PYQs Previous Years' Questions

for the following.

1Mark Questions 12. State reasons subsequent other
Unlike Cr,Mn , Fe and the the
Assertion-Reason 3d-series of elements, the 4d and
M* ions of the generally do not form stable cationic
2010
Assertion (A) Magnetic moment values of actinides Sd-series metals AllIndia 2011,
1.
e lesser than the theoretically predicted values. species. complicated
peason (R) Actinide elements are strongly actinoids is much more Delhi 2011C
the
paramagnetic. CBSE SCQP 2023 13. Chemistry [Link] reason.
than that of
la) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct show any
La+ (Z=57) and Lu* (Z=71)do not All India2010
explanation of(A). 14.
Give reason.
h) Both (A)and (R) are correct but (R) is not the correct colour in solutions.
explanation of (A).
colouration in
(c) (A) is correct and (R) is incorrect. Lanthanum and lutetium do
not show
Foreign 2010
(d) (A)is incorrect and (R) is correct. solutions. Give reason.
Very Short Questions chemical
similarity in physical andtransition
15. There is a close 5d-series of the
2. Give reason. properties of the 4d and expected on the basis of
is
Separation of a mixture of lanthanoid elementsDelhi elements, much more than Foreign 2010
difficult.
2020 usual family relationship.
series which is well more stable than cerium
(II)?
2 Name a member of the lanthanoid Delhi 2014 16. Why iseuropium (Il) All India 2010
known to exhibit +2 oxidation state.

L What are the different oxidation states

exhibited by the 2Marks Questions
Foreign 2014 What are its two
17,What is lanthanoid contraction?
lanthanoids?
2014C, 2013C
[Link](Z =40) and Hf (Z=72) have almost identical radi. consequences? CBSE (2022 Term-I), Delhi
Delhi 2013
difference between the
Give reason.
18, Write one similarity and one actinoids.
for the following? of
chemistry of lanthanoids and thatDelhi
6. How would you account 2020, All India 2015
Lanthanoidsform primarily +3 ions, while the
states in their
actinoids usually have higher oxidation Delhi 2012 19, Identify the following.
compounds, +4 or even +6 being typical.
the
(i) Transition metal of 3d-series that exhibits
following? Among maximum number of oxidation states.
[Link] would you account for the
lanthanoids, Ln (II) compounds are predominant.
solid (i)An alloy consisting of approximately 95%
However, Occasionally in solutions or in
obtained. lanthanoid metal used to produce bullet, shell and
compounds, +2 and + 4 ions are also All India 2012 lighter flint. CBSE 2018C

20. Identify the following.

8, Explain the following observation.
The members of the actinoid series exhibit a
larger (i) Oxoanion of chromium which is stable in acidic
number of oxidation states than the corresponding medium.
members of the lanthanoid series. (ii) The lanthanoid element that exhibits +4 oxidation
All India 2012; Foreign 2010 state. CBSE SQP 2018
transition
9. The metallicradii of the third (5d) series of 21. What is lanthanoid contraction? What is its effect on
metals are virtually the same as those of the the chemistry of the elements which follow the
cOesponding group member of the second (4d) India 2012
lanthanoids? All India 2011

series. Give reason. Delhi2012; All

22. Write the electronic configuration of Ce* ion and
10. What is meant by 'lanthanoidcontraction"? All India 2011 calculate the magneticmoment on the basis of spin-only
that of formula. (Atomic number ofCe= 58) All India 2010C
. Ihe chemistry of actinojds is not so smoothAllasIndia 2011
lanthanoids. Give reason.
 152 Chapterwise CBSE Question Bank:

3 Marks Questions 5 Marks Questions

CHEMISTY
23. Explain the following. CBSE SQP 2019 30. Attempt any five questions of the followina
() Out of [Link]* and Cr* ions, only Se* is (i) Which of the following ions will have a
colourless in aqueous solutions. moment value ofI.73 BM?
(Atomic no, Co = 27, Sc = 21 and Cr= 24)
Sc,Ti, Ti',Cu,Zn2:
(i) The Eo2o for copper metal is positive protect iron from corrosion,
(ii) In order to
(+0.34 V), unlike the remaining members of the
first transition series. will you prefer as a sacrificial
electrode,
Zn? Why? (Given standard electrode
whNiich«z
andpotent-076
iah,.
(iii) La(OH), is more basic than Lu(OH),.
Ni, Fe and Zn are -0.25 V. -0.44 V
24. Give reasons for the following. respectively.)
(i) Transition elements and their
compounds act as The second ionisation enthalpies of
catalysts.
(iii) and manganese are 1592 and 1509 kJ/mol chrorniurn
respectively. Explain thelower value of Mn.
(ii) E°value for (Mn* / Mn) is negative, whereas for
(Cu* /Cu) is positive. (iv) Give two similarities in the properties of
(ii) Actinoids show iregularities in their electronic Zn.
configuration. Delhi 2019 (v) What is actinoid contraction? What causee
actinoid contraction?
25. Give reasons for the following.
(i) Transition metals form alloys. (vi) What is the oxidation state of chromiurn in
chromate ion and dichromate ion?
(ii) Mn ,O, is basic, whereas Mn,0, is acidic.
(iii) Eu is a strong reducing agent. Delhi 2019
(vii) Write the ionic equation for reaction of KI wik
acidified KMnO4
26. Give reasons.
31, () Why is chemistry of actinoids complicated as
(i) Mn shows the highest oxidation state of +7with compared to lanthanoids ?
oxygen but with fluorine, it shows the highest
oxidation state of + 4. (ii) Complete the following reaction and justify thag:
(i) Transition metals show variable oxidation states. is a disproportionation reaction.
(iii) Actinoids show iregularities in their electronic 3MnO; +4H +2 H,0
configurations. All India 2015
(ii) The given graph shows the trends in melting
27. (i) Howwould you account for the following? points of transition metals.
(a) Actinoid contraction is greater than lanthanoid
contraction.
(b) Transition metals form coloured compounds. M.PU10°K
Mo
(i) Complete the following equation.
2MnO, + 6H + SNO; Delhi 2015
28. Give reasons for the following.
(i) Transition metals exhibit a wide range of
oxidation states. Mn

