CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Environmental policy is one of the separate areas of the Public International
policy. Growth of International Environmental policy began in the 1970s with
the Stockholm Conference on the Environment in 1972. Since 1972, the interest
has steadily increased and it has become one of the fastest growing areas of
Public International policy. Some of the current issues of International concern
covered by the Environmental policy include Ozone Layer Depletion, Global
Warming, Desertification, Destruction of Tropical Rainforests, Marine Plastics
Pollution from Ships, International Trade in Endangered Species (i.e. ivory
trade), Shipment of hazardous wastes to Third World Countries, deforestation of
Brazil and the Philippines, Protection of Wetlands, Oil Spills, Transboundary
Nuclear Air Pollution (i.e. Chernobyl), Dumping of Hazardous Wastes,
Groundwater Depletion, International Trade in Pesticides, and Acid rain.

Most of developing cities on like Nigeria are face with waste disposal and
management problem. This is as a result of poor policy formulation, lapses on
the part of policy maker and also increase in population just to mention but a
few. Another setback in effective waste management of environmental policies,
including waste management which has been generally slow due to the various
bureaucratic bottle necks, lack of political will and continuity of programmes
and policies by successive Government (Sridhar 2017). The growing
accumulation of uncontrolled garbage and sewage in towns and cities. Waste
according to Sridhar, (2017) is define as any matter which has no future use
base on the composition, e.g garbage, trash, junks, domestic or ashes. Existing
studies showed that solid and liquid waste generation in several towns and cities
in Nigeria is increasing pari-pasu with rapid population growth. Waste

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generation and its likely effects on both human, environmental health, and
urban land scale have become recurring dismal in Nigeria today (Olukanni,
2014).

Indiscriminate waste disposal has been one of the greatest urban pollution
problems in Nigeria. This is because unattended heaps of refuse and stagnant
sewage are common in our cities, towns and sub-urban centers. Most of the
illegal dump sites and drainages all over the country have not been effectively
evaluated or cleared for years, urban solid waste is being disposed of using
several methods, however, method used are land fill, incineration, compositing
and anaerobic digestion and recycling (Abila and Kantola, 2017), a reasonable
amount of waste remains uncollected when waste pile up, households and
businesses gathered it in the middle of the road and burn it, (Warren personal
experience). Consequently, these lead to inadequate waste management with
fair reaching ramification to both public and environmental health (Zainu and
Songip 2017), and these become reference points to foreigners and investors.

Different policies and measures have been adopted at different times to arrest
this problems of waste disposal and management, the management of solid
waste has become a global issues that every Government in the 21 st century has
shown uncommon commitment to tackle, especially when making policies on
public health and environment (Okoli et al 2022). For instance, both the
Federal and State Government derive their powers in waste management
through legal provisions. The oldest legal provision for waste management is
the public Health Act, which deals with various aspect of health, sanitation,
clear and save surroundings.

The basis of environmental policy in Nigeria is contained in the 1999

Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Pursuant to section 20 of the

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Constitution, the State is empowered to protect and improve the environment
and safeguard the water, air and land, forest and wildlife of Nigeria. One of the
main aspect of concerned is the pollution cause to the earth be it land, air and
water (Ndukwe et al 2019). In addition to this, section 2 of the Environmental
Impact Assessment Act of 1992 (EIA Act) provides that the public or private
sector of the economy shall not undertake or embark on or authorise projects or
activities without prior consideration of the effect on the environment.

The Federal Government of Nigeria has promulgated various laws and

Regulations to safeguard the Nigerian environment. These include:

 Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1988 (FEPA Act). The

following Regulations were made pursuant to the FEPA Act:
 National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations:
 National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and
Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations; and
 National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous
Wastes) Regulations.
 Environmental Impact Assessment Act of 1992 (EIA Act).
 Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal Provisions etc.) Act of 1988 (Harmful
Wastes Act).

The Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) administers and enforces

environmental laws in Nigeria. It took over this function in 1999 from the
Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), which was created under the
FEPA Act. FEPA was absorbed and its functions taken over by the FME in
1999.

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The Federal Ministry of Environment has published several guidelines for the
administration of the FEPA and EIA Acts and procedures for evaluating
environmental impact assessment reports (EIA Reports).

Other regulatory agencies with oversight over specific industries have also
issued guidelines to regulate the impact of such industries on the environment
such as the Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry
in Nigeria (EGASPIN) 2002, published by the Department of Petroleum
Resources (DPR).

However, pursuant to the FEPA Act, each State and local government in the
country may set up its own environmental protection body for the protection
and improvement of the environment within the State. Each State is also
empowered to make laws to protect the environment within its jurisdiction. All
the States have environmental agencies and State laws; e.g. Abuja, the Federal
Capital Territory has issued the Abuja Environmental Protection Board (Solid
Waste Control/Environmental Monitoring) Regulations 2005 ("the Abuja
Environmental Protection Board Regulations") which principally governs solid
waste control in Abuja. In Lagos State, the Lagos State Environmental
Protection Agency Law, was enacted to establish the Lagos State
Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA). LASEPA’s functions include
monitoring and controlling the disposal of waste in Lagos State and advising the
State Government on all environmental management policies. Lagos State has
also enacted the Environmental Pollution Control Law, to provide for the
control of pollution and protection of the environment from abuse due to poor
waste management. Akwa Ibom State, has enacted the Environmental
Protection and Waste Management Agency Law, which established the
Environmental Protection and Waste Management Agency. This Agency is
charged with responsibilities which include identifying and proffering solutions

4
to environmental protection problems in Akwa Ibom, and monitoring and
enforcing environmental protection standards and regulations.

The EIA Act was promulgated principally to enable the prior consideration of
environmental impact assessment of public or private projects. Any person
planning a project/activity which may have an impact on the environment is
statutorily required to prepare an EIA Report, considering the deletion health
effects on improper waste management, policy changes to encourage proper
waste management are potentiality beneficial to urban dwellers. Possible benefit
includes reduced infection disease rate and reduce mortality as well an
improved quality and outlook on life based on a clean environment (Omenka,
2016), and the Report must set out the potential impact of the activity on the
environment and plans for preventing/mitigating the same, as well as clean-up
plans. All such Reports must be approved by the FME. Attached to the EIA Act
is a schedule of activities and industries for which environmental impact
assessments are mandatory. These include Agriculture, Airport, Drainage and
Irrigation, Land Reclamation, Fisheries, Forestry, Housing, Industry,
Infrastructure, Ports, Mining, Petroleum, Power Generation and Transmission,
Quarries, Railways, Transportation, Resort and Recreational Development,
Waste Treatment and Disposal, and Water Supply.

The level of environmental management in Nigeria is still very low, yet it is the
knowledge of environmental management technique that can guarantee good
health within the environment in Nigeria (Uwadiagwu and Iyi, 2015).
Any person who fails to comply with the provisions of the EIA Act commits an
offence and is liable on conviction, in the case of an individual, to a fine or to a
term of imprisonment for up to five years; and fines are also imposed on guilty
firms or corporations.

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Furthermore, the FEPA Act empowers the FME to require the production for
examination of any licence or permit granted to any person, to enter and search
any land or building, and to arrest any person whom they have reason to believe
has violated any environmental regulation. Odunjo (2013) maintain that
environmental management is far from being achieve in Nigeria because
activities of man still degrade the environment, the country can only be
sustainably develop if it can pay attention to environmental sanitations and
conservations.

The approach of regulatory agencies is the prevention of environmental

damages, the regulation of potentially harmful activities and the punishment of
wilful harmful damage whenever this occurs. The environmental agencies also
adopt the approach of engaging individuals and communities at risk of potential
environmental damage in dialogue. The EIA approval process adopted by the
FME involves a system of public hearings during the EIA evaluation process
and interested members of the public are invited to such hearings. The
respective State environmental agencies in Nigeria, e.g. the Lagos State
Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA), also take the same approach.

The state formulates and implements public policies in order to promote the
welfare of the citizens. Environmental policy as a public policy is formulated
and implemented by the state to protect and preserve the environment. The
environment with its natural resources is supportive of man’s survival here on
earth. But the excessive exploitation of the natural resources coupled with
unfriendly environmental practices such as gas flaring, bush burning,
indiscriminate deforestation and dumping of refuse not only distorts the eco-
system but also destroys the biodiversity necessary for the reinvigoration of the
carrying capacity of the earth for development. Thus, development needs to be
sustained. This means that while we presently exploit the natural resources of

6
the environment, the needs of the future generation should not be compromised.
It is against this backdrop that the paper takes a look at the Nigerian state and
the formulation and implementation of environmental policy for the
achievement of proper waste management in Nigeria.

In Nigeria, at the Federal level, the Federal Government derived it powers to

function in waste management from the Federal Environmental Protection
Decree of 1988. This decree led to the establishment of the Federal
Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), which has been charged with
environmental matters. It also led to the establishment of similar agencies at the
State level, known as State Environmental Protection Agencies (SEPAS). It
must be state here that FEPA and SEPAS were not set up solely for waste
management alone. However, they have waste management as one of their
many functions, in particular as the apex agencies at the Federal and State levels
to formulate and provide policy and technical guidance and by setting up
standards in the context of wider environmental protection objective for the
country.

Civilian administration of 1999 under the then President Olusegun Obasanjo

created Ministry called Ministry of Environment with its own Minister, with the
Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) serving as a nucleus body to
nurture it with the Local Government reforms of 1976, the responsibility of
refuse collection and disposal was vested on the Local Government.

The 1979 and 1999 constitution states one of the functions of Local
Government as the provision and maintenance of public conveniences, sewage
and refuse disposal from the stipulated function, Local Governments are
expected to attach great importance to waste management in collaboration with
the State Environmental Protection Agencies (SEPA) and other waste

7
management organizations. The Local Governments Areas are also encourage
to co-operating with Non-Governmental Organization (NGOS), Community
Based Organization (CBO) and to promote grassroots approach to waste
management as well as monitoring and evaluation their activities. Despite these
policy measures, much has not been achieved in terms of waste collection and
disposal.

