STEM_BIO11/1
LESSON 1: Process Involve in Genetic Engineering 2-IIIa-b-6
QUARTER 3 | S.Y. 2024-2025
Historical Background Plasmid
- from the pass decades’ human being look for - the ability of bacterial cell to carry out
ways or methods in improving the quality of conjugation is usually due to a specific piece
their lives. From the time that human of DNA called plasmid.
wanders on the surface of the Earth they - is a circular DNA molecule smaller than and
began their transition. separate from the bacterial chromosomes.
- from the time they were called as nomads, - has the capacity to carry virtually any gene
until they’ve learned to tilt their land and and replicate in bacteria, they are the main
become a farmers and raise their livestock. tools for DNA technology.
They become immerse in improving the
quality of their domesticated plants and Overview of how plasmids can be used to
animals. give bacteria its useful potential
- people practices artificial selection, whereas
they select good qualities of organisms and 1. A plasmid if first isolated from a bacterium.
mate it with the other organism, that lead 2. DNA carrying a gene of interest is obtained
them to develop and gain best quality of from another cells.
organisms. 3. A piece of DNA containing the gene is
- this practices continuous until today. But inserted into the plasmid, producing
there is always a place for improvements. recombinant DNA.
Scientist today develop a technique that aims 4. A bacterial cell takes up the plasmid by
to modify the genetic composition of an transformation.
organism to possess the desired traits or 5. The genetically engineered, recombinant
phenotypes. bacterium is then cloned to generate to make
more copies of the gene.
Genetic Engineering
In the least part of the illustrations shows some of
- involves cutting DNA sequences and pasting the applications of genetically engineered bacteria.
them on a new sequence to create an It includes various fields such as agriculture,
organism with a specific set of hand-picked pollution remediation, medicine and production of
traits. hormones that our body needs.
- basically similar in playing LEGO blocks,
where scientist build up DNA’s until they form
and create new organisms.
DNA Technology
- widely used to engineer the genes of
cultured cells for numerous practical
purposes.
- one remarkable breakthrough of DNA
technology is the genetically engineered
bacteria. Bacteria are simple organisms that
are easy to reproduce and have a simple ([Link]
mechanisms of gene transfer.
Let’s examine in more detail some tools and
Three Modes of Gene Transfer Between procedures of this technology.
Bacteria
1.) Transduction. which is transfer via virus.
2.) Transformation. which is the uptake of
DNA from the surrounding fluid.
3.) Conjugation. which is the bacterial version
of mating. Enzymes used for cutting and pasting of DNA
molecules
STEM_BIO11/1
LESSON 1: Process Involve in Genetic Engineering 2-IIIa-b-6
QUARTER 3 | S.Y. 2024-2025
- the cutting tools for making recombinant complex process. Let’s analyze the steps in making
DNA is a bacterial enzymes called restriction cloned genes in recombinant plasmids.
enzymes.
- Restriction enzymes work by cutting the
foreign DNA, a process refers to as
restrictions because it restricts foreign DNA
from surviving in the cell.
- Most restriction enzymes recognize short
nucleotide sequences in DNA molecules and
cut at specific areas within the recognition
site.
Let’s outline the process of creating recombinant
DNA using a restriction enzymes and DNA ligase.
1. A restriction enzyme cuts the plasmid in only
one place, but cuts the human DNA molecule
at thousand of sites. One of those fragments
carries the protein-V gene.
2. The sticky ends of the plasmid match up with
the sticky ends of the human DNA fragment
according to the base-pairing rules.
3. DNA ligase joins the two DNA molecules,
forming a recombinant DNA plasmid.
4. Under the right conditions, a bacteria cell
takes up the recombinant plasmid.
5. Cell division results in many identical copies
1. Bacterial restriction enzymes cut DNA of the bacterial cell, all carrying the protein-
molecules at a specific DNA sequences called V gene. When the genes are expressed,
restriction site. multiple copies of protein-V are made.
2. A restriction enzymes make many cut,
resulting to restriction fragments.
3. The most useful restriction enzymes cut DNA
in a staggered way, producing fragments
with ‘sticky ends’ that bonds with
complementary sticky ends of other
fragments.
4. DNA ligase is an enzyme that seals the bonds
between restriction fragments.
Cloned Genes in Recombinant Plasmids
Making a multiple copy of required recombinant
plasmid is very challenging, thus this process is
tedious and very challenging. It involves a long and