(i) Cobalt (l1) is very stable in aqueous solutions but Atomic number
gets easily oxidised in the presence of strong Explain the reason why Cr has highest melting
ligands.
(ii) Actinoids exhibit a greater range of oxidation point and manganese (Mn) a lower melting p
CBSE 20
states than lanthanoids. All India 2014C
32. (i) Name twO OXometal anions of the 3d-sseriesofth
29. Compare the chemistry of the actinoids with that of transition metals in which the exhibits
lanthanoids with reference to the following: metal
Oxidation state equal to its group number.
() Electronic configuration (i) Oxidation states solutiot
(ii) What is the effect of
(iii) Chemical reactivity Delhi 2011C, 2010C of K,Cr,0,? increasing pH ona
 153
BlockEElements

exhibits only
WhyisCu not stable in aqueous solution ?
(a) Transition metal of 3d-series that
37. (i)
Namea member of Lanthanoid series which is one oxidation state
as a
well- knownito exhibit +4 oxidation state of 3d-series that acts
(b) Transition metal +2 oxidation states
in
in
Nametwo elements of 3d-series
which
p)anomalous electronic configuration.
show strong reducing agent
CBSE 2023 aqueous solution.
the following equation:
()4
Atransition element Xhas electronic (1) Complete and balance
Fe2+
configuration(Ar}4s3d3 Predict its likely (a) Cr,0% +14H* +6
Heat
Oxidation states.
(b) KMnO4 CBSE 2023
Complete the reaction mentioning allthe Write its one use.
()products formed. (111) What is Misch metal ? aqueous
ore (A) is fused with an
38. (1) When a chromite carbonate in free excess of air,
2KMnO, solution of sodium
compound (B) is obtained.
(m)
Account for the following. a yellow solution of acidified with
(a) Inthe 3d-transition series, zinc has the lowest This solution is filteredand Compound
enthalpy of atomisation. sulphuric acid to form compound (C).
KClgives orange
(C) on treatment with solution of chemical
the
h) Cu ion is unstable in aqueous solution. crystals of compound (D). Write
(c) Actinoids show more number of oxidation formulae of compounds A to D.
states than lanthanoids. following variations with
CBSE 2023
(ii) Describe the cause of the actinoids:
. Write the number of unpaired electrons in Cr3+ respect to lanthanoids and
states of actinoids as
(Atomic number ofCr= 24) (a) Greater range of oxidation
compared to lanthanoids.
(i) Complete the reaction mentioning all the to
produces formed (b) Greater actinoid contraction as compared
lanthanoid contraction.
Cr,0% +3H,S+8H* (c) Lower ionisation enthalpy of early actinoids as
(iü) Account for the following compared to the early lanthanoids. CBSE SQP 2020
(a) Mn is more stable than Fe towards 39, (i) What happens, when
oxidation to +3 state. (a) manganate ions (Mn0 ) undergoes
disproportionation reaction in acidic
b) Copper hâs exceptionally positiveE o medium?
value.
(c) Eu with electronic configuration (b) lanthanum is heated with sulphur?
[Xe]4f'5d' 6s is a strong reducting agent. (ii) Explain the following trends in the properties
CBSE 2023 of the members of the first series of transition
elements.
35. () Account for the following. (a) EyM) value for copper is positive
/ Mn couple is much (+0.34 V) in contrast to the other members of
(a) E° value for Mn
/Cr2+ the series.
more positive than that for Cr
coloured in (b) Cr* is reducing while Mn is oxidising,
(b) Sc* is colourless whereas Ti* is
an aqueous solution. though both have d configuration.
oxidation states.
(c) Actinoids show wide range of (c) The oxidising power in the series increases
)Write the chemical equations for the preparation
CBSE 2023
in the order: VO; <Cr,0 <Mn0,
of KMnO4 from MnO,. CBSE SQP 2020