1.2. Statement of the Problem

Waste disposal management has been one of the greatest urban pollution
problems in Nigeria. Rising population growth in cities due to rapid
urbanization and industrial activities have contributed in no small measure to
increase in the waste generated and the effective disposal of waste (sewage and
refuse) in cities is beyond the capacities of most Local Government. As such
refuse accumulation and stagnant sewages are now the order of the day in most
cities and rural areas according to the Nigerian Environmental Study/Action
Team (NEST) “Every Nigeria city is affected by this malaise and its end
appears not in sight”. Some of the problems of urban waste disposal in the
country as catalogued in several studies include; inadequate regulations and
guidelines for refuse disposal, lack of central deposit (Landfills) where
households can dump refuse, non-collection of household refuse, improper town
planning, inadequate provision of gutters and canals, under funding of waste
management agencies, inaccessibility of some housing areas for waste
collection and monitoring of waste disposal, especially the traditional core of
indigenous cities like Katsina, Kano, Ibadan Zaria Sabo Gari etc, and the failure
of the National Environmental Sanitation, which only worked through the
application of force etc.

These problems bother on inadequate institutional and legal framework,

inadequate finance and lack of technical and managerial capacities on the part

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of the various agencies, indiscriminate waste disposal have become very serious
problems in the major urban towns of the country; filthy sites provide breeding
ground for rodents, cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes and other diseases carrying
vectors. The refuse and unlearned sewage also pollutes the environment,
through strange odours that emanates from the waste. For instance, it is a
common thing to perceive strong odours of human excrete from damaged soak
away and backyards’ sewage when walking along main streets and backyards of
some Government quarters, in such places most time the odours contaminate the
air and make breathing very difficult, smoke from exhausts of vehicles and
automobiles, and dust raised by vehicles on bad and uncompleted roads
constitutes serious health hazards to the people of such environments. Such
health hazard includes; Malaria fever, Typhoid fever, Dysentery, Tuberculosis
and others which invariably affects human resources input on the economy. It is
the knowledge of environmental management techniques that can guarantee life
sustainability in Nigeria (Uwadiegwu and Iyi, 2015). The sewage aspect is the
most worrisome in the sense that it is close to people in their homes. The
consequence of these piles of refuse, uncontrolled sewage and other pollutants
is noticed when one visits both Government and Private Hospitals. For instance,
the hospital are filled to the brim with patients suffering from different
environmental related diseases such as Typhoid fever and Malaria. Recently, it
is noticed that Typhoid fever has assumed a fatal dimension in the sense that it
now frequently results in sudden death or surgical operation of patients. This is
pathetic and alarming. It is against this background that this study intends to
assess and evaluate the management of waste disposal in Nigeria.

The Abuja Environmental Protection Board (AEPB) and the Health Department
of Abuja Municipal Council (AMAC) is charged with the responsibility of
municipal liquid waste collection and disposal! Treatment, minimization of
impacts of development, environment impact assessment, degradation

9
monitoring, public health, protection and improvement in air, water and forest
and wildlife, pollution control, environment health and fumigation services,
pollution control, environmental health fumigation services (AEPB 2006).

The major questions now are, is there any policy measure in the FCT to ensure
the collection and proper disposal of waste (both liquid and solid); is the waste
properly managed? Do these authorities or agencies in the FCT have the
necessary legal backing, technical knowhow and facilities to carry out these
functions of waste management, are they proper monitoring measure put in
place for monitoring agents that monitor and check indiscriminate waste
disposal as well as the activities of waste management agencies. What are the
major problems or constrain encountered by the agency? These and other
questions would be answered at the end of this research study.

1.3. Research Question

The major research question among many others are:
1. How dose environmental policies effects the waste management in Federal
Capital Territory, Abuja.
2. To what extend dose the environmental policies effect waste management in
Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.
3. In what ways dose environmental policies effect management of waste
disposal in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.

1.4. Objective of the Study

The major objective of this study is to examine the effect of environmental
policies on waste management and waste disposal in Federal Capital Territory,
Abuja.

Specific objectives:

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1. To examine waste disposals in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja.
2. To examine the major problems of waste management in Federal Capital
Territory, Abuja.
3. To suggest solution to the problems of waste management in Federal Capital
Territory, Abuja.
1.5. Statement of Hypothesis
This hypothesis is employed in this study:
H0 there is no significance relationship between environmental policy and waste
management in Nigeria.
H0 there is no relationship between environmental policy and waste
management in Nigeria.

1.6. Significance of the Study

The following are the significance of this study:
1. The outcome of this research will educate the general public on the issues
and the adverse effect of environmental policy in Nigeria.
2. The findings from this study is going to necessitate measures that will lead
to demand for improved implementation of environmental laws in Nigeria
3. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and
researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field
subsequently, if applied, it will go to an extent to provide new explanation
to the topic in the field of Public Administration.

1.7. The Scope of the Study

This study on environmental policy in Nigeria will cover all cases of
environmental policy ranging from waste disposal policy, waste collection
policy and sewage control. The population increase and corresponding waste
generated by the people, dump sites all over Nigeria market and streets.

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This study will focus on one of the area councils in Federal Capital Territory
Abuja, this research work also focus it study area in Abuja environment
protection board (AEPB) activities in Nyanya area of Abuja Municipal Area
Council (AMAC). The study concentrative on 10 street area of Nyanya area of
Federal Capital Territory. To find out solution and lasting remedies to the
problems of inadequacies of instructional and legal frame work, in adequate
finance and lack of technical and managerial capacities on the part of various
agencies.

The population of the study is centered on the people of Nyanya area of AMAC,
the staff of Abuja Municipal Area Council, and the management of waste in
Nyanya Federal Territory Abuja.

Inadequate time is one constrain that the research also has, another constrain is
easy mobility to all the area councils and districts of Abuja, to fully appraise the
operations of the Abuja Environmental Protection Board (AEPB).

1.8. Definition of Operational terms and Acronyms

1. Solid Waste: This can be described as unwanted, unused and discarded
materials with insufficient liquid content to be free flowing.
2. Liquid Waste: This can be described as unwanted, unused and discarded
materials with sufficient liquid content to be free flowing.
3. Household Hazardous Waste (HHW): This can be defined as any
unwanted materials whether liquid or solid discarded by households which
are difficult to dispose off, or which puts human health or the environment at
risk because of its chemical or biological nature. Example includes; batteries,
medicine, garden chemicals, urine, stale liquids such as tea etc.
4. Waste Management: Refers to the effective and efficient collection and
proper disposal of waste.

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5. Indiscriminate Waste Disposal: Means dumping or disposal of solid or
liquid waste in unauthorized sites and places.
6. Combustion: Refers to the recycling waste (Solid or Liquid) for productive
or useful purposes.
7. Sewage: Refers to liquid waste from house and industries that pass through
gutters to canals into rivers.
8. Drainage: Means channeling disposing liquid waste in the environment.
9. Landfill: Means using solid waste to fill obvious holes and pot holes in the
environment.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1.1 CONCEPT OF POLICY

Policy can be referes to as programme action or major decision or even the
refusal to make a decision. The best decision of politics is what Government
decide to do or not to do.

According to Olaniyi (1998) Public Policy emanate from Public Sectors and this
includes both institution of central and Local Government and State created
agencies.

Chandlier and Plano (1978) define Public Policy as the strategic use of resource
to alleviate national problems or Government concerned as.

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Dimock (1983) define Public Policy as deciding at any time or place what
objective and substantive measure should be choosen in order to deal with a
particular problem issues.

In addition, that Public Policy is therefore a reflection of all action taken or to

be taken and action not taken or not to be taken by Government.

2.1.2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

Environmental policy is essentially concerned with how best to govern the
relationship between humans and the natural environment for their mutual
benefit. This broad definition successfully captures the unbounded character of
the environment as a distinct public policy field, touching as it does upon
virtually every aspect of modern life. However, it lacks specificity, most areas
of government policy affect the world ‘out there.’ A more precise definition is
achieved by disaggregating the term into its component parts – i.e.,
‘environment’ and ‘policy’ – although both are difficult to pin down. Within
politics, ‘environment’ remains a contested concept. Albert Einstein famously
defined the environment as “everything that isn’t me.” Environmentalists would
argue his interpretation fundamentally depersonalizes an inherently subjective,
spiritual experience specific to every person. However, they would accept that
his implied notion of ‘every thingness’ is useful as it powerfully confirms the
complex and essentially unbounded nature of environmental policy,
necessitating responses which are sensitively integrated with the main sectors of
society. On this line of reasoning, every policy area has environmental
implications. But the very ‘every thingness’ of the environment is why
politicians often struggle to address the underlying roots of environmental
damage through conventional sound-bite politics and ad hoc policy
interventions. In solving environmental problems, politicians have to convince
individuals to adapt their behavior for the good of society and future generations

14
– never easy when benefits are diffuse and costs (or benefits foregone) are
immediate. Finally, environmental issues raise difficult political, moral, and
ethical questions which vote-chasing politicians instinctively avoid, thereby
marginalizing environmental issues within mainstream politics. If ‘the
environment’ is amorphous then the term ‘policy’ is equally slippery. A
dictionary definition is “a course of action or principle adopted or proposed by a
government.” However, some policies comprise a series of decisions, layered
on top of one another. Moreover, policies may be formally adopted by national
governments but the details of implementation are often determined by lower
levels of government. Therefore, when a local pollution control officer
negotiates with a polluting factory over a site license or emissions permit, he/
she is arguably ‘making’ policy. Finally, policies also serve a symbolic purpose.
Some are only ever statements of intent which governments have no real
intention of enacting. Policy, therefore, should be thought of in terms of courses
of action and inaction: as much an ongoing process of interaction as a discrete
product or output of the political system, written down in legal texts.

2.1.3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN NIGERIA

In order to curb the excessive and indiscriminate exploitation of the
environment, the state which is seen as the vanguard of the good life of the
people formulates and implements environmental policy. Environmental policy
is therefore formulated and implemented by the state in order to facilitate
effective environmental management. This can ensure the preservation of the
environment not only for the present generation but also for the future
generation.

