The Effect of Technology Accessibility on the Academic Performance of Grade 12

Students at PHINMA-Rizal College

OVERVIEW
Technology plays a significant role in our education. The traditional method of learning is now
replaced by different kinds of technology, which shapes our learning so that our knowledge
expands. It is quite challenging to study without the use of technology, particularly since we are
in the modern era. We are constantly exposed to technology in our daily activities. The lack of
technology in learning has an impact on learning, particularly in today's world, where devices
are constantly used, so if you don't have it, you'll miss a lot of schoolwork, causing your grades
to plummet. The research aims to investigate the effect of the accessibility of technology on the
academic performance of students at PHINMA-Rizal College and to find out what the effect of
having access to technology will be on learning. This study will examine how the availability of
technology affects students learning, whether it will be useful, especially in school work, and
whether it will improve their academic performance. Additionally, the research will explore a
better understanding of the real-world advantages of having technology in academics. By
investigating the relationship between technological accessibility and student performance, the
study aims to provide a better understanding of the important role technology plays in modern
education as well as the effects of the accessibility of technology on learning.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In the digital age, technology plays a significant role in educational settings, reshaping
traditional learning methods and providing various tools to enhance student experiences. The
integration of technology into education has become increasingly prevalent, offering new
opportunities for students to learn and engage with course materials, a study by Bhat, R. A.
(2021). This study aims to investigate the effect of technology accessibility on the academic
performance of students at PHINMA-Rizal College.

Technology accessibility refers to the extent to which students have the means to utilize and
engage with technological resources, including devices such as laptops, tablets, and
smartphones, as well as access to the internet and educational software. The availability and
proficiency in using technology can influence how students interact with course materials,
communicate with peers and instructors, and access resources to support their learning, a study
by Smith, J., & Doe, A. (2021).

Several studies have explored the relationship between technology accessibility and academic
performance. For instance, a study by Jones and Czerniak (2018) found that students with
greater access to technology demonstrated improved academic outcomes, including higher
grades and increased engagement in learning activities. Similarly, a meta-analysis conducted by
Wang et al. (2019) showed a positive correlation between technology access and student
achievement across various educational settings.

At PHINMA-Rizal College, a private educational institution committed to providing quality

education, understanding the impact of technology accessibility on student academic
performance is crucial for enhancing teaching practices and support systems. By investigating
this relationship, educators and administrators can develop strategies to promote equitable
access to technology resources and support students in utilizing these tools effectively to
improve their learning outcomes.
HYPOTHESIS
For the research statement and the specific questions provided, here are the null and alternative
hypotheses:

A. Null Hypothesis (H₀)

1. The level of availability of technology remains more or less the same with the students.

2. Technology does not enhance the development of critical thinking skills, aptitude or problem
solving amongst students.

3. This study concludes that availability of technology resources has no impact on the students’
performance of PHINMA-Rizal College of Laguna.

B. Alternative Hypothesis (H₁)

1. It is important to emphasize that technology is not equally available and accessible for all the
students.

2. The use of technology enhances the teaching of skills and of course, the training of students’
critical thinking skills.

3. This study reveals of Laguna in various ways.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study was conducted to determine the effect of technology accessibility on the academic
performance of students at PHINMA Rizal College of Laguna.

Particularly, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. To what extent do students at PHINMA-Rizal College have access to technology?

1.1. High accessibility (e.g., own a personal computer, stable internet access)
1.2. Moderate accessibility (e.g., share devices, occasional internet access)
1.3. Low accessibility (e.g., limited access to devices and internet)

2. What is the level of technology accessibility among students at PHINMA-Rizal College in

terms of:
2.1. Access to devices (e.g., laptops, smartphones, tablets)
2.2. Internet connectivity
2.3. Availability of educational software and online resources
3. What is the impact of technology on academic performance?
3.1. Encourages the development of critical thinking.
3.2. Skills
3.3. Problem solving

4. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

4.1. Gender
4.2. Age
4.3. Economic Status

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKa
Self-Determination Theory, according to Ryan and Deci (2000) this theory emphasizes the
satisfaction of basic human needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness as a key driver
of motivated behavior. Whereon a person is motivated when their needs on autonomy,
competence, and relatedness are met. This theory suggests that technology accessibility can
leave a positive impact to student's academic performance if their needs for autonomy,
competence, and relatedness are met. For example in competence, Technology helps provide
students with the tools or apps that are needed in schools, whereon it will help students feel
effective in their study, then it will motivate a student to succeed in their studies.

