ABUDHABI INDIAN SCHOOL AL WATHBA BRANCH 1

SCHEME OF INORGANIC SALT ANALYSIS

AIM
To iden fy the anion and the ca on present in given inorganic salt.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFEREN

CE
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS :

1) Noted the color Colorless Absence of

Cu2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Mn2+,Co2+,Ni2+

2) Noted thesolubility
a) In water a) Soluble and
a) solube and no
pptppt
with na2co3 a) absence
Presence of
b) In [Link] with
b) soluble
Na CO ammonium(NH4⁺)
2 3
b) Insoluble
b)absence
Presence of lead(Pb2+)
3) Flame Test: a) Brick red a) Presence of calcium
A li le of the salt is made into paste b) Crimsonred (Ca2+ )
withconc. HCl. A glassrod is dipped in c) Grassy b)absence
Presence of
it and introduced into the ame. greeno stron um(Sr2+)
n c) absence
Presence of Barium
brick red (Ba2+)
prolon
flames
ged
hea ng
4) Ash Test: a) Green ash a)absence
Presence of zinc ( Zn2+)
A little of thesalt is heated with con. b) Blue
no nted b)absence
Presence of Aluminium (Al3+ )
HNO3 and cobalt nitrate solu on. A ash
characteristic c)absence
Presence of Magnesium
filter paper is dipped in it and burnt. c) Pale pink ash
observation 2+)
(Mg

IDENTIFICATION ANALYSIS OF
ANIONS
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 1) [Link] test : Evolution of Presence of carbonates
To the salt add [Link], warm if Colorless,odorless (CO₃2- )Iden ed.
required. gas with brisk
CO₃ + 2HCl→CO₂+ H₂O +2Cl-
2- e ervescence,
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ →CaCO₃ + H₂O turnslimewater
milky.
absence
Presence of
2) Dil.H2SO4 test: A li le of the salt is
no characteristic acetate(CH3COO⁻)iden ed.
rubbed with dil. H2SO4
observation
2 CH₃COONa + H₂SO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + 2 CH3COOH Vinegar smell
a) absence
Presence of chloride
3) a) Conc.H2SO4 test :
noColorless
a) characteristic
gas (Cl iden ed
-1)
Treat a small quan ty of the saltwith
observation
with pungent
Conc .H2SO4,warm if necessary.
smell,give dense
NaCl + H₂SO₄ → NaHSO₄+ HCl
white fumes
NH₃ +HCl → NH₄Cl
when a glassrod
dipped in NH4OH absence of nitrate( NO₃-1)
b)Presence
iden ed
b) NaNO₃ + H₂SO₄ →NaHSO₄+ HNO₃ is
noshown.
characteristic
b) Light brown gas with
4HNO₃ → 4NO₂+ O₂ + observation
pungentsmell on
2H₂O
strong hea ng.
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3) Paper ball test : Brown
no fumes
characteristic absence
Presence of nitrate (NO3-1)
Heat a little of the salt Iden ed.
observation
withConc.H2SO4 and
introduce a paper ball
absence
Presence of sulphate(SO4 2-)
to it. no characteristic
White ppt insoluble in
iden ed
4) Test for sulphates : observation
dil..HCl
To little of the salt solution
[Link] and add BaCl2
solu on.
Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ → BaSO₄ + 2NaCl

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS :

1) Carbonates: Presence of
a) Magnesium sulphate test: carbonates(CO₃2- )
To the salt solu on add MgSO4 Con rmed
solu on.
Na₂CO₃ + MgSO₄ → Na₂SO₄ + MgCO₃ White precipitate soluble in [Link]
b) BaCl2 test: To a li le of the .
saltsolu on add BaCl2 solu on
Na2CO3 + BaCl2 → BaCO3 + 2NaCl