K, (0) Account for the following. 40. (i) Account for the following.
(a) Transition metals form alloys. (a) Transition metals show variable oxidation
b)Cet+ IS a strong oxidising
agent. states.
(i) Wite One similarity and one difference chemistry (b) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft metals.
of lanthanoids andactinoids. (c) E value for the Mn/Mn* couple is highly
Complete the following ionic equation. positive (+ 1.57V) as compared to Cr*/Cr*.
CBSE 2023
Cr,0 +2OH
 Question Bank :

154
Chapterwise CBSE
CHEMIST
prepare
Howdo you
(i) Wnite one similarity and one difference between
43. (i)
Mn0,fromMnO,?
K,
the chemistrv of lanthanotd and actinoid
(a)
Na,Cr,0, from Na,CrO,?
elements.
AllIndio 2017 (b) following:
forthe
(i) Account morestable
than Fe
towards
41. () (a) How is the variability in oxidation states o (a) Mn is +3state.
transition metals different from that of the oxidation to
atomisation is
p-block elements?
(b) Out of Cu and Cu . which ion is unstable
(b) The enthalpy of
of the trans1tion
lowest
elemente for
in 3d-series
in aqueous solution and why? elements show wide range of
(c) Actinoid
(c) Orange colour ofCr,0: ion changes to Oxidation states. Delhi 2
yellow when treated with an alkali. Why? element of 3d-transition series
(ü) Chemistry of actinoids is complicated as compared
Delhi 2017
44. (i) Namethe
maximumnumber
of. oxidation
states. which
to lanthanoids. Give two reasons. shows
showso?
Why does it
42. (i) With reference to structural variability, chemical Whichtransition metal of33d-series has positive
reactivity, write the differences between (ü) Value andwhy?
lanthanoids and actinoids. Ey
(ii) Name a member of the lanthanoid series which is and Mn3+ which is a stronger
(iüi) Out of Cr why?
well known to exhibit + 4 oxidation state. oxidisingagentand
(ii) Complete the following equation. member ofthe lanthanoid series which is
(iv) Name a +2 Oxidation state
MnO; -8H´ + 5e wellknown to exhibit
following equation,
(iv) Out of Mn and Cr*, which is more (v) Complete the All India 2014
paramagnetic and why? MnO, +8H +5e

(Atomic number of Mn =25. Cr= 24) Delhi 2014

Explanations
is not the 6. The wide range of oxidation states of actinoids is
1. (b) Both (A)and (R)are correct but (R) attributed tothe fact that the 5 f,6d and 7s energy
moment is
corect explanation of (A). The magnetic levels are of comparable energies. Therefore, all
less
less as the 5f-electrons of actinoides are these three subshells can participate in bonding.
effectively shielded which result inquenching of But the most common oxidation state of actinoids is
orbital contribution. They are strongly paramagnetic also +3.
due to presence of unpaired electrons.
mixture 7. +2 and +4 oxidation states are also obtained due to
2. Lanthanoides are difficult to separate from high stabilities of f, f' and f configuration.
because of similarity in their physical and their
chemical properties. 8. Actinoids have lower ionisation energy and lesS
oxidation effective nuclear charge, hence more number of valen
3. Europium has half-filled f-orbital in +2
state. Thus, in lanthanoidseries, it exhibit +2 clectrons can take part in bond formation. It is due to
Oxidation state.
the fact that 5f,6d and 7s-levels are of comparable
energies. Therefore, actinojds exhibit +3,+4,+5,+0
4. Most common oxidation state of lanthanoid is +3. and +7 oxidation states due to the
5f,6d and 7s electrons in bond participat1on o
However. Ce shows +4, Eu and Yb show +2 oxidation
state because they acquire stable configuration.
actinoids exhibit greater range formation. Hence: that
of oxidation states
5. Due to lanthanoide contraction, the atomic radii of 4d lanthanoids.
and 5d-transition series elements are almost same. 9. Metallic radii of third (5d ) series of transition metals
That's why, Zr Z =40) and HÍ(Z=72 )have almost
identical radii. are virtually same as
because of the those of second (4d) series
lanthanoid contraction. Thls
 d-ondf-Block Elements 155

