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BIOL 2420 Course Outline Syllabus 2021
Human Physiology 2 (University of Manitoba)
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COURSE OUTLINE (2020–2021 2nd Term)
BIOL 2420 HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY II
LECTURES: 3 per week, Section A01, MWF 9:30 am, via Zoom
INSTRUCTORS: Dr. K. L. Campbell (Course coordinator)
Email: [Link]@[Link]
Dr. D. Weihrauch
Email: [Link]@[Link]
IMPORTANT NOTE: Email is only to be used for general enquiries or to book appointments.
Questions regarding material covered in class will not be answered via email.
OFFICE HOURS: Via Zoom; by appointment only. Note: All email contact with the instructors
must be via your U of M email account (@[Link]). We will strive
to acknowledge/respond to all emails within 48 hours (not including
holidays/weekends).
SUGGESTED TEXT: Silverthorn, D.U. 2019. "Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach”, 8th
Ed., Benjamin Cummings.
COURSE CONTENT: The functions of the human body’s homeostatic effector organ systems
(cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive) and of the immune system are examined. Structure
is described to the extent required to understand function.
The organization and content of the lectures are not based on any one textbook, but, wherever
possible, lecturers use terminology and illustrations consistent with Silverthorn's 8th edition. The
text is intended to be used as a reference for detailed information (as in figures and tables) and as a
general aid to understanding. The lecture outline on pages 3 & 4 gives references to lecture-related
material in Silverthorn.
GRADING is solely based on the sum of the results of the below multiple-choice/multi-select
examinations. All lecture exams and quizzes are ‘closed book’ (no outside material permitted) and
will be conducted on UM Learn. No extra work to improve your mark will be permitted.
1. Section quizzes* – Dates provided below; 10% each; best 2 of 3 count towards grade 20%
2. Mid-term exam** – Thursday, March 4th, 2021; 5:30 pm (90 min, 45 questions) 30%
3. Final exam*** – April 19-May 1, 2021 on whole term (2 hrs, 75 questions) 50%
Additional information regarding quizzes/exams will be announced in class and on UM Learn
*
Quizzes may be accessed between 3:30 and 6:30 pm (Winnipeg time) on the day of the quiz
Quiz #1 – Feb. 11th, 2021; covers cardiovascular section only (20 min, 15 questions)
Quiz #2 – March 17th, 2021; covers respiratory and renal sections only (20 min, 15 questions)
Quiz #3 – April 1st, 2021; covers digestion/metabolism section only (20 min, 15 questions)
**
The mid-term exam material covers the cardiovascular and respiratory sections only.
***
The final exam is cumulative; time and date are scheduled by the Registrar’s Office.
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LECTURE NOTES will be posted on UM Learn, but are incomplete and are solely intended to
facilitate note taking during lectures. Attending all online lectures and taking detailed notes is
strongly recommended as the oral lecture component of the course will form the primary
basis of the quizzes/examinations. Specific passages in the text designated in class or additional
course/lecture material posted on UM Learn may also be evaluated on exams.
SCHEDULE OF LECTURES: Lectures will be given online during the scheduled class time via Zoom
([Link] A Zoom link for the class has been posted on UM Learn. Clicking the link will
open the meeting in Zoom. Students do not need a Zoom account to join the lecture, but we
strongly encourage students to register and familiarize themselves with this platform. Zoom
lectures will be recorded, and links made available on UM Learn for 48 hours following each class.
RECORDING CLASS LECTURES: Drs. Campbell and Weihrauch hold copyright over all course
materials, presentations, and lectures which form part of this course. No audio or video recording
of lectures or presentations is allowed in any format, openly or surreptitiously, in whole or in part
without permission. These copyrighted works are made available for private study and
research only and must not be placed online or distributed in any format.
COURSE TECHNOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS: Students enrolled in the course must ensure they
satisfy the following minimum technological requirements:
a) a computing device where one can create and edit documents,
b) an internet connection capable of streaming videos and downloading software, and
c) access to a web-cam and microphone.
ALL QUIZZES/EXAMS will be conducted on UM Learn and may be monitored via Respondus
software. Exams can only be deferred for medical, compassionate, and certain other grounds. If
you are aware of a scheduling conflict, contact the instructor as soon as possible). Failure to write
the any of the quizzes or the midterm (in the regularly assigned time or deferred) will result in a
mark of ZERO on that quiz/exam. Final exams can only be deferred with permission of your
faculty or unit. Thus, if you miss the final exam, you must contact a student advisor in your faculty
or unit within 48 hours of the missed exam to request a deferral.