The technology acceptance model (TAM) according to Davis(1989) this theory is a model on
how users come to accept and use technology. It posits that an individuals intention to utilize
technology are influenced by their perceived usefulness. For example if a student perceives
technology is a huge help to improve their academic performance, it will influence their intention
to use it more in order to improve and succeed with their studies.

Theory of Technology Integration, this theory posits that the effective integration of technology
into education positively impacts student outcomes. When teachers seamlessly incorporate
technology tools, it enhances student engagement, motivation, and comprehension. We will
analyze how technology integration practices at PHINMA-Rizal College influence academic
success.

Self-efficacy theory, originally proposed by psychologist Albert Bandura, pertains to an

individual's belief in their ability to perform specific tasks. In the context of technology, students'
self-efficacy plays a crucial role in determining how effectively they utilize digital tools for
learning. We aim to assess the influence of students' confidence in using technology on their
academic success.

By incorporating these theoretical frameworks, we aim to gain a comprehensive understanding

of the role of technology accessibility in shaping students' academic experiences at
PHINMA-Rizal College.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The purpose of this study's conceptual framework is to demonstrate the connection between PH
INMA-Rizal College the academic performance of pupils and technology accessibility.
The foundation of this structure is the Social Cognitive Theory, which asserts that learning takes
place in a social setting and is impacted by the interplay of environmental, behavioral, and perso
nal factors.

IPO
1. INPUT: Technology Accessibility
- Socioeconomic Status
- Parental Support
- Academic Performance

2. PROCESS: Student Engagement

- Study Habits
- Time Management
- Learning Environment

3. OUTPUT: Academic Performance

- Grades, Test Scores
- Assignment Completion
- Overall Performance

Input: This includes the factors related to technology accessibility and the moderating variables
such as socioeconomic status, parental support, and teacher support.
Process: This involves the engagement of students in their academic activities and the
mediating variables like study habits and learning environment.
Output: This is the academic performance of the students, measured through grades, test
scores, and assignment completion rates.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This study focuses on examining the effect of technology accessibility on the academic
performance of Grade 12 students at PHINMA-Rizal College. Specifically, the study will explore
how access to technological resources, such as computers, internet connectivity, and digital
learning tools, influences students' grades and overall academic achievement.
 The research will involve a sample size of 100 Grade 12 students, selected from a total
population of approximately 600 grade 12 students from different strands. The participants will
be chosen using a random sampling technique to ensure that the findings are representative of
the larger student body.

The scope of this study is limited to Grade 12 students at PHINMA-Rizal College, and the data
collection will take place during the academic year 2024-2025. The study will not cover other
factors that may affect academic performance, such as teaching methods, socio-economic
background, or personal motivation. Furthermore, it will not include students from other grade
levels or educational institutions.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study explores how having access to technology affects students' academic performance,
which is important for several reasons. As for PHINMA-RIZAL COLLEGE use more technology
in teaching, it's crucial to know if this actually helps students perform better or if it has other
effects. The results can help educators understand whether technology is making a difference
and how to use it in the classroom.

To the Students - This study aims to increase the effectiveness of the use of technology in
education while at the same time increasing the quality of resources, support and learning
strategies available to students.

To the Educators - This study enables educators to gain important knowledge that would help
improve their teaching practices and use of resources as well as technology to foster the
success of the students.

To the Parents - This study enables the parents to get relevant information on how to support
their children in their education and how to effectively deal with the system.

To the Researchers - This study allows the researchers to contribute to the development of the
knowledge on technology use in education and offers the basis for further research and
practice.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

CHAPTER 2
RRL
LOCAL
Taken as a whole, the research show how complicated the relationship is between academic
achievement and technology use in different educational situations and levels.