csociated with the intervention of the 4f-orbitals Differences

hich are filled betore the tilling of 5d-orbitals. Lanthanoids
ohitals, result in aregular decrcase in atomic radii, (i) They have less tendency towards complex
lled Janthanoid contraction which formation.
Nnected increase natonmic size withcompensates
increasing
the
(ii)) Do not form oxocations.
atomic nunbers.
Actinoids
The overall decrcase in atomic and ionic radii
from () They have greater tendency towards complex
lanthanunm to lutetium, duc to the imperfect shielding formation.
Cone clectron by another in the same
subshell is (ii) Form oxocations, e.g. UO,", PuO; and UO}. (1)
known as lanthanoid contraction.
19. (i) Refer to solution 47 (Topic 1). (1)
1 Chemistry of the actinoids is more complex in
the (ii) Misch metal, a well known alloy, consists of
iew of their ability to cxist in different oxidation
states. Furthcr, many of the actinoid elements are lanthanoid metal (95%), iron (-5%) and traces of
radioactive which make the study of these elements S, C. Ca and Al, etc. and is used to produce
rather difficult. bullets, shell and lighter flint.
42 The energy required to remove electron that is to form 20. (i) The oxoanion of chromium which is stable in
cationic species is more in 4d and 5d-series because acidic medium is Cr,0;. (1)
of greater effective nuclear charge which is due to (ii) Cerium (Ce) is well known to exhibit + 4 oxidation
lanthanoid contraction. Thus, 4d and 5d-series metals state. (1)
generally do not form stable cationic species.
21. Lanthanoid contraction Refer to solution 10. (1)
13. Refer to solution 11.
The cumulative effect of the contraction of the
[Link] 3 (lanthanum) have 4f" and Lu* (lutetium) have lanthanoid series causes the radii of the members of
4/ configuration. Because of the absence of third transition series to be similar to those of
unpaired electrons, these ions impart no colour to the corresponding members of second series. Zr
solution. (160 pm) and Hf (159 pm) have identical radii. Due to
15. Due to the lanthanoid contraction, the metallic radii of their similar radii, they have same physical and
the third series (5 d) of transition metals are virtually chemical properties. (1)
the same as those of the corresponding group members 22. sCe =[Xe]4f'sd'6s'; Ce =[Xe] 4f'sd6s° (1)
of the second series (4d). This results in close
H=n(n+2) (n=number of unpaired electrons)
similarity in their physical and chemicalproperties.
16. Electronic configuration of Eu is (Xe]4f'sa and #=1(1+2) =1.73 BM (1)

Ce is (Xe ]4f'5d'. Since, Eu has half-filled 4f 23. (i) The electronic configuration of Co* and Cr* are
configuration, therefore, it is more stable than Ce* in [Ar]3d' and [Ar]3d respectively, since, they
which neither 4f nor Sd-subshell are half-filled or contain unpaired electrons and hence are coloured.
Completely filled. On the other hand,Se* having configuration
17. Refer to solution 10. [Ar]3d" does not contain any unpaired electrons
Consequences of lanthanoid contraction are and thus colourless in aqueous solution. (1)
1) With increase in atomic number, the basic strength (ii) Ea /Cu is positive, i.e. +034V because the sum
ofoxides and hydroxides of lanthanoids decreases. of enthalpies of sublimation and ionisation is not
(i) Elements of second and third d-series exhibit balanced by hydration enthalphy. (1)
Similar radii (e g. Zr-160 pm, Hf-159 pm) and have (ii) Due to lanthanoid contraction, the size of
very similar physical and chemical properties. (1) lanthanoid ion decreases regularly with increase in
. Comparison of lanthanods and actinoids atomic SIZe.
Therefore, the covalent nature of Ln-OH bond
Similarities increases from La to Lu. Hence, the basic
)Both have mainlyan oxidation state of +3
character of hydroxides decreases from La(OH), to
) Both show magnetic andspcctral properties Lu(OH),. Thus, La(OH), is more basic than
Lu(OH);: (1)
 QUestion Bank:
156 Chapterwise CBSE

isOxidation
most common In
lanthanoids. +3
statesalongwith
CHEoxidatMioISnTR
+2 and + 4. While in
24. (i) Refer to (ii)
(ii) E°value solution
S6 (i) actinoids, there is a grcater range of oxidation
for (Mn2/ Mn)(Topic
1). (1)
aro
7s levels
is negative, 5/, 6d and show
(Cu*/Cu) is positive because whereas o states because They
in case of copper. comparable energies. and + 7 oxidation
the enthalpy of atomisation is very high 4, + 5,
+6 states.
actinoids is
hydration enthalpy is very low. The highwhile its +3, +
+2, oxidation state in +3.
energy to Common reactivity Lanthanoids are less reactive
(iii) Chemical
transform Cu(s) to Cu (ag) is not balanced by its
hydration enthalpy. (1) than actinoids.
Actually, earlier members of lanthanoids are
(11) Thcgeneral electronicconfiguration of actinoids
is Sfl-1640- [Link] reactive similar to calcium but with
iregularities in the quite
increasing atomic number, they behave
more like
clectronic configuration of actinoids is due to the
stabilities of f, f' and 4stable configuration of aluminium.
Lanthanoids react with dilute acids to liberate H.
5f-orbitals. (1) gas, while actinoids react with boiling water and
25. (1) Atoms of transition metal can easily take place in mixture of oxide and hydrogen gas.
gives a
the crystal lattice of another metal in the molten
Among the given options, Ti and Cu2+ ha
state andare miscible with cach other and thus 30. (i) 1 unpaired electron. Thus. their magnetic m
momen:
form alloys. (1)
(ii) With increase in the oxidation state of agiven is 1.73 or V3. sacrificial metals. As, it is
transition metal (i.e. Mn), the covalent character of (ii) Zinc can be used as
more reactive than iron and lose their electrons in
its compound increases and thus acidic character preference to iron. This prevent iron from losing iy
also increases. Therefore, Mn ,0, (oxidation state
oxidised.
= +3) is basic while Mn ,0, (oxidation state = +7) is electrons and becoming (u2
acidic. (1) Mn = 3d5 4,
(iii) Electronic configuration of
(ii) Eu 2* having electronic configuration [Xe14f is a Electronic configuration ofCr*
-3d5
strong reducing agent because in the aqueous As Cr has stable half-filled electronic
solution, it reverts back to the most stable +3
(1) configuration thus, it required more ionisation
oxidation state.
26. (i) Refer to solution 90 (i) (a) (Topic 1). energy to remove electron from stable
configuration. Whereas, Mn has l electron in 4
(ii) Refer tosolution 27 (Topic 1). and which can easily be removed. Thus, its
(iii) Refer to solution 8. (1x3)
have ionisation energy is less.
27. (i) (a) In actinoids, 5f-orbitals are filled which (iv) Sc in its common oxidation, i.e. (+2) state has no
more poor shielding effect than 4f-orbitals in
lanthanoids. Thus, the effective nuclear charge electron in 3d-orbitaland Zn has no unpaired
electron in its 3d-orbital.
experienced by electrons in valence shells in
case of actinoids is much more than that Thus, both Sc and Zn form colourless compound
experienced by lanthanoids. Hence, the size and are diamagnetic in nature.
contraction in actinoids is greater as compared (v) The radiiof trivalent and quadrivalent ions of
to that of lanthanoids. (1)
actinoids contract slightly with increasing atomt
(b) Refer to solution 31 (Topic 1). (1) number. This contraction is known as actinoid
(1) Refer to solution 6l (ii)(Topic 1). (1) contraction. This result from poor shielding
28, (i) Refer to solution 27 (Topic ). experienced by 5f-electrons.
(11) Refer to solution 52 (ii) (Topic 1). (vi) The oxidation state in chromate ion [Cr,0; Jand
(ii) Refer to solution 8.
dichromate ion [Cr,0; Jis +3 and t6 respectively
(|x3)
(10
29.(i) Electronic configuration (vii) 2Mn0, +101 +6H* ’2Mn * + 8H,0 +Sl; (13
Lanthanoids = |Xe]4/ 014 5 40 6s'
31. (i) Refer to (!
Actinoids =(Rn]5f 01 640 7s' (1) solution 11.
(ii) 3Mn0; +4H ’2MnO, + MnO, +2H,0
d-ond.f-Block Elements 157