It should be noted that environmental policy means all the actions taken by the
government to protect and preserve the environment. The necessity of
environmental policy is predicated on the fact that the carrying capacity of the

15
earth is limited. This means that the more the environment, (the earth) is
exploited, the more it attains its carrying capacity limit. Beyond the carrying
capacity of the earth, the natural resources diminish and the earth begins to
exhibit negative externalities which threaten the existence of man on earth. Such
negative externalities may include oil spillage, erosion and flooding, pollution
of the atmosphere which can lead to global warming, acid rain, depletion of
ozone layer and ultimately climate change. The exploitation of natural resources
can be demonstrated graphically. It is therefore the basic function of
environmental policy to regulate the exploitation of the environment in order
not to exceed the optimum exploitation level.
In fact, environmental policy ensures that there is development without
destruction. The development must be futuristic and sustained in order to take
care of the needs of future generation. Thus, sustainable development is a
product of environmental policy. However, it is not enough to have well-
articulated environmental policy, but also important is the effectiveness of the
institutional arrangements and the mobilization of machinery and resources for
its effective implementation. The articulation and effective implementation of
environmental policy should take into consideration some predisposing factors.
For example, population growth rate should be check mated. This is premised
on the fact that the more the population, the more the exploitation of natural
resources for survival, given the finite nature of natural resources. But it is
worthy of note that naturally when, for instance, 10 people share 30 loaves of
bread, they will have 3 loaves of bread each. But if the same 30 loaves of bread
are shared by 60 people, they will not have enough to eat. This may lead to the
excessive exploitation of the raw materials for the baking of bread. In addition,
we are not losing sight of the fact that a faulty distributive mechanism imposed
on the people as a result of the kleptomaniac tendencies of the ruling elites can
drastically reduce the impact of increase in gross domestic product (GDP) on
the economic well-being of the people. The effect is that few people become

16
richer while the majority becomes poor. Poverty is another predisposing factor,
it has been argued that the more the people are poor, the more they fall back on
crude means of exploiting natural resources. This can lead to excessive and
indiscriminate deforestation, bush burning, overgrazing and indiscriminate
refuse dumping. But we make haste to add that even in developed societies,
given their scientific and technological advancement, their industrial activities
and the exploitation of crude oil have led to the pollution of the environment.
Thus, it appears poverty and development do not respect the environment. But
the only thing that can cage them is well-articulated and implemented
environmental policy. The participation of the people in the articulation and
implementation of environmental policy is a sine qua non of the effectiveness of
environmental policy in enhancing effective environmental management for the
achievement of sustainable development. The participation of the people in the
formulation and implementation of environmental policy is a reflection of their
democratic culture. The more democratic a state is, the more the people
participate in the formulation and implementation of environmental policy.
Thus, the character of the state (as it finds expression in the behavior of the
actors of the state) will go a long way to determine the efficacy of
environmental policy. The Nigerian state realizing the importance of the
environment and the need to protect and preserve the environment has
formulated some environmental policies such as National Policy on Erosion and
Flood Control, The Prevention of Pollution of Sea and Land1954 (Amended
1962), Petroleum Regulation 1967, Oil in Navigable Waters Decree No 34 1968
among others. But it appears the more these environmental policies are
formulated, the more the Nigerian environment is degraded, particularly in the
Niger Delta Region. The over celebrated cases of oil spillages, gas flaring,
erosion and flooding and others are proof of the impotency of the environmental
policies in enhancing effective environmental management in Nigeria. The
impotency of the environmental policy to protect the environment in Nigeria is

17
a reflection of the inability of the state to effectively implement environmental
policies. The inability of the Nigerian state to effectively implement
environmental policies is in turn a reflection of the character of the state. The
state and its apparatuses are seen as means through which actors of the state
enrich themselves. This behavior of the actors of Nigerian state is a
demonstration of the mode of elite formation in Nigeria which is related to its
colonial history in which the indigenous elite was excluded from “the
commanding heights” of the economy, the process of decolonization and
independence, whereby economically weak but politically powerful elites
pursue economic and selfish ends (Arokoyu and Ibani, 2004).

The Federal Government of Nigeria has promulgated various laws and

Regulations to safeguard the Nigerian environment. These include:

 Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1988 (FEPA Act). The

following Regulations were made pursuant to the FEPA Act:
 National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations:
 National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement in Industries and
Facilities Generating Wastes) Regulations; and
 National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous
Wastes) Regulations.
 Environmental Impact Assessment Act of 1992 (EIA Act).
 Harmful Wastes (Special Criminal Provisions etc.) Act of 1988 (Harmful
Wastes Act).

The Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) administers and enforces

environmental laws in Nigeria. It took over this function in 1999 from the
Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), which was created under the

18
FEPA Act. FEPA was absorbed and its functions taken over by the FME in
1999.

The Federal Ministry of Environment has published several guidelines for the
administration of the FEPA and EIA Acts and procedures for evaluating
environmental impact assessment reports (EIA Reports).

Other regulatory agencies with oversight over specific industries have also
issued guidelines to regulate the impact of such industries on the environment
such as the Environmental Guidelines and Standards for the Petroleum Industry
in Nigeria (EGASPIN) 2002, published by the Department of Petroleum
Resources (DPR).

However, pursuant to the FEPA Act, each State and local government in the
country may set up its own environmental protection body for the protection
and improvement of the environment within the State. Each State is also
empowered to make laws to protect the environment within its jurisdiction. All
the States have environmental agencies and State laws

2.1.4. Concept of Waste Management

Many research works have been vigorously carried out on urban studies, which
have direct relation with the issues of environmental sanitation. Also, many
studies on health, most times lay little or no emphasis on the issue of
environmental sanitation. Even if emphasis is laid on environmental sanitation,
issues of waste disposals are not adequately discussed. These studies do
understand that the wellbeing of man depends on the cleanliness of his
environment. That is why Okoko (1987) reports that “A people surrounded by
piles of refuse are only a little removed from the man surrounded by an
epidemic or plague”. It must be emphasized that it is not only the piles of refuse

19
that constitute a greater health hazard in Nigeria, various studies have been
carried out on waste management these studies examined the genesis, causes
and effect of waste management in Nigeria Urban and Rural centers. They
include Ogu (1987), and Ipadola (1988), Egunjobi (1986, 1996) Adebibu
(1983), Akintola (1987), and Olokesusi (1991) to them the rate at which waste
generation has outstripped the capacity of each Local Government Area to deal
with in their respective areas of jurisdiction. The problem of waste disposal
management in Nigeria is compounded by the structure of our urban centers,
especially the inaccessibility of many traditional core areas due to poor town
planning, inadequate finance, lack of equipment, poor infrastructure and lack of
personnel that form waste management authorities.

Ayodele (1993) in a study on waste management problems in Ibadan opined

that the weight per person of solid waste generated in Ibadan is 0.4-0-0.6kg per
day. Thus, the estimated waste generated in the city daily is 80,000kg i.e. 80
tonnes.

This increase in solid waste generated was attributed to rapid population

growth, improved collection method and the intensified functional position of
Ibadan as an administrative, commercial industrial and institutional center, this
problem was further exacerbated by the number and the distribution of waste
dumps in the metropolis, which are far apart making the environment very
unsightly and polluting the air quality around the dumps. The general
unwholesome environment propelled the Oyo State’ Government to establish
the Ibadan solid waste management authority in 1997 Agbola (1999).

Furthermore, available research findings show that these mountains of waste

could be profitably turned to resources for the benefit of the city inhabitants.

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2.1.5. Waste Management in Federal Capital Territory Abuja
The land mark Federal legislation on environmental protection in Nigeria was
the decree Number 58 of 1988, which established the Federal Environmental
Protection Agency (FEPA). The specific role of FEPA with respect to solid
waste management is to (Onibokun, 1999):
 Study the most reliable systems that are appropriate for local, domestic and
industrial wastes.
 Specify waste disposal and treatment methods that take into consideration
the geological and environmental setting and encourage recycling.
 Specify waste disposal sites that guarantee the safety of surface and
underground water systems.
 Set up and enforce standards for adequate sanitary facilities for the disposal
of human and other solid wastes in dwellings, housing estates and public
facilities in both urban and rural areas.
 Establish monitoring programmes including periodic surveillance of
approved waste disposal sites and their surroundings and waste water
systems.
 Establish monitoring stations for the control of the disposal of leachate from
dumpsites into surface water and groundwater systems.

FEPA enacted a number of laws and regulations. These have included:

 The National Protection Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes
Regulations of 1991.
 The Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities Generating Waste
Regulation of 1991.
 The General Guidelines for Pollution Abatement in Industries 1991.

The Abuja Environmental Protection Board (AEPB) is responsible for solid

waste management in Abuja. It has responsibility to:
21
 Remove, transport and dispose of domestic, commercial and industrial
waste.
 Clear and maintain public drainage facilities, street cleaning and clearing of
abandoned vehicles.
 Register private waste collection companies.
 Prepare and periodically up-date the master plan of waste collection and
disposal in the city.
 Approve and monitor all disposal systems in the city. Assess recycling as a
waste management option for industries and government agencies.
 Establish and recommend the basic standard requirements for solid, liquid,
gaseous or toxic waste management provided they do not conflict with, but
complement, the standards of the FEPA.
 Establish and recommend acceptable safe methods of collection and
disposal of hazardous and toxic waste products in the FCT.
 Educate the general public on the various disposal methods acceptable for
domestic and industrial waste products.
 Initiate environmental protection legislation and keep existing legislations
under constant review to reflect the latest discoveries and observations on
the subject.
 Organise and mobilise the public to participate actively in regular clean-up
exercises and beautification of their environments.

Current Situation in Abuja

Amount of waste generated, the amount of waste generated has increased in
both quantity and diversity without adequate investment in collection, transport,
treatment and disposal facilities. These problems are further complicated by
political, economic and social factors. The average waste generation rate in
Abuja is 0.55–0.58 kg per person per day (Solid Waste Audit Report, 2004).

22
This is influenced by the A. Imam et al. / Waste Management 28 (2008) 468–
472 469 time of year, local culture, traditions and personal income.

2.1.6 Waste Management Method/Technique in Federal Capital Territory

Abuja

Waste generation is an integral part of human activity influenced by social

dynamics and economic development. Although nature has the capacity to
dilute, disperse, degrade, absorb and reduce the impact of unwanted residues in
the environment. Ecological imbalances have occurred where the natural
assimilative capacity has been exceeded (Tchobanoglous et al., 1993b).
Improper waste handling and management pose great threats to the environment
and public health. In Nigeria, the commonly practised waste management
option in Nigeria, basically involves the collection of mixed waste materials and
subsequent dumping at designated dumpsites. It is not a practice to separate
waste materials at source or any point during its management (Adekunle et al.,
2011).

In Abuja waste composition is heterogeneous and mixed; non-degradable

materials and degradable components. The waste is not segregated at the source
and comprises of hazardous and non-hazardous waste. The hazardous
components usually consist of house hold cleaning agent and left over chemical
from renovations. In Abuja waste bulk mainly consist of plastics, paper, glass,
metal and other recyclable components. The degradable portions of the waste
consist of food waste and yard waste.