According to Asio (2022), reports that research on university students' screen usage during the
pandemic showed that they understood the value of cutting back on screen time and frequently
used screens in the same way as their families. When family screen usage, attitudes,
self-efficacy, and expectations were examined by demographic profiles, significant differences
were found. These findings imply that, if improperly governed, simple access to technology may
have a negative impact on academic advancement.

A related study conducted by Madarcos et. al.,(2024) evaluated 145 students at Paly National
High School in Taytay, Palawan, to find out how their use of electronic devices affected their
academic performance. Using SPSS for data analysis, the study discovered no statistically
significant variations in academic performance according to the kind of gadget or its intended
use. The majority of pupils, however, disputed that using technology impairs academic
achievement, indicating that there may be more advantages to technology in education than
drawbacks. The report suggests that teachers look into doable strategies for incorporating
technology into the classroom.

In the same way, Peteros et. al.,(2022) looked at 195 junior high school students' academic
achievement in connection to smartphone use. According to the study, there was only a little
negative link with math performance and no substantial relationship between smartphone use
and overall academic achievement, despite the fact that students who used smartphones
frequently in class received very high ratings.

In Central Luzon, Philippines, Albino et. al.,(2023) investigated the factors associated with family
screen time exposure in 290 college students. The study discovered that although family
opinion occasionally affected screen use, attitudes, expectations, and family support frequently
did. The study came to the conclusion that the family's function as a model for screen time was
predicted by the perspectives of the kids, the support of the family, and the availability of
gadgets. This led to recommendations for controlling screen time for families, schools, and
students.

Finally, Cortez et. al.,(2017) investigated the effects of digital devices in the classroom by
looking at digital distraction among 117 university students. According to the survey, students'
daily distraction from studying was substantial as they spent five to six hours engaging in
non-classroom activities such as downloading applications, listening to music, and chatting with
friends. Students nevertheless saw some benefit in using digital gadgets to produce podcasts
and blogs. In order to increase student involvement, the study recommended tighter classroom
monitoring and better integration of technology-based lessons, as it found no significant
association between distraction levels and demographic characteristics.

Together, these studies show the complex relationships between technology use and academic
achievement, pointing out both possible advantages and difficulties. They also imply that
technology integration and management in the classroom must be done carefully.

FOREIGN
This paper discusses the connection between students' academic performance and their use of
ICT at home. It points out that having access to ICT at home generally does not harm academic
progress, but the way students use technology plays a crucial role. The research found that
there is a positive link between academic performance and ICT proficiency, while negative
connections were observed between social media and educational TV watching. This
underscores the significance of considering factors beyond mere access, such as ICT
proficiency, engagement in e-learning, and the impact of casual ICT use on students' learning
outcomes. These results apply to our research as they indicate the necessity of concentrating
not only on providing technology but also on developing students' ICT skills and promoting
responsible technology use to improve academic achievement.

The article emphasizes the necessity for educational institutions to provide fair and equal
access to technology. This includes online classes, recorded lectures, online textbooks, and
various assignment formats. It also stresses the significance of adhering to accessibility laws
and guaranteeing that technological solutions comply with 508 standards. The article
underscores the importance of inclusive technology in higher education, catering to the
requirements of students with disabilities, those from disadvantaged socio-economic
backgrounds, and those with diverse learning preferences.

The journal found that students with unreliable technology had lower GPAs, even after
controlling for demographic factors. It also revealed that students from affluent families were
more likely to seek help for technology problems, while low-income students often kept quiet
and suffered the consequences. This study focuses on the "digital divide" in higher education,
highlighting the unequal access to reliable technology among students, particularly those from
low-income families and students of color.

The article emphasizes the importance of considering the pedagogical principles behind
technology integration, rather than simply adopting technology for the sake of it. It emphasizes
the necessity for comprehensive teacher training to ensure that educators can proficiently utilize
technology to aid student learning. This article offers an in-depth examination of the influence of
technology on student learning, with an emphasis on vital elements such as enriching student
involvement and drive, enabling customized learning experiences, broadening access to
information and resources, and promoting collaboration and communication among students
and teachers. Overall, it highlights the various ways in which technology can have a positive
impact on the learning process, rendering it more engaging, personalized, collaborative, and
information-rich for students.