In this reaction, MO, is

reduced to
well as oxidised to MnO,. Hence, the MnO, as is (ü) Cr,0% +3H,S +8H' »2Cr2S +7H,0 )
disproportionation reaction.
reaction (ii)(a) Refer to solution 53 (i) (Topic-I).
(ni) Manganese has a half-filled
(2)
(b) Refer to solution 33. (Topic-I).
d-orbital configuration
with all the electrons, spinning in the same (c) E.C of Eu=[Xe]4/'5d'6,
direction. This makes it stable and less likely to While E.C of Eu =[Xe|4/'54'6s
fom bonds with other atoms. Thus, it has low which
interatomic forces of attraction which are casier to Hence, the outermost shell is half-filled
break, Hence, Mn has a lower melting point. (2) makes Eu* highly stable.
Thus, Euoxidises readily to give more stable
32. (i) (a) VO, Vbelongs to 5th group. Eu and acts as a strong reducing agent. (3)
Oxidation state of V=x+3(-2) =-1 35. (i) (a) Refer to solution 74 (ii) (Topic 1).
’-6=-1 x=+5
(b) Refer to solution84 (iii) (Topic 1)
(b) Cro (c) There is a greater range of
oxidation states in
Cr group number is6. actinoids. It is due to the fact that 5f, 6d and 7s
level are of comparable energies. (3)
0.S of Cr =x + 4(-2) =-2
(2
X=+6 (ii) Refer to text on page 130 (Topic 1).
(i) K,Cr,0, is orange in colour. On increasing the 36. (i)(a) Refer to text on page 129.
pH of K,Cr,O,, the medium becomes basic and as (b) Ce** has the tendency to attain +3 oxidation
aresult it changes into K,CrO4, (Potassium state by accepting an electron. Hence, acts as
chromate) which is yellow in colour. strong oxidising agent. (2

Cr,0 +20H ’ CrO +H,0 (ii) Refer to solution 18. (1)

(Potassium (Potassium
dichromate) chromate) (ii) Cr,0% +20H +2Cr0 +H,0 (2)

(ii) Refer to solution 34 of topic (1). 37. (i) (a) Scandium

(iv) Cerium exhibits +4 oxidation state as it attains (b) Chromium (2)
stable noble gas configuration. (ii) (a) Cr,0% +14H +6Fe 2+
(v) Chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu). (1 x5 = 5) 2Crt +6 Fe + 7H,0
Common Generally,students make mistake in (b) 2 KMnO, K,MnO, +MnO, +0,1 (2)
Mistake writing the electronic configuration of Cu (iii) Misch-metal is an alloy of lanthanoids metal
and Cr. While writing their electronic configuration student (-95%) with iron (~45%) and traces of S, C, La
should account for the stabilityof half-filled and fully-filled and Al., It is used t¡ make lighter flints, bullets ,
d- orbitals of chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu). shells etc. (1)
38. (i) The given process is the preparation method of
33. (i) Transition element has configuration [Ar4s3d potassium dichromate (D) from chromite ore (A).
common
Corresponds to vanadium. It exhibits four The sequence of reactions are given as follows
oxidation states, i.e. +5, + 4, +3 and +2. (1)