Waste composition
The main components are food residues, plastics, paper, glass bottles and
metals. The waste has a heterogeneous composition comprising of both

23
degradable and non-degradable materials, and it is collected without sorting.
The bulk of the non-degradable waste is potentially recyclable materials, while
the degradable materials could be composted. Plastics mainly come from water
and fruit juice bags and containers.

Waste Storage
A key aspect of effective waste management is proper waste storage on the
premises where the waste is generated (Oluwande, 1984). The AEPB is
responsible for collecting waste from municipalities, and they have made
containers (120-L and 240-L plastic bins, and 1.1 m3 metal bins) available to
every household.

Waste Collection and Transport

Collection and transportation are a major cost in the waste management process.
There are 12 private companies currently operating that collect waste. Private
firms collect house-to-house, typically between one and three times a week,
depending on the availability and condition of their vehicles. Collection of
kerbside deposited waste tends to be quite irregular. Informal sector collection
workers also operate house-to-house collection services; they often separate out
recyclable materials and dump unwanted degradable waste around the area. As
a result, such informal collectors are officially banned from certain districts, and
their carts are regularly impounded by the authorities.

Collection and transportation of waste is both labour and capital intensive. It has
been estimated that waste transportation, including labour and machinery,
accounts for between 70% and 80% of the total cost of waste management in
Nigeria (UDBN, 1998; Oluwande, 1984).

24
Traffic conditions often interfere with waste collection and transport in Abuja.
Collecting and transporting waste at night has been tested by the AEPB,
although this proved to be problematic because of security implications for
householders.

A shortage of waste collection vehicles in Abuja is due to lack of funding and

inadequate maintenance. Efficient collection depends on proper selection of
vehicles; this needs to take account of road conditions, traffic density,
availability of spare parts, servicing requirements and haulage distances. A
variety of motorised and manual vehicles are used for waste collection and
transport in Abuja.

The waste composition in Abuja, as in many other cities in developing

countries, has a high organic content, so that compaction vehicles offer little
advantage in terms of increasing waste density, about half of the AEPB vehicles
are compactors, but only 30% of these are operational. In contrast, only 15% of
private sector vehicles are compactors. Manual collection equipment used by
informal sector waste collectors includes push carts, wheel barrows and pedal
tricycles. Other basic implements used by the informal sector (for waste sorting)
include hand-rakes, shovels and iron sorting rods.

RESOURCE RECOVERY AND RECYCLING

The average recyclable content of waste in Abuja is estimated at 28% (UDBN,
1998); The only recycling in Abuja is carried out by the informal sector.
Limited amounts of cans, plastics, bottles and newspapers are stored in homes
and sold to itinerant buyers, and house-to-house collection of these materials
has significant potential for expansion. Most recycling appears to be carried out
by segregation from mixed waste. Such sorting is undertaken by the informal
sector collectors from their carts; by the collection crew from waste vehicles;

25
and by scavengers, both from street bins and at the dumpsite. Scavengers
normally have no formal education, vocational training or access to appropriate
equipment and do not normally have alternative employment opportunities in
the formal sector. The scavengers and other informal sector recyclers generally
sell their recovered materials to middlemen, who in turn sell to small and large
scale processing and manufacturing industries. For example, collected glass is
processed and recycled locally as cullet for use in the glass industry; whole
bottles are cleaned and reused as syrup, drinks and juice containers; the bases of
broken bottles are sold to small-scale industries that cut and polish the glass to
manufacture items such as ash trays and candle holders.

A recent review has examined in detail the role of the informal sector in waste
management in developing country cities (Wilson et al., 2006), although
relatively little data are available on the effectiveness and overall contribution
of informal sector recycling.

WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

Despite the good intentions of the Master Plan, there are no sanitary landfills in
the FCT for waste disposal. Solid waste from the formal collection system in the
various districts of Abuja is transported to a single dumpsite at Mpape.
Problems associated with odours and air pollution from burning wastes at the
site have been significantly reduced recently due to the introduction of
relatively simple on-site improvements in the management of wastes. Illegal
disposal is also common in Abuja. Piles of solid wastes are often found along
roads, underneath bridges, in culverts and drainage channels and in other open
spaces. One source is the informal collection workers, but there are many others
involved in such ‘fly-tipping’.

PUBLIC AWARENESS AND ATTITUDES TO WASTE

26
Public awareness and attitudes to waste can affect all stages in the solid waste
management process. This has an impact on household waste storage, waste
segregation, recycling, collection frequency, littering and fly-tipping,
willingness to pay for waste management services, and the level and type of
opposition to waste treatment and disposal facilities. In general, people in Abuja
have a poor attitude towards waste management (Agunwamba, 2003). People
who handle waste are regarded as dirty, poor and inferior, and carrying
household waste to bins is often regarded as a duty for children. Efforts have
been made by both the government and the private sector in Abuja to increase
public awareness of solid waste management issues, and there have been
televised discussions on waste management. The side effects of improper waste
disposal have been well publicised. However, most people still do not
appreciate that environmental quality is not just the responsibility of the
government and that the individual also has an important role.
PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION
There are now 12 private waste management collection companies operating in
Abuja and these require significant technical backup, especially in the area of
capacity building. An important factor in the success of the private sector is the
ability of the state government to support, enforce and sustain written contracts.
These describe the services required, and state penalties and other sanctions that
will be applied in the case of failure to deliver. The award of contracts and the
monitoring and enforcement of the contracts are the responsibility of the AEPB,
and a system is required that ensures and encourages sustainable private sector
participation (Cointreau and Coad, 2000; METAP, 2004; Coad, 2005).

2.1.7. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT IN

NIGERIA
Waste management is currently one of the fastest growing waste streams in
Nigeria. Thus, managing waste has become an important concern in both

27
domestic and international material cycles, for environmental preservation,
efficient resource utilization and sustainable development. Nigeria, like many
nations is faced with gross environmental problems and waste stands as one of
the major challenges. Waste management generation has consistently expanded
both in volume and complexity due to the rapid increase in population over the
years, socio-economic development, industrialization, technology
advancements, changing lifestyles and consumption patterns. Sadly, these
developments have not been matched by adequate provisions which include
funding and infrastructural facilities to sustainably manage this ever growing
quantum of waste. Consequently, this has led to poor state of our environment
as all manner of wastes clog our drainages, litter our streets, high-ways, market
places, water bodies, public places and in fact most open places. Open and
indiscriminate burning of hazardous and non-hazardous waste management as a
disposal method, is still a common practice among the citizenry. Therefore, the
need to address the menace and challenges and reverse the trend informed the
decision of Government to develop a robust waste management policy intended
to provide comprehensive framework for sustainable waste management in
Nigeria. I am pleased to note that in developing this policy document, a
systematic process of information collection, research and consultation was
undertaken which involved Government, Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGO's), Community and Private sector stakeholders. The vision of the policy
is a true and accurate reflection of what the Nigerian Government intends to
achieve in the area of waste management.

The policy is a significant step in the right direction. It is a priority of

Government to develop a good and sustainable solid waste management system
through providing policy, while the objective of the policy can only be achieved
through collective commitment and participation. This applies to all Nigerian

28
citizens, Government, Institutions, Industrial and Commercial enterprises in the
country. This policy is aimed amongst others at:
 Promoting a clean and healthy environment for sustainable socio-economic
development of the nation
 Reducing and eventually eliminating heaps of solid waste in our cities and
rural communities and reduction in associated public health problems; ·
Development of waste management infrastructures
 Promoting private sector investments in Solid Waste Management
 Promoting the Reuse, Reduce, Recycle and Recovery initiative
 Restoring and Conserving natural resources
 Creating wealth and employment from waste management.
This policy which has been developed through a collaborative effort is
presented to all Nigerians and stakeholders for implementation and support
towards the protection of human health and the environment.

In order to curb the excessive and indiscriminate exploitation of the

environment, the state which is seen as the vanguard of the good life of the
people formulates and implements environmental policy. Environmental policy
is therefore formulated and implemented by the state in order to facilitate
effective environmental waste management. This can ensure the preservation of
the environment not only for the present generation but also for the future
generation.

It should be noted that environmental policy means all the actions taken by the
government to protect and preserve the environment. The necessity of
environmental policy is predicated on the fact that the carrying capacity of the
earth is limited. This means that the more the environment, (the earth) is
exploited, the more it attains its carrying capacity limit. Beyond the carrying
capacity of the earth, the natural resources diminish and the earth begins to

29
exhibit negative externalities which threaten the existence of man on earth. Such
negative externalities may include oil spillage, erosion and flooding, pollution
of the atmosphere which can lead to global warming, acid rain, depletion of
ozone layer and ultimately climate change. The exploitation of natural resources
can be demonstrated graphically. It is therefore the basic function of
environmental policy to regulate the exploitation of the environment in order
not to exceed the optimum exploitation level.