2) Chlorides:
a) MnO2test:Heat a small quantity a) Greenish yellow gas with Presence of
ofsalt with Conc.H2SO4 and pungentsmell chloride(Cl-1)
MnO2 Con rmed.
MnO₂+ 2NaCl + 2H₂SO₄ →Na₂SO₄ +
MnSO₄ + 2H₂O + Cl₂ b) White curdyppt soluble
b) Silver nitrate test: Acidify the salt inexcess ofNH4OH
solu on with [Link] acid and Presence of
addSilver nitrate solu on. chloride(Cl-1)
NaCl + AgNO₃ → NaNO₃ + Ag Cl Con rmed.
AgCl + 2NH₄OH →[Ag(NH₃ )₂ ]Cl
+2H₂O
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 3) Acetates:
a) Ester test:To the salt addconc.H2SO4 a) Pleasant fruity smell Presence of
andheat. Add alcohol. Shake. Pour the acetate
contents in to a beaker containing (CH3COO-)con r
water. 2CH₃COONa + H₂SO₄ →Na₂SO₄ med
+ 2 CH₃COOH
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH H+
CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
b) Reddish colored ppt
b) Ferric chloride test: To the salt
solu on add neutral ferric chloride I. Reddish color disappears
solu [Link]. Dividethe ltrate into II. Reddish ppt
two por ons: 6 CH3COO– + 3Fe3+ +
l. To one add [Link]. 2H2O [Fe₃ (OH)2
ll. To the second, add water and boil (CH3COO)6 ]++ H+ Presence of acetate(CH3COO-)
con rm
[Fe₃ (OH)2 (CH3COO)6 ]+ + 4H2O ed
3[Fe (OH)2 (CH3COO)]- +
3CH₃COOH + +
H
4) Sulphate: White ppt soluble in hot
a) To the salt solu on add ace c acid ammoniumacetate Pre. of sulphate confirmed
and lead acetate solu on.
Na₂SO₄ + (CH₃COO)₂ Pb PbSO4 +
2CH₃COONa

5) Nitrate:
a) Copper chip test: To a li le a) Brown vapors and
salt add conc.H2SO4 and add cu greensolu on Presence of
nitrate
turnings and heat
Con rmed
2NaNO₃ + 4H₂SO₄ + 3Cu →
3CuSO₄ + Na₂SO₄ + 4H₂O + 2NO
2NO + O₂ 2NO₂
b) Brown ring test:To the salt solu on
b) Brownring a he junc on
add equal amount of freshly prepared
betweentwo layer.
ferrous sulphate solu on .Add Presence. of nitrate
Con.H2SO4 along the sides of the test (NO 3- )confirmed
tube dropwise without shaking.
NO2− +3Fe2+ +4H+ →Fe3+
+NO+2H2O
[Fe(H2O6)]2+ +NO→[Fe(H2O)5
NO]2++H2O
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 ANALYSIS OF CATIONS:
+
1) To the salt solu on add sodium smell Presence of zero group (Ammonium)NH4
absence
no
hydroxide solu on and boil of
characteristic
(NH4 )₂ SO₄ + 2NaOH Na₂SO₄ +2NH₃ ammo
+2H₂O observation
nia
2) To the solu on add dil. HCl Whiteno
ppt Presence of group1 lead (Pb2+)
absence
Pb2++ 2 HCl PbCl2+ characteristic
2H + observation
3) To the solu on add [Link] Blackno
ppt Presence of
absence
andpass H2S characteristic group 2(Cu2+)
Cu2+ + H2S CuS+2 H+ observation copper
4) To the solu on add solid ammonium White Presence of group 3
absence
no
chloride and excess gelatinous Aluminium(Al3+)
characteristic
of ammonium hydroxide ppt
observation
AlCl₃ + 3NH4OH Al(OH)₃ + 3NaCl
5) To the solu on add solid ammonium Dirtyno
White Presence of group 4 Zinc.(Zn2+)
absence
chloride and excess of ppt
characteristic
ammoniumhydroxide. And pass H2S observation
ZnS + 2HCl ZnCl₂ + H₂S
6) To the solu on add solid ammonium White ppt Presence of group 5
chloride and excess ofammonium (Barium,Stron um,Calcium)
[Link] ammonium carbonate (Ba2+, Sr2+,Ca2+)
solu on
Ba2+/Sr2+/Ca2++(NH4)2CO3
+
→Ba/Sr/CaCO3+2NH4

7) To the solu on add solid ammonium White ppt Presence of group 6 (Mg2+)
chloride and excess ofammonium
[Link] sodium hydrogen
phosphate
Mg₂+ + Na₂HPO₄ → Mg (NH4 )PO₄
+ NH₄OH + 2Na + H₂O
+

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR

CATIONS
+
Ammonium (NH4 )
+
1) To the salt solu on add NaOH solu on. Smell of ammonia. Gives Presence of ammonium (NH4 )
Warm whitedense fumes when con rmed.
(NH4 )₂ SO₄ + 2NaOH → Na₂SO₄ +2NH₃ +2H₂O aglass rod dipped in HCl is
NH₃ + HCl NH₄Cl introduced.
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 +
2) To the salt solu on add NaOH Brown ppt Presence of ammonium(NH4 )
solu [Link] Nessler’s reagent 2K₂HgI₄ + NH₃+ 3KOH con rmed.
[Link](NH₂)I + 7KI + 2H₂O
LEAD (Pb2+)

