Socialization Superego (the social conscience we have

the long complicated process of social interaction internalized from social groups which give us feelings of
through which the child learns the intellectual, physical, and guilt or shame when we break rules, and feelings of
social skills needed to function as a member of society. pride and self-satisfaction when we follow them).
It does not stop at a certain age but this process
continues until life lays down to death. Paul Ekman
This process develops the skills and disciplines one Psychologist, concluded that everyone
needed, instills the aspirations, values, and the design for experiences six basic emotions, namely: anger, disgust,
living that the particular society possesses, and teaches the fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise
social roles which an individual must enact in society.

Charles H. Cooley Childhood (from birth to about age 12)

American sociologist, concluded that human – In earlier times, children were seen as
development is socially created – that our sense of self miniature adults, who served an apprenticeship.
develops from interaction with others. He coined the term
“looking-glass self” which is a social psychological concept Adolescence (ages 13-17)
that bears three components, to wit: – Adolescence is a social invention.
(1) we imagine how we look to others,
(2) we interpret other’s reactions (how they Transitional Adulthood (ages 18-29)
evaluate us), and – Adult responsibilities are postponed through
(3) we develop a self-concept. extended education such as college.

A favorable reflection in the “social mirror” results in a Middle Years (ages 30-65):
positive self-concept, while a negative reflection results in a a. Early Middle Years (ages 30-49)
negative self-concept. – People are surer of themselves and
their goals in life than earlier, but severe jolts
George Herbert Mead such as divorce or losing a job can occur.
American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, b. Later Middle Years (ages 50-65)
agreed with Cooley but added that “play” is critical to the – A different view of life emerges,
development of self. He distinguished the “I” from the “Me” in including trying to evaluate the past and coming
the development of the self. The “I” component is the to terms with what lies ahead. Individuals may
subjective, active, spontaneous, and creative part of the feel they are not likely to get much farther in life,
social self, while the “Me” component is the objective part while health and mortality become concerns.
(the attitudes internalized from interactions with others). He However, for most people, it is the most
stated that not only the self is a social product but also comfortable period in their entire lives.
includes the mind.
Older Years (about age 65 and on):
Jean Piaget, a. Transitional Older Years
Swiss psychologist, developed the Theory of - Improvements in nutrition,
Cognitive Development which examined how children public health, and medical care delay
develop intellectually throughout childhood. the onset of old age. For many, this
(1) Sensory stage (0-2 years) (understanding is period is an extension of the middle
limited to direct contact with the environment such as years. Those who still work or are
touching, listening, seeing, etc.), socially active are unlikely to see
(2) Preoperational stage (2-7 years) (children themselves as old.
develop the ability to use symbols, especially language, b. Later Older Years
which allow them to experience things without direct – Growing frailty and illness,
contact), and eventually death marks this period.
(3) Concrete operational stage (7-12 years) The sociological significance of the life course is how it is
(reasoning abilities become much more developed; children shaped by social factors (the period in which the person
now can understand numbers, size, causation, and speed but is born and lives his or her life) as well as their social
have difficulty with abstract concepts such as truth), and locations (social class, gender, and race). The most
(4) Formal operational stage (12+ years) (children important socializers in our lives fall into seven major
become capable of abstract thinking, and can use rules to agencies, namely:
solve abstract problems). family, peer groups, media, school, workplace, religion,
and neighborhood.
there is no consensus or agreement about the
universality of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development Resocialization refers to the process of learning new
for two reasons: norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.
(a) some adults never appear to reach the fourth
stage, whether due to particular social experiences Erving Goffman
or to biology and Canadian-born sociologist, social psychologist,
(b) the content of what we learn varies from one and writer, used the term “total institution” to refer to
culture to another, having very different places such as boot camps, prisons, concentration camps,
experiences and the thinking processes that revolve or some mental hospitals, religious cults, and boarding
around these experiences for we cannot assume schools.
that the developmental sequences will be the same these are places where people are cut
for everyone. off from the rest of society and are under the
Sigmund Freud, almost total control of agents of the institution.
Austrian neurologist, believed that personality
consisted of three elements, namely:
Id (inherited drives that cause one to seek self-
gratification, which demands fulfillment of basic needs such
as attention, safety, food, and sex),
Ego (the balancing force between the needs of the id
and the demands of society), and
Macrosociology Society
where it places the focus on large-scale features of a relatively large grouping or collectivity of
social structure. it investigates large-scale social forces and people who share a more or less common and distinct
the effects they have on entire societies and the groups culture, occupying a certain geographical locality, with
within them. It is utilized by functionalists and conflict the feeling of identity or belongingness, having all the
theorists. necessary social arrangements or insinuations to sustain
itself.
Microsociology
emphasizes social interaction, or what people do six kinds of societies
when they come together. Symbolic interactionists used this
level of analysis. Hunting and Gathering Societies
It depends primarily on hunting and gathering
Social structure for its survival.
the patterned relationships between people that
persist over time. Behaviors and attitudes are determined by Pastoral and Horticultural Societies
our location or standing in the social structure. Components The pastoral societies are those whose
of social structure are cultures, social class, social status, livelihood is based on the pasturing of animals, while
roles, groups, and institutions. horticultural societies are those whose economy is
based on cultivating plants by the use of simple tools.
Culture
a group’s language, beliefs, values, behaviors, and Agricultural Societies
gestures. Simply, it is the ways of life o people in a certain These are based on large-scale agriculture
group or setting. It includes material objects used by a group. which largely depends on plowing using animal labor.