In fact, environmental policy ensures that there is development without

destruction. The development must be futuristic and sustained in order to take
care of the needs of future generation. Thus, sustainable development is a
product of environmental policy. However, it is not enough to have well-
articulated environmental policy, but also important is the effectiveness of the
institutional arrangements and the mobilization of machinery and resources for
its effective implementation. The articulation and effective implementation of
environmental policy should take into consideration some predisposing factors.
For example, population growth rate should be check mated. This is premised
on the fact that the more the population, the more the exploitation of natural
resources for survival, given the finite nature of natural resources. But it is
worthy of note that naturally when, for instance, 10 people share 30 loaves of
bread, they will have 3 loaves of bread each. But if the same 30 loaves of bread
are shared by 60 people, they will not have enough to eat. This may lead to the
excessive exploitation of the raw materials for the baking of bread. In addition,
we are not losing sight of the fact that a faulty distributive mechanism imposed
on the people as a result of the kleptomaniac tendencies of the ruling elites can
drastically reduce the impact of increase in gross domestic product (GDP) on
the economic well-being of the people. The effect is that few people become
richer while the majority becomes poor. Poverty is another predisposing factor,
it has been argued that the more the people are poor, the more they fall back on

30
crude means of exploiting natural resources. This can lead to excessive and
indiscriminate deforestation, bush burning, overgrazing and indiscriminate
refuse dumping. But we make haste to add that even in developed societies,
given their scientific and technological advancement, their industrial activities
and the exploitation of crude oil have led to the pollution of the environment.
Thus, it appears poverty and development do not respect the environment. But
the only thing that can cage them is well-articulated and implemented
environmental policy. The participation of the people in the articulation and
implementation of environmental policy is a sine qua non of the effectiveness of
environmental policy in enhancing effective environmental management for the
achievement of sustainable development. The participation of the people in the
formulation and implementation of environmental policy is a reflection of their
democratic culture. The more democratic a state is, the more the people
participate in the formulation and implementation of environmental policy.
Thus, the character of the state (as it finds expression in the behavior of the
actors of the state) will go a long way to determine the efficacy of
environmental policy. The Nigerian state realizing the importance of the
environment and the need to protect and preserve the environment has
formulated some environmental policies such as National Policy on Erosion and
Flood Control, The Prevention of Pollution of Sea and Land1954 (Amended
1962), Petroleum Regulation 1967, Oil in Navigable Waters Decree No 34 1968
among others. But it appears the more these environmental policies are
formulated, the more the Nigerian environment is degraded, particularly in the
Niger Delta Region. The over celebrated cases of oil spillages, gas flaring,
erosion and flooding and others are proof of the impotency of the environmental
policies in enhancing effective environmental management in Nigeria. The
impotency of the environmental policy to protect the environment in Nigeria is
a reflection of the inability of the state to effectively implement environmental
policies. The inability of the Nigerian state to effectively implement

31
environmental policies is in turn a reflection of the character of the state. The
state and its apparatuses are seen as means through which actors of the state
enrich themselves. This behavior of the actors of Nigerian state is a
demonstration of the mode of elite formation in Nigeria which is related to its
colonial history in which the indigenous elite was excluded from “the
commanding heights” of the economy, the process of decolonization and
independence, whereby economically weak but politically powerful elites
pursue economic and selfish ends (Arokoyu and Ibani, 2004).

2.1.8. WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL

SUSTAINABILITY IN FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY ABUJA

Waste management are the useless and unwanted products in the solid state
derived from the activities of, and discarded by society. According to
Tchobanoglous et al. (1993) the term waste management normally is assumed to
include all waste generated in a community with the exception of industrial
process waste and agricultural waste. Sources as waste management include;
residential, commercial, institutional, construction and demolition, municipal
services excluding treatment facilities, treatment plant sites and municipal
incinerators. Waste management is the organized and systematic channelling of
waste through pathways that ensure disposal through acceptable public health
and environmental safeguards. Proper management cannot be achieved without
a well-designed waste management plan (Kofoworola, 2007). Waste
management issues are global with its environmental and health impact visible
in a lot of developing countries. Waste management is an integral part of urban
and environmental management in every city (Latifah et al., 2008). Currently
waste management is a globally challenging issue especially in Federal Capital
Territory Abuja, due to its adverse environmental effects (Latifah et al., 2009;
Zamorano et al., 2009; Jalil, 2010; Adekunle et al., 2011).

32
Mankind naturally depends on the environment to sustain their lives but solid
waste is one of the three major environmental problems in Federal Capital
Territory Abuja, and many other developing and even the developed countries
are threatened by this (Ogu, 2000; Latifahet al., 2009; Jalil, 2010). The problem
of waste management is a historical one because man‟s existence is inextricably
linked to the generation of waste (Momodu et al., 2011). Thus waste
management generally plays a significant role in the ability of nature to sustain
life within its capacity. Waste management is a recurring challenge for local
authorities and environmental bodies in Federal Capital Territory Abuja
(Zamorano et al., 2009), with standards of waste management being poor and
outdated. Lack of sufficient equipment to collect the waste has been identified
as a major problem of urban MSW in cities (Kofoworola, 2007). Issues
recurring that affect waste management are; poor documentation of waste
generation rates and its composition, inefficient storage and collection systems,
disposal of wastes with toxic and hazardous waste, indiscriminate disposal or
dumping of wastes and inefficient utilization of disposal site space. Waste
management has emerged as one of the greatest challenges facing state and
local government environmental protection agencies in Federal Capital
Territory Abuja.

The volume of waste being generated continues to increase at a faster rate than
the ability of the agencies to improve on the financial and technical resources
needed to parallel this growth. Due to factors such as increased rate of
urbanization, illegal city structure and developments, rapid rate of population
increase, rapid development, and changes in consumption pattern. Which have
been directly (and indirectly) linked to the generation of enormous amount of
waste, ranging from biodegradable to synthetic waste (Abuja-Citiserve, 2004
and Zamorano et al., 2009). In Abuja the rapid growing waste generation rates

33
and high cost of waste disposal, depletion of landfill space and the problem of
obtaining new disposal sites thereby resulting in open dumping are unresolved
issues. This makes it difficult for waste management authorities to identify and
create solutions (Gomez et al., 2009). Even though several policies and
programmes have been put in place to manage waste, they prove ineffective due
to financial and human constraints (Abuja-Citiserve, 2004). Community
participation plays an integral role in the success of any WM system. This has
gain a lot of recognition recently. In Asia, lack of environmental ethics and
awareness contribute to the failure of waste management plans (Visvanathan
&Trankler, 2003). Environmental knowledge, education and awareness play an
important role in the successful implementation of an effective waste
management system. The level of awareness and environmental education about
potential hazards relating to a polluted environment is still very low (Ogbonnaet
al., 2002). This is an area that seems neglected in the current municipal waste
management system for Abuja. The ultimate goal is achieving environmental
sustainability and individuals need to understand the importance of the issue
before any plan can be successfully implemented and executed. Proper
management of waste is important for public health, economic, environmental
and political reasons, therefore deserving increased attention from the area
councils and authorities due to the negative effect on public health, the
environment and natural resources (Klundert & Anschutz, 2001.

It has become a necessity due to the issues mentioned above to have an

overview and analyse the current state. This research will bridge the gap in the
existing body of knowledge with regards to waste management in FCT by
giving a holistic assessment into the current status of waste management
practice in Abuja. This study is an initial effort to fill the gap between
theoretical solid waste management in the country and practical waste
management towards achieving a more sustainable and effective waste

34
management in the Federal Capital. The results from this research will act as an
initial framework toward strategic planning and periodic follow up assessment
is required to further improve the system. In orders to achieve this, relationships
will be examined thus from which recommendations developed. This will
overall advance the concept of sustainability and sustainable waste management
in Federal Capital Territory Abuja.

The general objective is to assess the waste management practice of residents in

Abuja (Nigeria). This research will cover the study of solid waste management
in the Federal Capital Territory municipalities using IWM (integrated waste
management) as an assessment tool. The area of this study is confined to the
five area councils and one municipal area council that makes up Abuja. The
focus of the survey aspect of the research will include all residents residing
within these areas. Primary data will be collected through questionnaires using
random sampling for the residential questionnaire. The field survey will be
inclusive of all areas within research scope. The research boundaries of the
study include the system elements of the integrated waste management system.

2.2. EMPIRICAL REVIEW

This section presents various foreign and local literature related to this study.
Dilly and Shanklin (2015) conducted a survey study on waste management
practices in Nigeria. Army medical treatment facilities (MTFs). The objective of
the study was to survey waste management practices, participation in waste
reduction and recycling programs, and waste management problems in 25
MTFs. The study adopted the descriptive research design. The population for
the study consisted of 25 medical treatment facilities (MTFs).

A questionnaire was modified to survey waste management practices,

participation in waste reduction and recycling programs, and waste management

35
problems. A sample of Eighteen MTFs randomly selected from the 25 MTFs
participated in the study. Data collected were analyzed using means. Mean
importance ratings of waste reduction and recycling were 2.00 and 1.83 (1 =
very important; 5 = very unimportant), respectively. Result revealed that twelve
MTFs used contractors to disinfect potentially infectious waste off site. Limited
staffing was ranked as the most significant waste management problem,
followed by cost and regulatory compliance.

The study therefore recommends that more information on waste generation in

MTFs is needed. Regardless of the importance of this study, it is limited in
scope, in the sense that it concentrated on medical wastes and wastes
management problems only without any strategy for improving it. This gap will
be filled by the present study. Ehiemere (2016) carried out a study on wastes
management practices in Tertiary and Secondary level hospitals in Abuja Urban
Areas.

The objective of the study was to investigate waste management in Tertiary and
Secondary level hospitals in Abuja Urban Areas and basis for designing a Safer
Sharps management intervention programme. The study utilized the descriptive
research design. Population for the study consisted of one thousand six hundred
and thirty-seven (1,637) clinical solid waste generators and handlers from
Tertiary and Secondary level hospitals in Abuja Urban Areas. The sample for
the study was three hundred (300) clinical waste generators and handlers
selected from the one thousand six hundred and thirty-seven tertiary and
secondary level hospitals in Abuja Urban Areas registered Tertiary and
Secondary level hospitals in v. Quantitative data were collected from three
hundred waste generators and handlers. Qualitative data were collected through
direct observation and interview of fifty-four-unit heads. Twenty-five item
Waste Management 40 Practices Questionnaire (WMPQ), eleven item Waste

36
Management Practices Observation Performa (WMPOP), and thirteen item
Safer Sharps Management intervention Programme Evaluation Questionnaire
(SSMIPEQ) were the instruments for data collection. The collected data were
analyzed using frequencies, and percentages. Four null hypotheses formulated
for the study were tested at 0.05 level of significance using chi-square statistics.
The thirteen item Safer Sharps Management Intervention Programme was
designed as an instrument for health education. The result showed among others
that lack of working materials and inadequate staff was the two main factors
that hindered efficient waste management; and sharps management practices
among generators and handlers were very poor. The study therefore
recommends the designed intervention programme to improve waste
management practices in the area studied.

Though the study is related to the present study, it is limited in scope, in that it
focused on medical waste management practices only; thus, its findings cannot
be generalized for other waste such as household wastes. Again, though the
study revealed some hindrances to effective waste management, no optimization
strategy was put forward to overcome those impediments.