1) Potassium iodide test: Yellow precipitate (PbI2) is soluble Presence of lead(Pb2+)con rmed
To the saltsolu on add KI solu on inboiling water and reappears on
cooling as shining crystals.
PbCl₂ + 2KI → PbI₂ + 2KCl
2) Potassium chromate test : Yellow ppt insoluble in hot Presence of lead (Pb2+) confirmed
To the salt solu on add k2CrO4solu on NaOHsolu on
PbCl₂ + K₂CrO₄ →
PbCrO₄ +2KCl

Aluminium( Al3+)
1) The white ppt obtained is Blue ppt Presence of
Dissolved in [Link] Add 2 drops of blue floating in aluminum(Al3+)
litmussolu on. Then add ammonium Colorless con rmed
Hydroxide dropwise ll blue color develops. solu on
Al(OH)3+3HCl→AlCl3+3H20
3) Ash test is conducted with the group ppt AlCl
Blue3+3NH
ash 4OH→Al(OH)3+3NH4C Presence of
2Co(NO )2 2CoO+4NO +O2 CoO +Al₂O₃ CoO. AlO2 aluminum
(Al3+)con rmed.
2+
Zinc (Zn )
1) The white ppt obtained in gp.4 Is
dissolvedin [Link] and divided in to two
a) To one part add a) White ppt soluble in
NaOH in drops excess ofNaOH Presence of
ZnCl₂ + 2NaOH
Zn(OH)₂+2NaCl Z i n c
Zn(OH)₂+ 2NaOH
b) To the second part add Na₂ZnO₂+2H₂O (Zn2+)con rm
[Link] cyanide solu on
2ZnCl₂ + K₄[Fe(CN)₆ ] Zn₂ [Fe(CN)₆] b) White/bluish white ppt ed Presence
+4kcl
of (Zn2+)

con rmed
2) Ash test is conducted with the Green ash Presence of Zinc( Zn2+ )
group ppt CoO +ZnO CoO. ZnO con rmed
2Co(NO )2 2CoO+4NO +O2

2+ 2+ 2+
Group V (Ba ,Sr ,Ca )
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 Test forBa2+ : Potassium chromate test :
1) Group V precipitate is acidi ed no Yellow
1) characteristic
ppt absence
Presence of
with ace c acid and add observation
BaCO₃+ 2CH₃COOH Barium (Ba2+)
potassium (CH₃COO)2 con rmed
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 chromate solu on no +characteristic
Ba + H₂O CO₂
2) Flame test is conducted observation
(CH₃COO)2Ba + absence
Presence of
K₂CrO₄BaCrO₄ +
withthe group ppt. Barium
2CH₃ COOK
(Ba2+)con rmed
2)Grassy green ame
Test for Sr2+ : Presence of
absence
1) Add ammoniumsulphate 1)
no White
characteristic
ppt Stron um
tothesolu on of group observation (Sr2+)con rme
precipitate d
SrCO₃ + 2CH₃COOH
(CH₃COO)₂Sr + H₂O + CO₂
(CH₃COO)₂ Sr + (NH₄ )₂SO₄ 2)
no Crimson red ame
characteristic
SrSO₄ +2CH₃COONH₄.
observation
2) Flame test is conducted Presenc
absence
withthe group ppt. e of
Stron u
m
(Sr2+)con rmed

Test for Ca2+ : Presence of

1) To solu on of group V precipitate 1) White ppt calcium(Ca2+)
add ammonium oxalate solu on. con rmed
CaCO₂ + 2CH₃COOH (CH₃COO)₂Ca
+ H₂O + CO₂
(CH₃COO)₂Ca +
(NH₄)₂C₂O₄(COO)₂Ca +
2CH₃COONH₄ 2) Brick red ame Presence of Calcium(Ca2+)
2) Flame test is conducted
with the group ppt. con rmed

2+
Magnesium (Mg )
1) To the salt solu on 1) Blue precipitate
excess sodium hydroxide
and add a li le of Presence of
magneson reagent
2) Pale pink ash magnesium(Mg2+)
2) Ash test is conducted with
CoO +MgO → CoO. MgO
group ppt con rmed
2Co(NO )2 2CoO+4NO +O2
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