12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Weightage
Weightage of Matrices & Determinant (Last 5 years)
Topics 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020
JEE Mains 6.5% 6.52% 7.27% 7.95% 6.45%
JEE Advanced 8.82% 9% 8% 10% 5%
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Topics to be Covered
● Introduction to Matrices
● Algebra of matrices
● Type of matrices
● Adjoint of matrix and its properties
● Inverse of a matrix and Its properties
● Consistency of simultaneous Equations
● Solution of simultaneous linear
equations using Matrices
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Important Topics
● Algebra of matrices
● Adjoint of matrix and its properties
● Inverse of a matrix and Its properties
● Consistency of simultaneous Equations
● Solution of simultaneous linear
equations using Matrices
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Describing Matrices
Matrices
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Describing Matrices
Matrices
Its an arrangement of m×n elements in ‘m’ rows & ‘n’
columns.
a11 a12
⋯ a1n
a21 a22
⋯ a2n
⋮ m×n
⋮
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Types of Matrices
(a) Row matrix:
(b) Column matrix:
(c) Zero or Null matrix:
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Types of Matrices
(d) Horizontal matrix:
(e) Vertical matrix:
(f) Square matrix:
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Types of Matrices
Note :
In square matrix:
(i) aii are called diagonal elements.
(ii) aij & aji are called conjugate elements.
(iii) is called trace of square matrix.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Square Matrix
Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix
aij = 0 ∀ i ≠ j
Upper Triangular Lower Triangular Scalar Matrix
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Equality of matrices
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Equality of matrices
Two matrices are said to be equal if
1. They have same order
2. Corresponding terms are equal.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Addition of matrices
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Addition of matrices
Two matrices of same order are added term by term
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Multiplication of a matrix by a constant :
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Multiplication of a matrix by a constant :
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Multiplication of two Matrices :
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Multiplication of two Matrices :
Am×n × Bn×p
= Cm×p
Pre-multiplier Post-multiplier
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Note :
● Two matrices can be multiplied only if number of
columns of pre-multiplier is equal to number of rows
of post multiplier.
● Matrices are multiplied in row by column way of
determinant multiplications.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Properties of Multiplication :
1. It’s not commutative.
i.e. AB ≠ BA (in general)
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Properties of Multiplication :
2. It’s Associative
i.e. (A × B) × C = A × (B × C)
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Properties of Multiplication :
3. It distributes over addition.
i.e. A × (B + C) = A × B + A × C
or (B + C) × A = B × A + C × A
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Properties of Multiplication :
4. Multiplicative identity exists.
Im × m × Am × n = Am × n = Am × n × In × n
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Algebra of Matrices
Properties of Multiplication :
5. Any matrix multiplied with null matrix gives a null matrix.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Relation between Matrices and
Determinants
(a) We find determinant of a square matrix.
(b) If A & B are two square matrices of same order then
|A × B| = |A| × |B|
Remark
Clearly, |An| = |A|n
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Relation between Matrices and
Determinants
(c) If An is a square matrix of order n & K is a constant then:
|K × An| = Kn |An|
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Transpose and Its Properties
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Transpose and Its Properties
Matrix obtained by interchanging rows & columns is called
transpose of matrix, denoted by AT or A .
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Transpose and Its Properties
Matrix obtained by interchanging rows & columns is called
transpose of matrix, denoted by AT or A .
Properties of transpose
1. (AT)T = A
2. (A + B)T = AT + BT
3. (KA)T = K(AT) ; K is Constant
4. (AB)T = BT AT
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Symmetric and Skew symmetric :
Symmetric matrix :
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Symmetric and Skew symmetric :
Symmetric matrix :
If then square matrix An is called
symmetric matrix.
i.e. aij = aji ∀ i and j.
Ex :
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Symmetric and Skew symmetric :
Skew Symmetric matrix :
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Symmetric and Skew symmetric :
Skew Symmetric matrix :
If then square matrix An is called skew
symmetric matrix.
i.e. aij = -aji ∀ i and j
Clearly, aij = 0 ∀ i
Ex :
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Remark :
Every square matrix A can be represented as a sum of
symmetric & skew symmetric matrix.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Hermitian and Skew Hermitian Matrix :
Transposed Conjugate :
Transpose of conjugate of a matrix is called its
transposed conjugate.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Hermitian and Skew Hermitian Matrix :
Transposed Conjugate :
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Hermitian and Skew Hermitian Matrix :
Hermitian Matrix :
A square matrix is called Hermitian matrix if
i.e.,
Clearly, and hence diagonal elements
will be purely real.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Hermitian and Skew Hermitian Matrix :
Hermitian Matrix :
Ex :
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Hermitian and Skew Hermitian Matrix :
Skew Hermitian Matrix :
A square matrix is called skew Hermitian matrix if
i.e.,
Clearly, and hence diagonal
elements will be purely imaginary.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Hermitian and Skew Hermitian Matrix :
Skew Hermitian Matrix :
Ex :
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Orthogonal Matrix :
A square matrix is called orthogonal if AAT = I
Remark
If A is an orthogonal matrix then its determinant must be
±1.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Unitary Matrix :
A square matrix is called unitary matrix if
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Idempotent Matrix :
A square matrix is called idempotent if A2 = A.
Clearly, An will also be equal to A ∀ n ≥ 2
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Involutory Matrix :
A square matrix is called Involutory A2 = I.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Nilpotent Matrix :
A square matrix is called nilpotent matrix of order m if:
e.g.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Nilpotent Matrix :
A square matrix is called nilpotent matrix of order m if:
e.g.
Note
There is no way to check whether matrix is nilpotent or not,
other than checking the powers manually.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Some Special types of Matrices
Singular and Non-singular Matrix :
A matrix is called singular if its determinant is zero,
otherwise it is called non-singular.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Inverse of Matrix
Square matrix Bn is called inverse matrix of An if:
AB = BA = I
Clearly, if B is inverse of A then A is also inverse of B.
Formula for A−1
Clearly, A−1 exists (i.e. matrix A is invertible iff A is non-
singular)
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Properties of Inverse
i.e. reversal law holds.
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
System of linear Equations using
Matrices
Consider,
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
Clearly, we can represent it as: AX = B
Where,
−1
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
System of linear Equations using
Matrices
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Number of solutions
|A|
|A| ≠ 0 |A| = 0
Unique solution
(adj A) × B = 0
Infinitely many solutions (adj A) × B ≠ 0
provided not all cofactors No solution
are zero
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Cayley Hamilton Theorem
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Cayley Hamilton Theorem
If A is any square matrix, then :
| A - xI | = 0
is called its characteristic equation.
e.g. characteristic equation of is:
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Cayley Hamilton Theorem
Cayley Hamilton theorem:
Every Matrix satisfies its characteristic equation.
Characteristic equation of is:
12th JEE : Mathematics : Matrices
Cayley Hamilton Theorem
Cayley Hamilton theorem:
Using Cayley Hamilton then, we have
A2 - 2A - 3I = 0.