However, the present study will not only identify impediments to waste
management but will suggest optimization strategies for proper management of
waste. A descriptive research survey was conducted by Olanipekun, Oyeniyi
and Konwea (2017) on waste management techniques in urban areas of Abuja.
The objective of the study was to assess waste management techniques in Abuja
Urban Areas. The descriptive survey research method was used in the study.
Population of the study consisted of all the residents in urban areas of Abuja.
The sample for the study was 1500 urban residents drawn from random
selection of LGA headquarters. Six hypotheses were formulated for the study
and tested at 0 .05 level of significance. The instrument for data collection was a

37
self-structured questionnaire. The results obtained revealed among others that
there was indiscriminate dumping of waste in urban areas. The study therefore
recommends among others that environmental sanitation should be improved in
urban areas with the provision of adequate dump sites; refuse vans and
environmental sanitation personnel, coupled with effective implementation of
environmental policies. Regardless of the importance of this study, it was
limited in geographically in that it only focused on the urban areas, therefore,
result from the study cannot be applicable to rural areas. However, the present
study will consider both urban and rural areas and therefore may be more
appropriate in making generalization. Abhayawardana, G.P.R., Dayanthi,
W.K.C.N., Hapilan , S., Kuhathasan, A., & Perera S.(2017) conducted a study
on key strategies for efficient and effective waste management system for Galle
municipal council area. The objective of the study was to find out the current
waste management (WM) practice in the Galle Municipal Council (GMC) area.
The descriptive research design was utilized in the study. All the households in
14 wards in Galle municipal council area and the waste handling personnel in
the area consisted the population for the study. A sample of 100 households and
25 waste handling personnel were randomly selected from 14 wards in GMC.
Two-sets of questionnaire served as the instrument for data collection. The
instrument was distributed to a sample of 100 households randomly selected in
the study area and 25 SW handling personnel. Data generated were analyzed
using frequencies and percentages. The study revealed that the SW was mostly
organic with the highest percentage as 93.8. There was a decrease in the organic
content and an increase of the polythene, paper and plastic content when
compared to those in year 2015 and 2016. The moisture content was higher than
the solids content. The highest calorific value was 18 MJ/kg, while the calorific
values of normal fuels are higher than 45 MJ/kg. Thus the waste cannot be
directly used for fuel generation. The result of the study was used to develop an
integrated waste management (IWM) plan for GMC area. The key suggestions

38
for improved WM in the area are source separation, introduction of composting
and anaerobic digestion for all the biodegradable waste, introduction of
recycling options for recyclables and an engineered landfill for the inert matter.
Onyekwelu and Ebuh (2018) conducted a study on healthcare waste
management in Abuja of Nigeria: awareness and practice to ascertain the
current healthcare waste management practices in Abuja.

The descriptive research design was used in the study. Population for the study
comprised of all registered Primary and Secondary healthcare facilities in all the
three senatorial zones that made up Abuja of Nigeria in 2018. The population
size was nine hundred and fifty-eight registered health care facilities. Multistage
sampling technique was used to select 47 facilities from a total of 958 registered
healthcare facilities. A total of 265 healthcare staff was interviewed. The
instruments used for data collection were a structured questionnaire and
observation check list. Results obtained revealed that: healthcare facilities staff
consisted of mainly female literate nursing staff; that thirty-two (60.01%) of the
47 facilities segregate waste; cleaners carry waste on their head or wheelbarrow
in 26 (55.32%) of the facilities, 21 (44.68%) use open truck provided by the
local environmental sanitation agency, Abuja Environmental Sanitation 42
Agency, as mode of transport of waste; waste is disposed of in mixed form
without treatment among others. The study concluded that the current
healthcare waste management practice at the facility level is good but storage
and disposal methods are crude.

Also, means of transport may have negative effect on the good habit of waste
segregation the facilities have. The study therefore recommends among others
the setting up of an agency responsible for healthcare waste disposal parallel to
the already existing environmental sanitation agency. Though this study is

39
important and recommends the formation of separate agency that will be
responsible for health care waste disposal without finding out what has been
hindering the agencies already in existence from performing effectively.

Thus, present study is aimed at finding out those things that have been hindering
WM agencies in the State from performing effectively and also proffers
strategies for overcoming those impediments. To find out the experiences and
practices of household waste management of people in Abuja, Bernardo (2018)
carried out a descriptive research survey on wastes management practices of
households in Abuja. The population for the study consisted of all the
households in Abuja. A sample size of 43 households was selected for the study
using simple random sampling technique. The interview schedule served as
instrument for data collection. Results showed that the households generated an
average of 3.2 kg of waste per day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes
commonly generated are food/kitchen wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, and
cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles, cellophane/plastics, and yard/garden wastes.
The respondents segregate their wastes into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other
waste (mixed wastes). No respondents perform composting. It is worth noting,
however, that burning of waste is not done by the respondents. The households
relied on garbage collection by the Government. Collection was done twice
daily, except Sundays, and household members brought their garbage when the
garbage truck arrived. However, there were those who dump their garbage in
non-designated pick-up points, usually in a corner of the street. The dumped
garbage becomes a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms. Some
household respondents said that it is possible that the dumping in certain areas
caused the dengue fever suffered by some of their family members. Mothers
and household helpers are responsible for household waste management.
Regardless of the contributions of this study, it is limited in scope because it
focused only on household waste management only. However, the present study

40
will cover all forms of solid waste. 43 A cross-sectional research survey was
conducted by Sherly (2018) on rural waste management to find out the waste
management obstacles in province of AMAC. All the villages in the province of
AMAC, consisted the population for the study. Multistage sampling procedure
was used to select a sample of 21 villages scattered all over the province.
Results obtained showed that: about 646 grams of residential waste per capita is
generated in selected villages every day; waste composition in selected villages
is: putrescible materials: 42.49%, construction and demolition: 11.7%, paper
and cardboard: 8.77%, plastics: 8.24%, wood: 6.90%, metal: 6.08%, glass:
5.89%, rubber and leather: 5.1% and textile: 4.83%; the quantity of waste
generated in each village is not sufficient to be managed separately, and the
main obstacle to recycling program is the biased collection of waste in rural
area. It therefore recommends for source separation of waste into degradable
matter and dry wastes (paper, plastics and metals). Despite the contributions of
this study, it was limited geographically in that it only focused on obstacles to
waste management in the rural areas only. However, the present study will
cover obstacles to solid waste management in both rural and urban areas.

Okoye, Okolie, and Kelvin (2019) carried out a study on Household Waste
Disposal in Public Housing Estates in Abuja with an intention to make
proposals for better waste disposal. Descriptive research design was used for the
study. A total of twenty percent representing one hundred and one of the entire
household population of the estates were examined through a fourteen item
questionnaire. Interviews were conducted on the agencies responsible for these
estates. Data collected were statistically analyzed with the use of frequency
distribution, percentages, bar charts and pie charts. Results obtained revealed
among others that the households in the estates store their generated waste in
household waste bins which are disposed into public refuse dumps within the
estates and are evacuated after a long while.

41
The paper recommended among others, introduction of removable solid waste
dumping system and the revitalization of Abuja Environmental Sanitation and
Protection Agency in the State. This study is significant but it is limited in scope
in that it focused only on disposal of waste which is a part in the general
management of wastes. There cannot be effective disposal of wastes if waste
collection, storage and transportation are not considered.

Thus, the present study will cover wastes collection, storage, transportation and
disposal. 44 Awosusi (2015) conducted an assessment of environmental
problems and Methods of waste management in Abuja, Nigeria using the
descriptive research survey design. Five research questions were posed to guide
the study. Population for the study consisted of all the staff of Abuja Waste
Management Board and the residents of FCT. The sample for the study was 30
staff of Abuja Waste Management Board and 170 residents in Abuja selected
using random sampling technique. Questionnaire served as the instrument for
data collection. Data for this study were collected from Primary sources. The
Primary source of data includes field observation, and the administration of a
total number of two hundred (200) copies of questionnaire. Two sets of
questionnaire were designed for the study.

The first set of questionnaire were administered on thirty (30) selected members
of Abuja Waste Management Board (AWMB) in the study area, to obtain
information on the categories of operators, the number of operational staff, the
equipment’s used, their assessment of the performance of Abuja Management
Board (AWMB), the Local Government Authority and the problems faced by
the operators. The second set of the questionnaire were randomly administered
on one hundred and seventy (170) respondents within the study area.

42
This aimed at gathering information on waste generation, accumulation, and
disposal of house hold waste materials, as well as the socio-economic
background of waste generators in the study area. Descriptive method of data
analyses using frequency table and percentages were adopted to analyze the
data collected for the study. Result on how respondents within the study area
dispose waste revealed that 70 (35.0%) dump waste in bushes, 50 (25.0%) use
waste baskets, while 35 (17.5%) dump refuse in gutters/streams. This implies
that majority of the residents in the study area dispose their waste unlawfully, a
habit which results into health hazards in the area. The findings on the problems
of solid waste management agency in the study area showed that 40 (20.0%) of
the respondents noted shortage of vehicles, 20 (10.0%) observed shortage of
waste containers, 60 (30.0%) of the respondents observed shortage of personnel,
50 (25.0%) of the respondents stated poor funding/encouragement by
Government, while 30 (15.0%) stated lack of dedication to duty. The study then
recommends among others a strategic environmental planning of waste
management practices in the study area, the need to strengthen the work force,
by recruiting more personnel in the Waste Management Authority and an
environmental and public health education on the danger of indiscriminate
waste disposal in the study area. Though this study is important, it failed to
examine the influence of certain socio demographics (such as 45 gender,
location, among others) on solid waste management. These will be examined in
the present study to verify if they have impact on solid waste management.

Otti (2015) conducted a study on waste management in Abuja Metropolis to

present a proposal for waste management strategy in Abuja Metropolis using
descriptive research design. The population for the study consisted of all the
households and stores/shops in Abuja metropolis. In the sampling procedure,
Abuja the study area was divided into 4 groups, based on the classification

43
provided by the Abuja state environmental protection Agency, these are low,
medium and high-density areas and markets and motor parks.

Three wards were considered from each area and one market/motor Park also
considered. Ten houses were randomly selected from each of the wards, taking
into consideration low, medium and high income households, also ten
stores/shops were selected for the market/motor park. In total 90 houses and 10
stores/shops were used for the study. Instruments for data collection included
formal and informal interviews, questionnaire administration, interest group
discussion, fieldwork and observation. The households are requested to put in
their waste in the provided polythene bags, which are collected and replaced by
new ones daily. Weighing and sorting were then conducted. This process was
repeated for two weeks each in addition, to enable the determination of the
extent of materials recovery by scavengers, the collected waste is taken to the
dumping sites by the research group in collaboration with Abuja state
environmental protection Agency, while the scavengers are allowed to pick
whatever they desire before further weighing. The result of the study revealed
that the problems that were on the ground which were encountered by Abuja
State Environmental Protection Agency are poor segregation of wastes in some
households, scarcity of vehicle to carry the waste to the dumping ground and the
problem of having no separate means of disposing hazardous waste (Poisonous
materials, Pesticides, Chemicals, Medicines etc) were also identified. The study
therefore recommends that waste once collected from households should not be
transferred anywhere other than final treatment plant. Though this study is
related to the present study, it is limited geographically, in that it focused only
on urban area, thus, its findings cannot be generalized for both urban and rural
areas. However, the present study will cover both rural and urban areas.