K, MnO,+MnO, +0,
(a) 4FeCr,0, +8Na,C0, +70,
(i) 2KMnO, (4) 8Na,CrO4 + 2Fe,0, +8CO,
(Potasiun (Potassium
manganate) (1) (B)
permanganate)
(b) 2Na,CrO, +2H ’ Na,Cr,0, +2Na"
(üi) (a) Refer to solution 53(i) (Topic-1). (C) + H,0
(b) Refer to solution 34 (Topic-1). (c) Na,Cr,0, + 2KCI’K,Cr,0, + NaCI
(c) Refer tosolution 8. (3) (D)

34, (i) The electronicconfiguration of Therefore, the chemical formulae of compounds

Cr= 1s' 25'2p'3s'3p'4s' 3d' are

E.C ofCr } -s² 2s' 2p 3s3p"4° 3d A= FeCr,0,, B = Na,CrO4, C= Na,Cr,0,

(1)
(2
.. The number of unpaired electrons present in
and D= K,Cr,0,
Cr is three.
 158 Chopterwise CBSE Question Bonk

() (a) Acinods show a

gcater range of oxidation
states as Ompared to lanthanords
Due to the absence of unipaited
netallc honds presnt in therr are
CHEMYA,
due t
comparahle cnerges of S. hl and 7s cnergy why they are soft netals and have
levcls and boiing points.
0)
(b) Actinords show greater () Refer to solution 7) (u) (Topx. J,
actinod contraction
as
compared to lanthanoid contraction. This is due (ii) Refer to solution
1%.
to poorer shicld1ng by 5
as compared to shicldingf-electrons clements show varable
in actinoids
by 4f-clectrons in 41. (i) (a) Itp-block
increaes as We move frotn left
lanthanoids. periodic table. The
(c) In actinoids, S -clectrons are
more shown by p-block elemernt is
shielded from the nuclear charge thancffectively
the number of valence eletrons.
4f-clectrons of the correspond1ng lanthano1ds. Whereas. d-block elernents
Since, the outer clectrons are less firmly show
diffe
Oxidation states because of innnplee
held, they are available forbonding in the d-subshel. The variable oxidation
actinoids. Thus, carly actinoids have lower
ionisation enthalphy as compared to the carly the participation of both ns and
lanthanoids. electrons in bonding
39. () (a) MnO ions (b) In aqueous solution, Cu ion undergse
10 give
disproportionate in acidic medium disproportionation reaction.
permanganate ions and manganese (1V) 2Cu (ug)’Cu-Culs)
OXide. Thercaction is given as follows
The stability ofCu 1on in aqueous sojte
3Mn0 +4H ’ 2MnO, +MnO, +2H,0,(1) due to negative enthalpy of hydration wc:
(b) When lanthanum is heated with sulphur, compensates more for the IE, ofCu
lanthanum sulphide is formed. The reaction is (c) When orange solution containing Cr-0:
given below. (dichromate ion) is treated with an alkali. a
2La+ 3s Heat yellow solution of CrO{ (chromate ion is
’La,S, (1) obtained.
(i) (a) Copper has high enthalpy of atomisation and OH

low enthalpy of hydration. Since, the high energy Cr,0% ’ CrO:

Dichrorate Chrorete on
to transform Cu(s) to Cu (aq) is not balanced by (Orange) (Yellow

hydration enthalpy, therefore 2: M) value for (i)Chemistry of actinoids is complicated as comçz.

copper is positive (+034 V). to the lanthanoids. The two
(1) reasons are
(b) Cr is reducing as its configuration changes (a) 5f-orbital present in actinoids is more
expose
from d' o d', the latter having more stable the outer environment, while 4f-orbital pres
half-filled t,, [Link] the24 other hand, the in lanthanoid are deeply buried.
change from Mn to Mn results in extra (b) Lanthanoids show limited
number of oxidar
stable d configuration. Thus, Mn" is states as +2,+3 and+4(out of which +3is
oxIdising (1) most common). This is due to the large cn
(c) The oxidising power in the sernes increases in gap between 4f and 5d-subshells.
(7)
{+5) The dominant oxidation state of
the order V0,<Cr,0; MnO,. This is dueto also + 3 but they show a number ofactinods S
the increasing stab1lity of the species of lower other
OxIdation states also like uranium (Z =92 }
OxIdation state to which they are reduced. ) plutonium (Z =94) show +3, +4., +5 and +
40. (i)(a) Refer to solution 27 (Topic 1). (1) heptunium shows +3, +4 +5 and +7. This 5
(b) Zn, Cd and iHg have completely filled d'" due to small ennergy between 5f. N
electronic contiguration and 7s subshells. d1fference
Fond,
-Block Elements 159