RRS
LOCAL
This study investigates the impact of technology accessibility on the academic performance of
students in rural areas of the Philippines. Data was collected through surveys, interviews, and
classroom observations. The study's findings indicate that increased access to technology can
positively influence student engagement, motivation, and academic outcomes. However, factors
such as limited access to the internet and lack of digital literacy skills can be difficult to
effectively use technology. This study implies that the use of technology can positively influence
a student's academic performance if it is used effectively and can be accessed freely by
students since in todays generation, the use of technology is increasing.
In the same way, in this descriptive study, it determined the use of computers of teachers and
students and its effect to students academic performance in public and private schools.
According to Monserate, the study's findings revealed the existence of significant relationship
between students academic performance and their computer literacy as well as students
technology utilization. The collected data showed that students' academic performance is highly
influenced by the teacher's effective teaching and by the teacher's computer literacy nor by their
competence in technology. The study explores the influence of technology on student
performance in rural areas of the Philippines. Results indicate that increased access to
technology enhances both engagement and educational outcomes; however, challenges such
as limited internet availability and a lack of digital literacy can reduce its effectiveness.
Technology can significantly enhance academic achievement when it is accessible and used
effectively, highlighting its growing importance. Furthermore, research shows a link between
academic success and computer literacy for both students and teachers, emphasizing the
crucial role of teacher proficiency in obtaining positive outcomes.

In this related study, it explored the issues of the digital divide and its impact on students
academic performance. Research shows that proper use of technology by students increases
their academic performance outcomes. The findings show that students academic performance
is a function of many complex and interrelating factors. Although technology use is linked to
socio-economic status and academic performance. Since digital divide is mostly caused by
different socioeconomic status, it makes it difficult for those students who lack access to
technology to have a high achievement since, technology is the most used tool in education in
today's world. This study implies that having a lack of access in technology can negatively affect
a student's academic performance if not managed. The study examines how the
technological divide affects students' academic performance and suggests how effective
use of technology might improve educational results. Some complicated variables
influence academic performance, and socioeconomic gaps usually contribute to the
digital divide, restricting educational achievement. Limited access to technology can
have a negative effect on performance, highlighting the need of addressing the issue.

This related study set out to determine whether technology truly impacts and affects the
academic achievement of students. This study's second goal was to determine whether
technology also affects student motivation to learn. The results show that technology could be a
factor in student academic achievement and motivation to be at school. This study implies that
technology impacts a students motivation to learn and their academic performance in school,
depending on how they utilize the technology they acquire.

Finally, this related study aimed to determine the impact of technological advancement to the
academic performance of senior high school students from selected public and private school in
the province of Zambales and City of Olongapo, Philippines. There were 187 senior high school
students from the selected schools who were the respondents chosen through stratified random
sampling. The results showed that students often experience the impact of technological
advancements in their academic performance, and that it poses both positive and negative
impact. This study implies that, getting to have access in technology has both negative and
positive effect to a student, depending on how a student will use it, students may utilize
technology to assist them in their academic performance, and others may use it differently.

Together, these studies emphasize that technology accessibility can effectively influence a
students academic performance, it can influence a student differently depending on how they
utilize it, since technology plays a huge role in today's generation. The study aims to
determine how technology effects students' academic performance and motivation. The
study, which included 187 senior high school students from Zambales and Olongapo,
Philippines, discovered that the influence of technology depended on how it is utilized.
The study showed both good and negative effects of technology innovation on academic
attainment. Students' access to technology can help or limit their growth, depending on
how they use it. Overall, this study emphasizes the critical role of technology in
developing current student outcomes.

FOREIGN
This study investigated into how G12 students' academic achievement was affected by
technology accessibility. The study used a survey-style descriptive research approach since it
allows for the collection of data from a large population for generalization. 187 SHS students
were selected as a sample for the study. Surveys, observations, interviews, and other methods
were used to gather data. The study's conclusions showed that having access to technology
can be beneficial and increase pupils' chances of achieving high standards.

For overseas students, academic engagement has been identified as a critical determinant of
how effective online instructions. In order to investigate the processes for the interaction and
information technology accessibility on students' academic engagement as well as the influence
of learning interest on these study in the setting of online teaching.