44
Uwadiegwu and Chukwu (2014) conducted a study on strategies for effective
urban waste management in Nigeria to proffer urban waste management
strategies which will effectively address the problems emanating from waste
management. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Population for
the study consisted of households in Abuja. The sample for the study was 310
households selected randomly from these layouts. Structured questionnaire
served as the instrument for data collection. Principal Components Analysis
(PCA) version of Factor Analysis was used to analyze the responses of
respondents. The PCA was used to reduce the 27 considered management
options into 7 composite strategies which should be adopted for effective urban
solid waste management. They are citizen mobilization and environmental
education, strengthening of public agencies, responsible government, logistics
and infrastructural improvement, legislation, appropriate technologies,
monitoring and surveillance. It is recommended that all segments of the society
must team up with public agency to find a panacea to urban solid waste
management. Regardless of the importance and relatedness of this study to the
present study, it is limited in scope in that it did not point out the hindrances to
Waste Management.

Also, the study is limited geographically because it focused on the urban areas
only, thus, the strategies it preferred, may not be applicable in rural areas.
However, the present study will identify the hindrances to Waste Management
and proffer strategies for effective Waste Management in rural and urban areas.
A cross-sectional research design was carried out by Modebe, Onyeonoro,
Ezeama, Ogbuagu and Agam (2015) on public health implications of household
solid waste management in Abuja of Nigeria to examine the waste handling
practices among households in Abuja, an urban area in Nigeria. The population
for the study comprised of all the households in Abuja. Using a multi-staged
random sampling technique, a total of 200 households was selected.

45
Questionnaire and interview schedule served as instrument for data collection.
The data collected were analyzed and calculated using frequency distribution
tables and charts. Results obtained revealed that the bulk of the solid waste
generated consisted of putrescible matter and cellophane bags. 170 (85%) of the
households stored their waste in a closed container outside the house. 73% of
the respondents disposed their waste through the inefficient government waste
management agency, 27% dumped theirs in unauthorized areas and the
remainder patronized private mobile cart pushers.

Majority of the respondents (87.5%) did not sort their waste prior to disposal.
Despite very good knowledge of waste recycling (95%), only 35 households
(17.5%) practiced it. More than half of the respondents expressed dissatisfaction
with the level of government involvement in waste management and wished it
could do more. 55.5% of the respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the
disposal of their solid waste by ANSEPA while 42.5% thought Abuja state
environmental protection Agency was doing a good job. Suggestions on ways to
improve solid 47 waste management included payment of fines for
indiscriminate disposal (63%), payment of fees for collection by Abuja state
environmental protection Agency (49%), and massive educational campaigns
(4%). The study recommends the need for greater government involvement,
community participation and orientation with private sector involvement in
waste management in Abuja, with a view to building capacity for effective
delivery of waste management services and ultimately improves the sanitary
state of the city thereby reducing preventable disease burden on the populace.
This study no doubt is significant but it is limited geographically and scope; in
the sense that it focused on urban areas and on household waste. However, the
present study will cover both urban and rural areas and other forms of waste
management.

46
Ogwuche and Yusufu (2016) carried out an assessment of the factors
influencing the generation and disposal of urban household waste in Abuja: The
Nigeria perspective, to identify the underlying factors that influence household
waste generation and disposal in Nigeria. All the households in the urban areas
of the 6 geopolitical zones in the country comprised the population for the
study. The sample size for the study were a total of 240 household selected from
the 6 Geopolitical zones of the country. 40 respondents each were randomly
selected from each of 1 state capital purposively chosen from each of the zones.
Questionnaire served as the instrument for data collection.

The correlation analysis and factor analytic approach were used for data
analysis. While the correlation analysis was used to measure the strength and
nature of the interrelationship/correlates among the assessment variables, the
factor analytic technique was used to identify the underlying factors that
influence the generation and disposal of household waste in Nigeria. The results
of the correlations analysis showed positive high and significant correlations
between Residential area type and Employment status, Income and size of waste
generated, Size of waste generated Employment status and size of waste
generated, Income and size of waste generated Problems of indiscriminate
waste disposal and willingness to pay for proper waste disposal Incidence of
waste related illness and improper waste disposal. The study recommended an
integrated waste management system for Nigerian urban areas that takes into
account economic, social, environmental and institutional dimensions. This
study no doubt is significant but it is limited geographically and scope; in the
sense that it focused on urban areas and on household solid waste. However, the
present study will cover both urban and rural areas and other forms of solid
waste management. 48 Ezigbo (2016) carried out a study on management of
waste in Nigeria: challenges and solution using descriptive research design. The
objective of the study was to identify the methods for storage of wastes,

47
ascertain the waste disposal systems, and determine the effective waste
management system.

Population for the study was 2000 (Anambra State waste management
Authority, ASWAMA-1200 and Enugu State waste management Authority,
ESWAMA-8000). A sample size of 333 comprised of 200 ASWAMA and 133
ESWAMA obtained using Taro Yamane’s statistical formular was used for the
study. Observation schedule, interview and questionnaire served as the
instruments for data collection. Data obtained were analyzed using frequencies
and percentages. Hypotheses formulated were tested using chi-square statistic.
Result obtained indicated that financial constraints and lack of appropriate
technologies are the major challenges to waste management. The study
concludes that successful waste management depends on adequate financing,
enabling legislation and a supporting institutional and policy environment. The
study therefore recommends a holistic program which will integrate all the
technical, economic, social, cultural and psychological factors that are often
ignored in solid waste management.

Yeny and Yulinah (2014) conducted a study on waste management in Asian

developing countries: Challenges and Opportunities. The objective of the study
was to review the existing management of Waste and the current problem of
Waste collection and transportation, disposal and treatment processes in Asian
developing countries. The study utilized descriptive research design. Population
for the study consisted of all the Asian developing countries. Eleven Asian
developing countries that were randomly selected were used for the study.
Questionnaire served as the instrument for data collection. Data collected were
analyzed using frequencies and percentages. Result revealed that the common
problems of solid waste management are no separation at source, complicated
collection processes, open dumped landfill, and no control of gas emissions and

48
leachate in landfill. Also, the study found that Waste collection process is a
complicated task in many places. And that mechanical equipment is inadequate
and manual collection is more implemented for picking up the Waste. Again,
the problems of Waste collection are caused by lack of transfer station facility.

Additionally, the problem of Waste Transportation is due to limited application

of appropriate methods. There was scarcity of Waste transfer facility and low
collection-transportation service. The other difficulties in transportation of
Waste are the aging of waste transport vehicles and the condition of streets and
weakness in organization structures, and collection method. Challenges to waste
disposal and 49 treatment in Asian developing countries included high cost in
operation and maintenance of appropriate methods such as compositing; and
weak maintenance and operation of facilities, incomplete separation of non-
compostable materials. The study therefore recommends certain alternative
solutions to Waste Management in Nigeria. They include changing of public
behaviour, reducing biodegradable Waste at source, partnership in Waste
Management among others. Though this study is related to the present study,
the study concentrated in Asian developing countries which Nigeria is not
among. Therefore, the study will be carried out in Anambra State of Nigeria.

Mohammed and Ansari (2017) conducted a study on Municipal waste

management systems in the Kingdom of Bahrain. The objective of the study
was to evaluate the existing municipal waste management system in Kingdom
of Bahrain using the descriptive research design. All the households in the five
governorates of the Kingdom of Bahrain consisted the population for the study.
A sample of 350 households randomly selected from the rest of the households
was used for the study. Questionnaire and structured interview schedule served
as the instruments for data collection. Data collected were analyzed and
converted to graphical representations such as charts and tables for easier

49
evaluation and interpretation. Other information was subjected to SPSS analysis
to determine relationships through correlation levels between key variables.
Result revealed among others that 74% of surveyed households agreed that
there is a need for additional containers within their vicinity. Result also showed
some challenges to waste management to include unplanned methodology for
containers replacement over calculated time and distanced garbage containers
from the houses. The study therefore recommends among others adequate
provision of waste containers within household vicinity and planned
methodology for containers replacement.

Agwu, (2014) conducted a study on issues and challenges of waste management

practices in Port-Harcourt city, Nigeria- a behavioural perspective, using the
descriptive research design to examine the relationship between individual
background (sex, age and social class) and the level of awareness, knowledge
and practices of solid waste management among Port-Harcourt city residents.
The population for the study was 800 Port-Harcourt city residents randomly
surveyed from the two local government areas of the city (Port-Harcourt city
and Obio/Akpor LGAs). The instrument for data collection was a structured
questionnaire. Data collected were subjected to percentages, mean, standard
deviation, t-test and chi-square statistical analyses. Findings obtained revealed
that: Port-Harcourt city residents from the sampled zones were aware of solid
waste management problems in 50 their environment, but possessed poor waste
management practices; and the propensity for waste management practices
differed by background (sex, social class and age) of residents. Significant
relationships were observed between respondents’ sex, age and social class and
their level of awareness, knowledge and practices of waste management. This
research therefore recommended: sensitization of Port-Harcourt city residents
on the dangers of poor solid waste management; provision of near-by waste
collection points; enactment of waste management laws with stiffer penalties on

50
offenders; establishment of waste recycling plants; effective monitoring of
waste contractors; provision of more waste evacuation equipment; provision of
more waste dump sites; and effective monitoring of monthly clean-up activities.

Desa, Kadir and Yusooff (2019) carried out a study on environmental awareness
and education: a key approach to waste management (Waste Management) – a
case study of a University in Malaysia to identify the current waste collection
and to assess students’ awareness, attitudes and perceptions towards solid waste
management. Descriptive research design was used for the study. Questionnaire
served as the instrument for data collection. Sample size of 537 required at 95
per cent confidence level, a margin of error at 5 per cent were determined based
on a population size of 5000 students from the university main campus. Data
were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) computer
programme version 10 software. Test of chi square was performed to determine
the relationships between attitude and practices and also between facilities and
practices. The results showed that more than half of the students (65.9%) have
negative attitudes towards Waste Management. Likewise only 40 per cent
showed positive perception concerning Waste Management. Results from the
descriptive analysis were supported by the results of Chi Square which showed
that there was no relationship between attitude and practice (x2 =2.452,
p>0.05), and also between facilities and practice (x2 =1.618, p>0.05). The study
therefore recommends among others the inclusion of environmental education
in the school educational system as the best way to create awareness and to
educate the students on environmental issues.

