gets caught in traffic.
4. Compound-Complex Sentence: Two independent
Groups of words containing a subject and predicate.
clauses and at least one dependent clause.
○ Example: The doctor prescribed a new
Types of Clauses:
medication, but the nurse noticed a potential
allergy, so she consulted with the pharmacist.
1. Independent Clauses: Standalone as complete
sentences.
Components of Simple Sentences:
Example: She enjoys reading books.
2. Dependent Clauses: Cannot stand alone; starts with
● S + V: Nurses work.
subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns.
● S + V + O: The nurse administered medication.
Example: Although she went to the clinic...
● S + V + C: The patient seems tired.
● S + V + IO + DO: The nurse gave the patient a blanket.
Sentences ● S + V + O + C: They called the situation urgent.
● S + V + A: The nurse works efficiently.
Complete sets of words, typically containing a subject and ● S + V + DO + A: The nurse prepared the patient quickly.
predicate. ● S + V + IO + DO + A: The nurse gave the patient
medication in the morning.
According to Function:

1. Declarative Sentence: Makes a statement.

Example: Listening carefully can improve understanding.
2. Interrogative Sentence: Asks a question.
Example: What are the ethical considerations when
working with vulnerable populations?
3. Imperative Sentence: Issues a command or request.
Example: Monitor the patient’s vital signs every hour.
4. Exclamatory Sentence: Expresses strong emotion.
Example: What a relief it is to see that all the test results
came back normal!

According to Purpose:

1. Informative Purpose: Provides information.

Example: The heart pumps blood throughout the body.
2. Directive Purpose: Gives commands or requests.
Example: Please wash your hands before entering the
room.
3. Persuasive Purpose: Convinces or persuades.
Example: Exercising regularly can greatly improve your
health.
4. Expressive Purpose: Conveys emotions or opinions.
Example: I’m so excited about the results of our hard
work!

Sentence Patterns
Basic structures organizing words in sentences.

Types of Sentence Patterns:

1. Simple Sentence: One independent clause.

○ Example: The nurse administered medication.
2. Compound Sentence: Two independent clauses joined
by a conjunction.
○ Example: Nurse Jaja takes the bus to work, but
today she took a taxi.
3. Complex Sentence: One independent clause and
one/more dependent clauses.