Although technology can benefit student learning, it can also be detrimental to the educational
process. Technology enhances many learning opportunities and allows for student comfort but
can also be a tool that is too heavily relied on and can potentially effect student fine motor
development and problem-solving skills. In this research study, the researchers surveyed to
K-12 educators to get feedback on how technology effects their classroom. This research
helped determine how technology effects student learning. The findings showed that more
training for teachers and students are necessary to better implement technology in the
classroom. Furthermore, this research pointed out that students are more engaged and
comfortable with technology, yet they can become a management concern.

Access and accessibility problems that emanate from the learners’ diverse background, lack of
educational resources in alternative formats, lack of institutional tools to bridge the gap between
law and practice, and the digital divide were among the problems identified and discussed.
These results other research showing that students learn more effectively when they are
satisfied with technology and believe that the right tools are useful in the classroom. The study's
findings underscored the necessity of the academic staff's continuous enhancement of their
technology Accessibility and learning methodologies in order to improve the educational
experience for students. This study explored how technology accessibility affects the
academic achievement of Grade 12 students by employing a survey-based descriptive
research method with a sample of 187 Senior High School (SHS) students. Data were
gathered through surveys, observations, and interviews. The findings indicated that
access to technology can improve academic performance by offering enhanced learning
opportunities but may impede skills such as problem-solving and fine motor
development. K-12 instructors reported that technology has enhanced student
involvement, but also noted the managerial issues it provides. They highlighted affects
about the digital gap, limited resources, and institutional challenges. The research
emphasized the significance of improving technical training for both instructors and
students, as well as ensuring that educational professionals get continual professional
development in order to properly integrate technology into instructional methods.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH DESIGN
This study used the descriptive correlation-quantitative approach design. The researchers
determine the level of respondents’ in the effects of technology accessibility on the academic
performance of Students at PHINMA-Rizal College as a result, the descriptive and correlational
methods were the best fit for the study.

In research studies, descriptive correlation design it is use to provide static pictures of situations
as well as to establish relationships between different variables (McBurney & White, 2009). It is
a legitimate approach for learning about a particular topics and serving as a foundation for more
quantitative research.
All the facts and data were carefully considered, analyzed, and interpreted as a result. The data
collected allowed the researchers to make inferences and generalizations.

POPULATION AND SAMPLING

In this research study, we will select 100 participants from Grade 12 students, which come from
a total population of about 600 Grade 12 students from different strands of PHINMA-RIZAL
College of Laguna. Simple random sampling, also referred to as probability sampling, is a
technique that involves selecting a sample that is representative of the population. An important
feature of sampling is that individuals are selected randomly; that is, each member of the
population has a known probability of being selected for the sample. This method ensures that
each graduate has an equal chance of being included in the study population, thus promoting
the representativeness of the findings.

RESEARCH RESPONDENTS
The researchers focus on Grade 12 students that are from PHINMA-Rizal College of Laguna.
The target respondents are 60 students of the research. The respondents represent Grade 12
for the study the researchers will conduct. Researchers aim to get data that will be useful to
determine the research objectives. Overall, the sample of Grade 12 students will represent the
whole Grade 12 students and will be the foundation of the research.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The effect of technology accessibility on the academic performance of students at
PHINMA-Rizal College of Laguna.

For this study , The researchers will be using a self made survey questions as data collection
methods. This method will have a comprehensive gathering of information from the
respondents. The study will involve the participation of all the students of Phinma Rizal College
of Laguna. This Criteria was established to ensure the relevance and specificity of the data
collected.

The data collection process involved the following steps:

Step 1: Prepare:
1. Finalize survey design. * Create and revise survey questions that focus on the effect of
technology accessibility on students.
2. Pilot-test the survey. * Test with a small group and make changes based on feedback.
3. Obtain approvals. * Obtain the appropriate approvals from PHINMA-Rizal College of Laguna.

Step Two: Distribution

4. Get the distribution materials ready. * Write an introduction or cover letter outlining the goal of
the survey.
5. Give out the survey. * Using email or other means, provide the survey link or paper forms to
every student.