VOLUNTARY WITHDRAWAL: The last date you can withdraw from the course without academic
penalty is March 31st, 2021. You will have received ~40-50% of your grade (midterm exam and
several quizzes) by this date on which to base your decision.
ACADEMIC DISHONESTY: Penalties will be imposed for any evidence of “academic
dishonesty”, including plagiarism, cheating and fraud following the University of Manitoba
Student Discipline Bylaw:
[Link]
All Faculty members have been instructed to be vigilant and report every incident of academic
dishonesty to the Head of the Department. Please review the list of penalties assessed by the
Faculty of Science for acts of academic dishonesty, which can be found at:
[Link]
minC_Jul2012_WEB.pdf
You are encouraged to watch the Academic Integrity Message from Associate Dean of Science:
[Link]
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SYNOPSIS: The course BIOL 2420, together with BIOL 2410, is designed to provide students with
a basic understanding of how the human body functions and regulates itself. Lectures cover
anatomy and function of the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive, and immune systems.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: (~10 lectures – Campbell); Chapters 14, 15 and 16
BASIC COMPONENTS AND CIRCUITRY OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. Blood. Functional
anatomy of the heart. Origin of the heart beat: pacemaker cells and electrical pathways in the
heart. Cardiac muscle action potentials: review of properties, underlying ion transport events,
and relevance to heart function. THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG): electrical basis,
description of wave form, and diagnostic value of the ECG. THE CARDIAC CYCLE: stages and
accompanying pressure changes. CARDIAC OUTPUT: control of heart rate and stroke volume;
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart; actions of neurotransmitters and drugs. THE VASCULAR
SYSTEM. Basic hemodynamics: concepts of flow, pressure, and resistance. Overview of flow
patterns and pressure changes in systemic circulation. ARTERIAL SYSTEM: vessel anatomy and
concept of capacitance; functions of arteries; determinants of systolic, diastolic, and pulse
pressure; regulation of tissue blood flow – autoregulation vs. extrinsic controls; vasoactive
role of endothelium THE MICROCIRCULATION: organization and structure of vessels;
transcapillary exchange mechanisms; the Starling forces and fluid balance; common causes of
edema. THE VENOUS SYSTEM: vessel anatomy; functions of veins; gravitational effects and the
problem of venous return. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: vessel anatomy; functions of lymphatic
circulation; mechanisms of lymph flow; regulation of systemic arterial pressure.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: (~6 lectures – Campbell); Chapters 17 and 18
THE OXYGEN PATHWAY: an overview. Organization and functional anatomy of the airways.
MECHANICS OF BREATHING: pressure changes accompanying the respiratory cycle; role of
breathing muscles in establishing pressure gradients. Factors governing airway resistance and
lung compliance in health and in disease. LUNG VOLUMES: determinants of minute and
alveolar ventilation. Gas exchange between lungs and blood. PROPERTIES OF GASES; partial
pressures of gases in lungs and blood. OXYGEN TRANSPORT IN BLOOD: structure and function
of the hemoglobin molecule; characteristics of the oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve,
including the effects of pH, temperature, anions and organophosphates on blood-O2 affinity;
fetal hemoglobin; carbon monoxide. CARBON DIOXIDE TRANSPORT IN BLOOD: modes of
carriage. CONTROL OF BREATHING: peripheral and central chemoreflex pathways.
RENAL SYSTEM: (~6 lectures – Campbell); Chapters 19 and 20
BASIC ANATOMY OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. Functions of the kidney. The nephron; cortical and
juxtamedullary nephrons. Basic processes of nephrons. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION: forces
driving/resisting filtration. Regulation of filtration; intrinsic and extrinsic control. Structure
and function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. TUBULAR REABSORPTION: Active reabsorption.
Aldosterone and the renin-angiotensin system in regualting Na+ reabsorption. Glucose
reabsorption and the concept of tubular maximum. Passive reabsorption; Cl-, water and urea.
Control of vasopressin secretion. TUBULAR SECRETION. Regulation of K+ and water balance.
The countercurrent multiplier system; urea trapping; production of hypo- and hyperosmotic
urine. ROLE OF KIDNEYS IN ACID-BASE BALANCE: Renal mechanisms of bicarbonate
reabsorption and acid secretion. Urinary buffers.