Diflerences between lanthanoids and actinoids

(1)
(i1)(a) Refer to solutiom 92 (1)(Tops I) (1)
Structural variability (b) Refer to solution 53 (1)(TopK 1) (1)
Lanthanoids
Actinoids (c) Refer to solutson
ozdatin tztes fron 2
There is smallI regular There is also regular decrease in 44. (1) Manganese exhibits all the nunber of unpaited
decrease in atomic atomic and ionic radii of actinoids, to +7 as it has rmaximurn (1)
And ionic radii of known as actinoid contraction, but electrons. (1)
lanthanoids, known this contraction vary from 1).
as lanthanoid to element due to poor element (i) Refer to solution 33 (Topic
shielding because the
contraction effect of Sf-electrons. They
great structural variability. show (11) Mn is stronger oxidising agentresults in haif-filled
change from Mn to Mn
extra stability. Thus.
(1) (d')configuration which has agent On the thet
oxidising
Chemical reactivity it behaves as a strong
configuration. ie half-filied Iz
hand, Cr* has d' retuce to
Lanthanoids and does Dot
Actinoids level, so it is already stable
othe words. it does not
They have less tendency They have stronger less stable Cr In the (1)
towards complex tendency towards complex behave as an oxidising agent.
formation. formation. Ytterbium (Yb)is well knowt
(Iv) Europium (Eu) and (1
Except promethium, they They are radioactive. to exhibit +2 oxidation state.
are non-radioactive. (1
-4H.0
(v) MnO, -8H -5e’Mn
They do not form They form oxocations.
OxOcations.
Case-Based Questions
Their oxides and Their oxides and answer the
and
hydroxides are less basic. hydroxides are more basic. 1. Read the passage given below
(1)
following questions.
oxvgen t lo
i) Cerium (Ce) is well known to exhibit +4 oxidation The transition metals when exposed to
protective
(1) and intermediate temperatures form thin.
oxide films of up to some thousands of AngstroS In
state.
(i) MnO, +8H* +5e ’ Mn* +4H,0 (1)
thickness.
(iv) Outer shell electronic configuration of Transition metal oxides lie between the extremes of
Mn =3 d4s,so, Mn = 3d4 ionic and covalent binary compounds formed by
3d elements from the left or right side of the periodic
1111 table. They range from metallic to semiconducting and
deviate by both large and small degrees from
Number of unpaired electrons in Mn* =4 stoichiometry. Since delectron bonding levels are
involved, the cations exist in various valence states
Similarly, outer shell electronic configuration of and hence give rise to a large number of oides
Cr =3d'4s' so, Cr +=3d'
3d
The crystal structures are often classified bv
considering a cubic or hexagonal close-packed lattice
111 of one set of ions with the other set of ions filling the
Number of unpairedelectrons in Cr* =3 octahedral or tetrahedral interstices.
whereas Cr*
As, Mn* has 4 unpaired electrons, The actual oxide structures, however, generally show
therefore Mn * exhibits departures from such regular arrays due in part to
has 3 unpaired electrons, (1) distortions caused by packing of ions of different size
more paramagnetism. and to ligand field effects. These distortions depend
not only on the number of d-electrons but also on the
4°. i)(a) 2MnO, +4KOH +0; valency and the position of the transition metal in a
2K, MnO4 + 2H,0 (1)
period or group.
(b) 2Na,CrO, + 2H ’ Na,Cr,0, In the following questions, a statement of assertion
+ 2Na +H,0 (1) followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the
 160 Chapterwise CBSE Question Bank:

