Socialization Psychologist, concluded that everyone

the long complicated process of social interaction experiences six basic emotions, namely: anger, disgust,
through which the child learns the intellectual, physical, and fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise
social skills needed to function as a member of society.
It does not stop at a certain age but this process
continues until life lays down to death. Childhood (from birth to about age 12)
This process develops the skills and disciplines one – In earlier times, children were seen as miniature
needed, instills the aspirations, values, and the design for living adults, who served an apprenticeship.
that the particular society possesses, and teaches the social
roles which an individual must enact in society. Adolescence (ages 13-17)
– Adolescence is a social invention.
Charles H. Cooley
American sociologist, concluded that human Transitional Adulthood (ages 18-29)
development is socially created – that our sense of self develops – Adult responsibilities are postponed through
from interaction with others. He coined the term “looking-glass extended education such as college.
self” which is a social psychological concept that bears three
components, to wit: Middle Years (ages 30-65):
(1) we imagine how we look to others, a. Early Middle Years (ages 30-49)
(2) we interpret other’s reactions (how they evaluate us), and – People are surer of themselves and
(3) we develop a self-concept. their goals in life than earlier, but severe jolts such
as divorce or losing a job can occur.
A favorable reflection in the “social mirror” results in a positive b. Later Middle Years (ages 50-65)
self-concept, while a negative reflection results in a negative – A different view of life emerges,
self-concept. including trying to evaluate the past and coming
to terms with what lies ahead. Individuals may
George Herbert Mead feel they are not likely to get much farther in life,
American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, while health and mortality become concerns.
agreed with Cooley but added that “play” is critical to the However, for most people, it is the most
development of self. He distinguished the “I” from the “Me” in comfortable period in their entire lives.
the development of the self. The “I” component is the
subjective, active, spontaneous, and creative part of the social Older Years (about age 65 and on):
self, while the “Me” component is the objective part (the a. Transitional Older Years
attitudes internalized from interactions with others). He stated - Improvements in nutrition,
that not only the self is a social product but also includes the public health, and medical care delay the
mind. onset of old age. For many, this period is
an extension of the middle years. Those
Jean Piaget, who still work or are socially active are
Swiss psychologist, developed the Theory of Cognitive unlikely to see themselves as old.
Development which examined how children develop b. Later Older Years
intellectually throughout childhood. – Growing frailty and illness, and
(1) Sensory stage (0-2 years) (understanding is limited eventually death marks this period.
to direct contact with the environment such as touching, The sociological significance of the life course is how it is
listening, seeing, etc.), shaped by social factors (the period in which the person is
(2) Preoperational stage (2-7 years) (children develop born and lives his or her life) as well as their social
the ability to use symbols, especially language, which allow locations (social class, gender, and race). The most
them to experience things without direct contact), important socializers in our lives fall into seven major
(3) Concrete operational stage (7-12 years) agencies, namely:
(reasoning abilities become much more developed; children family, peer groups, media, school, workplace, religion, and
now can understand numbers, size, causation, and speed but neighborhood.
have difficulty with abstract concepts such as truth), and
(4) Formal operational stage (12+ years) (children Resocialization refers to the process of learning new
become capable of abstract thinking, and can use rules to solve norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.
abstract problems).
Erving Goffman
there is no consensus or agreement about the Canadian-born sociologist, social psychologist,
universality of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development and writer, used the term “total institution” to refer to
for two reasons: places such as boot camps, prisons, concentration camps,
(a) some adults never appear to reach the fourth stage, or some mental hospitals, religious cults, and boarding
whether due to particular social experiences or to biology and schools.
(b) the content of what we learn varies from one culture to these are places where people are cut off
another, having very different experiences and the thinking from the rest of society and are under the almost
processes that revolve around these experiences for we cannot total control of agents of the institution.
assume that the developmental sequences will be the same for
everyone.
Sigmund Freud,
Austrian neurologist, believed that personality
consisted of three elements, namely:
Id (inherited drives that cause one to seek self-
gratification, which demands fulfillment of basic needs such as
attention, safety, food, and sex),
Ego (the balancing force between the needs of the id
and the demands of society), and
Macrosociology
where it places the focus on large-scale features of
Superego (the social conscience we have internalized social structure. it investigates large-scale social forces
from social groups which give us feelings of guilt or shame and the effects they have on entire societies and the
when we break rules, and feelings of pride and self-satisfaction groups within them. It is utilized by functionalists and
when we follow them). conflict theorists.