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DIGESTION AND NUTRIENT METABOLISM: (~6 lectures – Weihrauch); Chapters 21 and 22
Metabolism, nutrients and vitamins. Function of the digestive system. Basic anatomy and
histology of the alimentary tract. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY AND
SECRETION; neural and hormonal regulation. DIGESTION: salivary glands; deglutition
(swallowing); peristalsis. STOMACH ANATOMY: gastric motility; gastric secretions. Accessory
organs (liver, gallbladder, pancreas) and their involvement in the digestion of food. Control of
gastric functions. SMALL INTESTINE: secretions; digestive enzymes. Control of cellular
secretions; hormones. Digestion and absorption in the small intestine; carbohydrates; proteins,
lipids; vitamins, minerals and water. Role, synthesis and transport of bile acids. Small
intestine motility; segmentation; migrating motility complex. Anatomy and function of the
large intestine. Control of large intestine motility. Defecation reflex. If time allows: Hepatic
portal system. MAJOR METABOLIC PATHWAYS OF ABSORPTIVE METABOLIC STATE; fate of
absorbed carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids. POST-ABSORPTIVE STATE; gluconeogenesis;
glucose sparing. Control of plasma glucose concentration; effects of insulin and glucagon.
Diabetes mellitus.
IMMUNE SYSTEM: (~7 lectures – Weihrauch); Chapter 24
NONSPECIFIC IMMUNE MECHANISMS: barriers, complement system, phagocytosis,
inflammation (local and systemic effects), natural killer cells. SPECIFIC IMMUNE RESPONSES:
Roles and origins of lymphocytes. Antibody-mediated specific immunity – antibody release,
antibody structure, genetic basis of antigen-specificity and variation. Immune memory and
self-tolerance. Role of helper T cells in humoral immunity; antibody-mediated mechanisms of
immune defense; TH1 & TH2 cytokines. Cytotoxic T cell-mediated specific immunity: TC cell
activation and actions, role of helper T cells. IMMUNE RESPONSES: Viral clearance.
ABO-system.
The J.C. Rauch Memorial Prize of $200 is awarded annually to the student(s) with the highest
overall average grade in BIOL 2410 and BIOL 2420 combined, both taken in regular sessions of
the same academic year.
LETTER GRADE SYSTEM
Grades are assigned at the end of the year by converting your cumulative percentage mark into a
letter grade. Final marks are rounded according to standard methods where for example, 74.49 is
rounded to 75% and 74.50 is rounded to 75%. Requests to increase your grade at the end of the
term will not be considered. Typical departmental grade boundaries are as follows.
90-100 A+
80-89 A
74-79 B+
68-73 B
62-67 C+
56-61 C
50-55 D
0-49 F
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ANSWERS TO FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:
Q: Do I have to buy the required textbook?
A: Not necessarily, as the textbook in solely intended to be a general aid to assist you with
understanding the course material. Although much, but not all, of the material covered in class can
be found in the Silverthorn 8th edition textbook, older editions or recent human physiology
textbooks by other authors will generally have similar information. Please note, however, that the
organization and terminology of alternate textbooks/editions may be different and that we will be
only referencing the Silverthorn 8th edition in class.
Q: I’ve missed a section quiz. What do I do now?
A: It’s your responsibility to contact either Dr. Campbell or Dr. Weihrauch ASAP to discuss. Note
that only the best two of the three quizzes will be applied to your final grade.
Q: I’ve missed the midterm. What do I do now?
A: It’s your responsibility to contact Dr. Campbell ASAP to discuss. A failure to write the
mid-term exam will result in a score of zero for that exam; there is no option of a “100% final”.
Q: Why don’t you answer questions about course material by email?
A: We are often unable to gauge what you do or do not know based on an email question, nor are
we certain that you will understand our answer. Complex explanations are best suited to
one-on-one conversations, and we would be happy to meet with you to answer any questions you
have.
Q: What material is covered on the exams?
A: If we covered it class (even if only orally), if it was covered on the handouts, if we assigned
figure/tables or pages to read from your textbook, or posted supplemental lecture material on UM
Learn, it is fair game for the quizzes, midterm and/or final exams.
Q: Are exams ‘open book’?
A: No. Inappropriate collaboration, the use of lecture notes or any other electronic resource during
exams is strictly prohibited.
Q: Is the final exam cumulative?
A: Yes, if you mean will there be questions asked on the final exam from the full term’s worth of
course material. However, the final exam will have more of an emphasis on material delivered
after the midterm (renal, digestion, and immune systems) to ensure that all sections have
weightings equal to the number of lectures for that section.
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