corect answer out of the Mendeleev recognised that certain properties the
CHEMISTRY
basis of the above passagefollowing choices on the of some of of
CBSE Question Bank
(a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is
the correct
in Group VIIIare related to those
elements in Group VIl and those at the start of
elementa
the nex
explanation of (A). row Group I.
(b) Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is In that sense, these elements might be described as
not the correct
explanation of (A). transitional from one row of t
possessing properties the
(c) (A) is corTect and (R) is incorrect. table to the next.
(d) (A) is incorrect and (R) is correct. (1) Group 12 elements are not considered as transition
()) Assertion (A) Cations of transition elements occur in element because
various valence states (a) they have incomplete d-shell in ground state.
Reason (R) Large number of oxides of transition (b) they do not have incomplete d-shell in ground
elements are possible. state.
(ii) Assertion (A) Crystal structure of oxides of transition (c) they do not have complete d-shell excited state
metals often show defects. d-shell in excited sto
(d) they have incomplete
Reason (R) Ligand field effect cause distortions in elements in periodi
(ii) What is the place of d-block
crystal structures. table ?
(iii) Assertion (A) Transition metals form protective oxide (a) Group 3-12 (b) Group 4-13
films. (c) Group 3-13 (d) Group 3-11
periodic table
Reason (R) Oxides of transition metals are always (ii) Group VIIelements of Mendeleev
stoichiometric. belongs to
(iv) Assertion (A) CrO crystallises in a hexagonal (a) carbon family (b) transition elements
close-packed array of oxide ions with two out of every (c) boron family (d) halogen family
three octahedral holes occupied by chromium ions. (iv) Which is the correct electronic configuration of nickal
Reason (R)Transition metal oxide may be hexagonal (a) [Ar],g3d'4s? (b) [Ar];s 3d 462
close-packed lattice of oxide ions with metal ions (d) [Ar])g 3d° 452
filling the octahedral voids. (c) [Ar] 3dl° 4s!
Or
2. Readthe passage given below and answer the How many elements are present in d-block?
following questions. (a) 40 (b) 41 (c) 42 (d) 43
The d-block elements are the 40elements contained in
the four rows of ten columns (3-12) in the periodic 3. Read the passage given below and answer the following
table. As all the d block elements are metallic, the term questions.
d-block metals is synonymous. This set of d-block Transition metals combine with oxygen at high
elements is also often identified as the transition temperature to give metallic oxides. Except Sc, all the
metals, but somnetimes the group 12 elements (zinc, metals upto Mn form monoxide (MO), which are ionic
cadmium, mercury) are excluded from the transition in nature.
metals as the transition elements are defined as those As oxidation number increases, covalent nature and
with partly filled d orfshells in their compounds.
acidic character increases. In general, the oxides in
Inclusion of the elements zinc, cadmium and mercury lower oxidation states of metal are basic and in ther
is necessary as some properties of the group 12 higher oxidation states, they are acidic whereas in the
elements are appropriate logically to include with a intermediate oxidation state, the oxides are amphotet.
discussion of transition metal chemistry. The term
transition element or transition metal appeared to Behaviour of oxides of manganese
derive from early studies of periodicity such as the +2 + 8/3 +3 +4
Mendeleev periodic table of the elements. MnO Mn 0, Mn ,0, MnO,
Basic Mn ,0,
His horizontal table of the elements was an attempt to Acidic
Anphoteric (Covalent green oi)
group the elements together so that the chemistry of
elements might be explained and predicted. In this Basic oxides
table there are eight groups labelled I-VIIlwith each Sc ,O,. Tio, Ti,0,, VO, V,0,, MnO,
subdivided into A and B subgroups.
FeO, CuCO, CoO, Nio, Cu,0, CrO
O-ondf-Block Elements 161

Acidic oxides octahedral or

Mn ,0, CrO,, Os0, with the other set of jons filling the
tetrahedral voids.
Amphotericoxides
as
2. (i) (b) Group 12elements are not considered
CuO, TiO,, ZnO, CrO,, Cr,O,, Mn transition metals because they do not
,0, state.
Mn0,, V,O,, Mn ,04, Fe,04 have incomplete d-shell in their ground
from group 3-12
() Write the complete chemical equation for oxidation of (i) (a) The d-block elements placed
in periodic table.
Fe by Cr,0; in acidic medium. periodic
(iii) (d) Group VIlelements of Mendeleev
Writethe jonic equation for the reaction table belongs to halogen family.
between
Mn0, i0ns and oxalate ions at 333K?
(iv) (b) EIlectronic configúration of nickel is
(i) Arrange the following in increasing order of basic (Ar)3d°4s.
character, Mn0, MnO2, Mn ,0,. Or
elements in four rows
)Describe the oxidising action of potassium dichromate (a)The d-block contains 40
and write the ionic equations for its reactions with (i) of ten columns.
oxidises iron (1)
iodide and (ii) H,s. 3. (i) Acidified potassium dichromate
r Complete the following chemical equations. salt to iron (I).
Cr,0% +14H* +6Fe2*2C3t + 6Fe
() MnO,(aq) + C;0 (aq)+H* (ag) + 7H,0
() C,0 (aq) + Fe* (aq) + H* (aq)’ 2Mn*+ 8H,0
(ii) 2MnO, + 16H* + 5C,0
+ 10CO,
Solutions (i1) Basic character of oxides decreases with increase
1. (i) (b)Cations of transition elements occur in various in oxidation number, therefore increasing order of
valence states (i.e. ’ Mn to Mn. Fet to Fet3 basic character is Mn,0,< MnO,< MnO.
Cr* toCr). It arises due to the incomplete filling (iv) Potassium dichromate is a strong oxidising agent.
of d-orbitals. Transition elements have large In acidicsolution, its oxidising action is represented
number of oxides (i.e. Mn0, Mn0,, Croí ). as

(ü) (a) Ligand field effect cause distortions in crystal Cr,0 +14H* + 6e 2Cr* +7H,0
structures. The actual oxides structures, however, Ionic equations
generally show departures from regular lattice due (i) Reaction of K,Cr,0, with I
distortions caused by packing of ions of different
size. So, crystal structure of oxides of transition
Cr,0 + l4H* +6I’2Cr** +31, +7H,o
metals often show defects. (i) Reaction of K,Cr,0, with H,S
(ii) (c) When transition metals exposed to oxygen at Cr,0% + 8H* + 3H,S 20r* +3S +7H,0
low and intermediate temperatures form thin, Or
metals
protective oxide films. Oxides of transition (i) 2MnO, + 5C,0 + 16H*
deviate
range from metallic to semiconducting and
by both large and small degrees from stoichiometry.
2Mn* + 8H,0 + 10CO,
(iv) (d) The crystal structure of oxides in transition (i) Cr,0 (aq) +6Fe* (aq) +14H (aq)
metals are classified by considering a cubic or 2C,3+
+6Fe* +7H,0
ions
hexagonal closed packed lattice of one set of