Paul Ekman
Microsociology It depends primarily on hunting and gathering
emphasizes social interaction, or what people do for its survival.
when they come together. Symbolic interactionists used this
level of analysis. Pastoral and Horticultural Societies
The pastoral societies are those whose
Social structure livelihood is based on the pasturing of animals, while
the patterned relationships between people that horticultural societies are those whose economy is
persist over time. Behaviors and attitudes are determined by based on cultivating plants by the use of simple tools.
our location or standing in the social structure. Components of
social structure are cultures, social class, social status, roles, Agricultural Societies
groups, and institutions. These are based on large-scale agriculture which
largely depends on plowing using animal labor.
Culture
a group’s language, beliefs, values, behaviors, and Industrial Societies
gestures. Simply, it is the ways of life o people in a certain It is one in which goods are produced by
group or setting. It includes material objects used by a group. machines powered by fuels instead of by animals and
human energy.
Social class
is based on income, education, and occupational Post-Industrial Societies
prestige. A large number of people who have similar amounts These are based on information, services, and
of income and education and who work at jobs that are roughly high technology rather than on raw materials and
comparable in prestige make up a social class. manufacturing.

Social status Biotech Societies

the position that an individual occupies. An individual These are emerging societies that will center on
holds not only a single status one occupies in society. applying and altering genetic structures – both plants and
animals – to produce foods, medicines, and materials.
Status set
refers to all the statuses or positions that an
individual occupies Emile Durkheim
Sociologist, was interested in how societies
TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL STATUS manage to create social integration. He found that
societies are held together by mechanical solidarity.
Ascribed status
-positions an individual either inherits at birth or mechanical solidarity
receives involuntarily later in life such as sex, age, and people who perform similar tasks develop a
ethnicity, among others. shared consciousness. As societies grow larger, they
develop a specialized division of labor.
Achieved status
- positions that are earned, accomplished, or involved Organic solidarity
at least some effort or activity on the individual’s part such as a form of social interdependence in which groups
becoming a lawyer, teacher, engineer, or even a criminal. of people depend on one another for the specific work that
each person can contribute to the entire group.
Master Status
-in sociology, describes the status of greatest Ferdinand Tönnies
importance in a particular person’s life. It cuts across the other analyzed the shift in social relationships as
statuses that an individual occupies, be it ascribed or achieved. societies developed and changed over time.

status inconsistency Gemeinschaft

-It is a contradiction or mismatch between statuses a traditional society in which family, kin, and
community ties are quite strong, with people caring for
Status symbols each other and looking out for one another.
- signs that people used who want others to recognize Gesellschaft
that they occupy a certain status. the weakening of social ties and personal
relationships as societies grow and become industrialized.
Roles
the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to Stereotypes
a status. assumptions of what people are like, whether
true or false. Such assumptions affect one’s ideas about
Social institutions the person and how one acts toward that person.
mechanisms o patterns of social order or society’s
standard ways of meeting their basic needs.

Group
composed of people who regularly and consciously
interact with one another and typically share similar values,
norms, and expectations. Personal space
the physical space that surrounds us and that we
claim as our own.
Society
a relatively large grouping or collectivity of people Edward Hall
who share a more or less common and distinct culture, Anthropologist, found that Americans use four
occupying a certain geographical locality, with the feeling of different distance zones in the observance of the sense of
identity or belongingness, having all the necessary social personal space:
arrangements or insinuations to sustain itself. (1) intimate distance (about 18 inches from the body) for
lovemaking, comforting, and protecting,
six kinds of societies (2) personal distance (from 18 inches to 4 feet) for
friends, acquaintances and ordinary conversations,
Hunting and Gathering Societies (3) social distance (from 4 feet to 12 feet) for impersonal
of formal relationships such as job interviews, and
(4) public distance (beyond 12 feet) for even more formal
relationships such as separating dignitaries and public
speakers from the general public.

Body language
is how people use their bodies to give messages to
others. The use of body language is essential for getting
through everyday life.

Dramaturgy
an analysis of how we present ourselves in everyday
life. Social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage.

Goffman
socialization prepares people for learning to perform
on the stage of everyday life.

front stage
– is where performances are given, and

backstage
– is where people rest from their performances,
discuss their presentations, and plan future performances.

Role performance
- is the particular emphasis or interpretation that an
individual gives a role, the person’s style

Role conflict
occurs when the expectations attached to one role are
incompatible with the expectations of another role, in other
words, a conflict between roles.

Role strain
refers to conflicts that someone feels within a role.

face-saving
involves doing or saying things (or not saying things)
to avoid them being embarrassed or otherwise losing social
status.

Passive face-saving
has the 'do no harm' philosophy and means that you
avoid doing or saying things that would embarrass the other
person.

Active face-saving
is where you go out of your way to help and rescue
them, for example by taking the blame for things that are not
your fault.

Ethnomethodology
involves the discovery of rules concerning our views
of the world and how people ought to act.

The Thomas theorem

states that “If people define situations as real, they are
real in their consequences”.