Step 3: Gathering Information

6. Track and Gather Reactions * Monitor answers, follow up with reminders as appropriate, and
gather completed surveys.

Step 4: Information Administration

7. assemble and confirm data * Compile and purify survey data, whether from paper or online.
8. Assemble Your Analysis * Arrange information for analysis, coding qualitative answers as
necessary.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The effect of the technology accessibility on the academic performance of students at
PHINMA-Rizal College of Laguna. This study employs an organized survey questionnaire to get
quantitative data on how technological accessibility affect the academic performance of students
at Phinma Rizal College during online classes. The questionnaire includes multiple-choice
questions to collect data on technological availability, participation, and specific problems, as
well as Likert scale questions to measure impressions of how technological accessibility affect
engagement, comprehension, and performance. Participants are requested to comment
honestly about their experiences. The data will be evaluated to help improve the online learning
environment for students.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
It is imperative to guarantee equitable access to technology for every student. Inequalities
already present may be exacerbated by disparities in access, which could disadvantage
students from lower-income families or those with fewer resources. To stop additional
marginalization, it is critical to evaluate and close the gaps.

The use of technology often involves the collection of personal data. Ethical concerns include
ensuring that student data is securely managed and used responsibly, with clear consent and
transparency about data collection and usage practices. Students' mental health may be
impacted by increased technology use, which may exacerbate conditions like screen fatigue or
stress. As students use technology for academic objectives, monitoring and assisting their
well-being is a crucial aspect of ethical issues. Making sure the technology and digital materials
offered are top-notch. and pertinent to the curriculum is another aspect of the ethical
component. This guarantees that learners obtain dependable and efficient educational
resources. By taking these factors into account, an atmosphere that is just, safe, and
encouraging can be created for using technology to improve academic achievement. It is
imperative to guarantee equitable access to technology for every student. Inequalities already
present may be exacerbated by disparities in access, which could disadvantage students from
lower-income families or those with fewer resources. To stop additional marginalization, it is
critical to evaluate and close the gaps. The use of technology often involves the collection of
personal data. Ethical concerns include ensuring that student data is securely managed and
used responsibly, with clear consent and transparency about data collection and usage
practices.

Students mental health may be impacted by increased technology use, which may exacerbate
conditions like screen fatigue or stress. As students use technology for academic objectives,
monitoring and assisting their well-being is a crucial aspect of ethical issues. Making sure the
technology and digital materials offered are top-notch and pertinent to the curriculum is another
aspect of the ethical component. This guarantees that learners obtain dependable and efficient
educational resources. By taking these factors into account, an atmosphere that is just, safe,
and encouraging can be created for using technology to improve academic achievement. It is
imperative to guarantee equitable access to technology for every student. Inequalities already
present may be exacerbated by disparities in access, which could disadvantage students from
lower-income families or those with fewer resources. To stop additional marginalization, it is
critical to evaluate and close the gaps. The use of technology often involves the collection of
personal data. Ethical concerns include ensuring that student data is securely managed and
used responsibly, with clear consent and transparency about data collection and usage
practices. Students mental health may be impacted by increased technology use, which may
exacerbate conditions like screen fatigue or stress. As students use technology for academic
objectives, monitoring and assisting their well-being is a crucial aspect of ethical issues. Making
sure the technology and digital materials offered are top-notch and pertinent to the curriculum is
another aspect of the ethical component. This guarantees that learners obtain dependable and
efficient educational resources. By taking these factors into account, an atmosphere that is just,
safe, and encouraging can be created for using technology to improve academic achievement.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT
Descriptive statistics are used to summarise and characterise the attributes of a dataset. It
offers an overall perspective on data, allowing for a comprehension of its central trends,
dissemination, and distribution without the need for complicated statistical tests or
generalisation to a larger population.

For this reason, we will use descriptive statistics to highlight the characteristics of our dataset.
This method will provide a concise summary of the key properties of our data. We can utilise
them to capture important features like the dataset's centre tendency, variability, and distribution
pattern. The method has various advantages, particularly since it eliminates the need for difficult
statistical analysis and the ability to draw broad conclusions about a huge population. As a
result, descriptive statistics will play a vital role in providing us with clarity into our data, allowing
us to make more informed decisions and conduct insightful analyses in the future.

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