Social class Industrial Societies

is based on income, education, and occupational It is one in which goods are produced by
prestige. A large number of people who have similar machines powered by fuels instead of by animals and
amounts of income and education and who work at jobs that human energy.
are roughly comparable in prestige make up a social class.
Post-Industrial Societies
Social status These are based on information, services, and
the position that an individual occupies. An high technology rather than on raw materials and
individual holds not only a single status one occupies in manufacturing.
society.
Biotech Societies
Status set These are emerging societies that will center on
refers to all the statuses or positions that an applying and altering genetic structures – both plants
individual occupies and animals – to produce foods, medicines, and
materials.
TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL STATUS

Ascribed status Emile Durkheim

-positions an individual either inherits at birth or Sociologist, was interested in how societies
receives involuntarily later in life such as sex, age, and manage to create social integration. He found that
ethnicity, among others. societies are held together by mechanical solidarity.

Achieved status mechanical solidarity

- positions that are earned, accomplished, or people who perform similar tasks develop a
involved at least some effort or activity on the individual’s shared consciousness. As societies grow larger, they
part such as becoming a lawyer, teacher, engineer, or even a develop a specialized division of labor.
criminal.
Organic solidarity
Master Status a form of social interdependence in which
-in sociology, describes the status of greatest groups of people depend on one another for the specific
importance in a particular person’s life. It cuts across the work that each person can contribute to the entire group.
other statuses that an individual occupies, be it ascribed or
achieved. Ferdinand Tönnies
analyzed the shift in social relationships as
status inconsistency societies developed and changed over time.
-It is a contradiction or mismatch between statuses
Gemeinschaft
Status symbols a traditional society in which family, kin, and
- signs that people used who want others to community ties are quite strong, with people caring for
recognize that they occupy a certain status. each other and looking out for one another.
Gesellschaft
Roles the weakening of social ties and personal
the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached relationships as societies grow and become
to a status. industrialized.

Social institutions Stereotypes

mechanisms o patterns of social order or society’s assumptions of what people are like, whether
standard ways of meeting their basic needs. true or false. Such assumptions affect one’s ideas about
the person and how one acts toward that person.
Group
composed of people who regularly and consciously
interact with one another and typically share similar values,
norms, and expectations.
Personal space
the physical space that surrounds us and that we
claim as our own.

Edward Hall
Anthropologist, found that Americans use four
different distance zones in the observance of the sense of
personal space:
(1) intimate distance (about 18 inches from the
body) for lovemaking, comforting, and protecting,
(2) personal distance (from 18 inches to 4 feet) for
friends, acquaintances and ordinary conversations,
(3) social distance (from 4 feet to 12 feet) for
impersonal of formal relationships such as job
interviews, and
(4) public distance (beyond 12 feet) for even more
formal relationships such as separating dignitaries
and public speakers from the general public.

Body language
is how people use their bodies to give messages to
others. The use of body language is essential for getting
through everyday life.

Dramaturgy
an analysis of how we present ourselves in
everyday life. Social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the
stage.

Goffman
socialization prepares people for learning to
perform on the stage of everyday life.

front stage
– is where performances are given, and

backstage
– is where people rest from their performances,
discuss their presentations, and plan future performances.

Role performance
- is the particular emphasis or interpretation that an
individual gives a role, the person’s style

Role conflict
occurs when the expectations attached to one role
are incompatible with the expectations of another role, in
other words, a conflict between roles.

Role strain
refers to conflicts that someone feels within a role.

face-saving
involves doing or saying things (or not saying things)
to avoid them being embarrassed or otherwise losing social
status.

Passive face-saving
has the 'do no harm' philosophy and means that you
avoid doing or saying things that would embarrass the other
person.

Active face-saving
is where you go out of your way to help and rescue
them, for example by taking the blame for things that are not
your fault.

Ethnomethodology
involves the discovery of rules concerning our
views of the world and how people ought to act.

The Thomas theorem

states that “If people define situations as real, they
are real in their consequences”.