Ogwuche (2018) conducted a study on spatial location of solid waste dumpsites

and collection scheduling using the geographic information systems in Bauchi
metropolis, Nigeria. The objective of the study was to examine the application

51
of Geographic Information Systems in determining the spatial location of waste
dump sites and collection scheduling in Bauchi metropolis.

The study used the field survey and descriptive survey research design to
acquire spatial and non-spatial data 51 respectively. The study population
consisted of all the households in Bauchi metropolis. A sample size of 38
households, selected systematically from 3 residential areas of the city was used
for the study. The study obtained data on household waste generation, disposal
as well as collection schedule, and identified hotspots of waste dumpsites in the
area. The study revealed that: the average household size is 9; daily solid waste
generated per household is 6.11kg; and per person is 0.80kg. While 40% of the
wastes generated are managed by BASEPA, 30% are indiscriminately dumped
in unauthorized spots in the area. The map of the area showing the spatial
location of the identified hot spots of the dumpsites was produced. The study
recommends the employment of the integrated waste management system that
requires geospatial information if sustainable waste management in urban areas
is to be achieved. The study is quiet important but it is limited geographically.
This present study will bridge this gap and extend to rural areas.

Fafioye, and John-Dewole (2017) conducted a critical assessment of waste

management problems in Ibadan South-West Local Government Area of Oyo
State in Nigeria. The descriptive research survey design was adopted for the
study. The population for the study consisted of all the residents in the
community. The sample for the study was 200 participants drawn from five
political wards using simple random sampling technique with replacement. Six
hypotheses were postulated to guide the study. Questionnaire served as the
instrument for data collection. Data collected for the study were subjected to
descriptive statistics using frequency and percentages of the responses.

52
The responses were graded as follows for computation purpose; Strongly Agree
= 1, Agree = 2, Disagree = 3, Strongly Disagree = 4. The relationship between
the observed variables and waste management problem as constant were
analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The six hypotheses were
tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (r) at a significant level (α-
level) of 0.01, to check the significant relationships of six identified factors that
contributed to the waste management problems in the study area. The results of
the hypotheses tested indicated that there were significant relationships between
the problems and the educational background of the city dwellers. The
nonchalant attitude of the inhabitants towards their environment is another
significant contributory factor to waste management problems in Ibadan South-
west LGA. Lack of adequate number of environmental-health personnel and
good operational equipments to work with also posed a big problem to waste
management in the study area. The results further revealed that the area suffered
waste management problems due to lack of proper physical town planning and
lack of adequate 52 funding to support the poor environmental state of health of
the community. The study therefore recommended that the concerned
authorities should take note of the six factors highlighted in the study and to
also effect necessary changes to mitigate the effects of these problems. Though
this study is significant, it only concentrated on the residents who may not do
much as far as waste management is concerned. However, the present study will
focus on waste management agencies who are chiefly responsible for waste
management.

2.3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

An organized enterprise does not exist in a vacuum. Rather, it is dependent on
its external environment. It is part of a larger system as the system to which it
belongs, the biological or physical system and society. System theory views the
organization as a system. An organization in this perspective is perceived as a

53
system made up of interdependent parts, each functioning so that the entire
system is perpetuated (or survives) over time.

Gibson et al (1994,1992) defined system as a grouping of elements that

individually establish relationship with each other and also interact both as
individual and as a collective entity. A system can be defined as a set of units’
part of the whole system. Thus, a system can be defined as a set of unit’s part or
entities which interact with another to perpetrate the function of existence of the
whole system. Thus, a system is not just a sum of units’/parts but also includes
the interaction among the parts. Each part has a specific role or function to play
in ensuring the functional survival of the system. An absence or malfunctioning
of one or more of the units/entities of the system may not necessarily kill the
system can be more important than the system itself as propounded by Koonty
(1980) an organization or system receives inputs, transform them, and exports
the outputs to the environment (figure 2 shows the functional elements of the
organization as a system). This simple model was expended and developed into
a model of operational management that indicates how the various inputs are
transformed through the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing,
leading and controlling. This is illustrated in figure.

FIGURE: INPUT-OUTPUT MODELS

Reenergizing the System

Inputs Transformation Process Outputs

External Environment

54
This simple model was further expanded into a model of operational
management that indicates how the various inputs are transformed through
managerial functions of planning, staffing, leading and controlling as applicable
to this study. This is illustrated in figure also, adequate, effective and qualify
personnel as required as inputs.

SYSTEM APPROACH TO WASTE MANAGEMENT

Health Department/AEPB
Natural Resources
Equipment/Material

INPUTS TRANSFORMATION/CONVERSION OUTPUT

Food. Water Effective
Clothes, Paper sanitary
Materials service
and recycling
into manure
and other materials

Transformation of waste good hygiene

Material environment

Feedback

External environment

SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW

Under the conceptual frame work, the concept of wastes, wastes, management,
concept of policy and other related concepts were defined, operationalized and
applied to the present study. Reviewed literature showed different perspectives
of wastes. While some researchers saw wastes as resources wrongly placed and
not recycled, some others saw it as useless and valueless materials. Wastes in
this study refer to disposed useless concrete materials that may be recycled for

55
useful purposes. The concept of management was also conceptualized as the
process of coordinating the efforts of waste management workers in waste
management using available material and human resources in Abuja.
Impediments was conceptualized as things that prevent efficient handling of
waste in Abuja while optimization strategies as approaches to be adopted to
enhance the efficiency of waste management workers in removing waste from
Abuja environment. Management of waste from literature can be likened to a
system that involves sub-systems of wastes collection, storage, transportation,
treatment and disposal that are performed by individuals. These have bases in
some theories such as system theory and theory of reasoned action. Two of
these theories were reviewed and applied in this study under theoretical
framework. They are systems theory and theory of reasoned action. System
theory deals with interdependence of subsystems or components that make up a
whole system. The tenets of system theory are integration of parts of a system in
problem solving and that problem of a system cannot be solved as well if it is
considered in isolation from components that make up the system. There should
be interdependence among wastes workers for effective waste management in
the State. This is because if ASWAMS staff’s efforts are not supported by
LAGA International staff and vice visa, example: if ASWAMA maps out
dumpsites and LAGA International staff do not comply, waste management will
be ineffective in the State. Theory of reasoned action posited that a person's
intention to perform a 53 specific behavior is a function of two factors: 1)
attitude (positive or negative) toward the behaviour and 2) the influence of the
social environment (general subjective norms) on the behaviour and that the
attitude toward the behavior is determined by the person's belief that a given
outcome will occur if s(he) performs the behavior and by an evaluation of the
outcome. Waste management can be influenced by the waste management
workers’ attitude and social environment. The waste management workers’
attitude towards waste management is guided by their belief and evaluation of

56
the effects of poor waste management on their health and environment. If they
belief that poor waste management will adversely affect their health and
environment, it will motivate them to be committed to solid wastes
management. Foreign and local studies related to the study were reviewed under
empirical framework. Most of the studies reviewed were either limited in scope
or geographically. Hence, their findings cannot be generalized. Most of the
studies reviewed were not carried out in Abuja. However, a study conducted on
wastes management challenges in Onitsha, urban city in 2013, is limited
geographically in the sense that it was carried out in an urban area of the State,
thus, its findings cannot be generalized for both rural and urban areas.
Additionally, the study is ten years old. Given the time lapse, the situation of
things may have changed. It is therefore expedient to find out impediments to,
and optimization strategies for waste management in Abuja Federal Capita
Territory, Nigeria.

CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

57
 This chapter presents the research design, area of the study, population of the
study, sample and sampling technique, instrument for data collection, methods
of data collection and analysis.

3.1. RESEARCH DESIGN

The study utilized the descriptive research design. A descriptive research study
according to Ejifugha (2004) is one that describes the way things are. It gives
exactly what obtains regarding a subject under study. Martyn (2008) stated that
descriptive research design is a scientific method and that it involves observing
and describing the behaviour of a subject without influencing it in any way.
This research design has been successfully utilized by many researchers on
related works. In view of this, this research work considered descriptive
research design appropriate for the present study.

3.2. STUDY AREA

This research work focus it study area in Abuja environmental protection board
(AEPB) activities in Nyanya Area of Abuja Municipal Area Council (AMAC).
The study concentrative on 10 street area of Nyanya Area of FCT-Abuja. To
find out solution and lasting remedies to the problems of inadequacies of
instructional capacities on the part of various agencies.

3.3. POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The population of the study is centered on the people of Nyanya Area of
AMAC, the staff of Abuja Municipal Area Council, and the management of
waste in Nyanya FCT-Abuja.

3.4. SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Sample Size:

58
 The researcher in this piece of work choose Two Hundred and Twenty-five
(225) to constitute the sample size. The sample was drawn fron ten (10) street in
Nyanya Area Council of FCT-Abuja, household and department of health
AMAC of 25 strength, however, all the staff is included as population of the
study in view of this total sample size of the study is 225.

Name of street in Nyanya FCT-Abuja

S/NO STREET/AREA RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE
%
1. Area A (Last Road) 20 9
2. Area A (Extention) 23 10
3. Area B (Last Road) 18 8
4. Area C (Junction) 27 12
5. Area C (Hospital Road) 25 11
6. Area D (Mople Barracks) 23 10
7. Area D (Obalande) 18 8
8. Area E (Police Station Road) 27 12
9. Area F (Vio Road) 25 11
10. Phase IV (Road D) 19 9
TOTAL 225 100
Source: Field Survey 2022

Sampling Techniques:
The researcher carrying out this investigation employed the random sampling
techniques, this technique gives opportunity to the staff of Abuja Environmental
Protection Board (AEPB) especially those in the department of Waste
Management and Waste Disposal to be selected.
3.5. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION

59
 Method of data collection adopted by this research work are observation,
personal interview, questionnaire and secondary data.

3.6. METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS

Simple statistical tools such as; tables, frequency, counts and percentages were
used to analyze various data collected for the study.

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