1.0 INTRODUCTION 2.0 WAVES 3.0 TYPES OF WAVES 4.0 SOME BASIC TERMS RELATED TO WAVES 4.1 Amplitude of an oscillating particle 4.2. Wavelength 43. Time period (or period) 44 Frequent 5.0 TRANSVERSE WAVES 6.0 LONGITUDINAL WAVES 7.0 SOUND WAVES 8.0 PROPAGATION OF SOUND 9.0 SOUND NEEDS A MEDIUM FOR PROPAGATION 10.0 SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT MEDIA 11.0 GRAPHS OF WAVES 12.0 AUDIBLE AND INAUDIBLE SOUNDS 13.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF AUDIBLE SOUNDS 13.1 Pitch 13.2 Loudness 13.3 Quality (or timbre) 14.0 REFLECTION OF SOUND 15.0 ECHO 16.0 REVERBERATION 17.0 USES OF REFLECTION OF SOUND 18.0 APPLICATIONS OF ULTRASOUND 19.0 SONAR 20.0 SOUND PRODUCED BY HUMANS 21.0 THE HUMAN EAR EXERCISE - 1 EXERCISE - 2Physics-1 7. SOUND "Sound is a form of energy produced by rapidly vibrating objects. We hear sounds because this energy stimulates the auditory nerve in the human ear’ INTRODUCTION Sound plays an important role in our life. It helps us to communicate with one another, We hear @ variety of sounds in our surroundings. In the music room of your school you hear the sounds made bby musical instruments like flute, tabla, harmonium, ete From our earliest years, we become accustomed to a great variety of sounds: our mother's voice, @ telephone ringing, a kitten purring, a piano being played, a siren, a jet engine roaring, a rifle shot. Some of these sounds are pleasant to the ear and some are not. Sounds are a form of eneray produced by rapidly vibrating objects. .0 WAVES ‘A wave is a repeating disturbance or movement that transfers energy through matter or space. For example, ocean waves disturb the water and transfer energy through it, During earthquakes, energy is transferred in powerful waves that travel through Earth, Light is a type of ‘wave that can travel through empty space fo transfer energy from one place to another, such as from the Sun to Earth, Waves are a form of travelling energy ‘A wave moving across the surface of water is different from water moving, as in a stream. As the wave moves by, an individual particle of water oscillates up and down with the wave but remains in the same place. Watch a floating piece of cork on water (see fig.1) as a wave passes. You will see that the cork moves up and down in about the same place as the wave moves under it. The energy moves through the water causing the surface to oscillate up and down as the wave energy passes through. Thus, a wave is a travelling form of energy. Fig.1 A piece of cork moves up and down almost at the same place as the wave moves under it. ae}For waves, there is no net displacement of the particles (they return to thelr equbvium ye but there is @ net displacement of the wave. There are thus two different motions: the Motion Particles of the medium and the motion of the wave. Wave motion Consider what happens to the surface of a pond when you drop a pebble into the disturbance created by the pebble generates water waves that travel away from the dk (see fig.2 on next page). If you examine the motion of a leaf floating near the distu would se that the leaf moves up and down and back and forth abouts original postion, Hy the leaf does not undergo any net displacement from the motion of the waves, The leaf '¢ dicates the motion of the particles in the water. The water molecules move locally, lke does, but they do not travel across the pond. That is, the water wave mi another, bul the water and hence the leaf itself is not carried away with it Fig.2 Ripple waves created on the surface of water Ripple waves in a pond start with a disturbance at some point in the water. This distu causes water on the surface near that point to move, which in tum causes points farther at move. In this way, the waves travel outwards in a circular pattern away from the original dist {n this example, the water in the pond is the medium through which the disturbance f Particles in the medium in this case are water molecules which move in vertical circles as W ass. Note that the medium does not actually travel with the waves. After the waves have p the water retums to its original position, TYPES OF WAVES (i) Mechanical waves (ii) non-mechanical waves (i) Mechanical Waves : ‘These waves require a medium for their propagation, For example, sound waves travel through | air to reach your ears. Ocean waves move through water to reach the shore. A medium is the substance or material in which a wave will move. A medium can be a liquid, a gas, or a combination of these (i) Non-mechanical waves : ‘These waves do not require any medium for their propagation. They can travel through These waves are also called electromagnetic waves, For example, light, radio waves; rays, X-rays, ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, microwaves, all are electromagnetic waves. Wave pulse ‘A pulse is a single disturbance that moves through a medium, Amplitude of a wave pulse : The amplitude of a pulse is a measurement of how far the med is displaced from rest (see fig.3) Pulse speed : Pulse speed is the distance a pulse travels in a specific time. [aiaPosition of rest Fig 3. A wave pulse Illustrations Illustration 1. What do you understand by the term vibration or oscillation ? Give sor 1e examples of vibration you see in your daily life. Solution The vibration (or oscillation} of an object is a cycle ot a motion that is repeated over and over with the same time interval each time. A vibration is a cycle in which a particle moves to and fro about some equilibrium position (mean position). In such a motion, a particle retraces its path again and again in regular intervals of time (see fig.4). Some examples of vibrations or oscillations we see in our daily life are (1) A child swinging on a swing. (2) A simple pendulum oscillating about its mean position, (3) An oscillating spring that supports a vehicle. Z Extreme Extreme position Mean position ‘ Position Fig.4 Motion of simple pendulum 4,0 SOME BASIC TERMS RELATED TO WAVES 4.1 Amplitude of an oscillating particle 1 The maximum displacement in either direction from the mean position (or rest position) of an ay oscillating particle is called its amplitude. OR Amplitude : The amplitude is the maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position 2 i aoe [Amplitude Equilibrium Amplitude 0 if Fig. 5 Amplitude of a wavePeriodic motion A motion that occurs when an object moves in a repeated pattem (a cyele) over equal peg time is called a periodic motion ! Examples : Wave motion, motion of an oscillating pendulum, uniform circular motion, ay periodic motions. Oscillatory motion ‘A motion that occurs when an object moves to and fro about its mean Position over equal peg of time is called an oscillatory motion or vibratory motion, Examples : Motion of a simple pendulum, motion of a vibrating stretched string, motion of 4y_ ] oscillating spring Equilibrium position (or mean position) A position in the path of an oscillating particle at which the net force acting on the particle is gary 's called ils equilibrium position or mean position, Examples: The vertical position or the lowest position of an Oscillating pendulum ists equilibrium Posifon or mean position. When aspring attached to a mass isstretched oscillates. The unstretched, Position of ‘the spring i.e, the point at which the spring has its nattral lenath is its equilibrium Position. (see fig. 6) : Extreme 1 posit 1 Mean 1 position | 1 ' Extreme position Fig.6 Motion of an oscillating spring 4.2 Wavelength ‘The minimum distance in which a wave repeats ise is called ils wavelength. Also, the distance travelled by a wave when it completes its one cycle is called its wavelength. It is tepresented by a | Greek symbol '' called lambda. It is measured in metres, * Wavelenath of a wave can also be defined as ‘the distance between two consecutive points which are in same state of vibration’ 214Physics-1 AQILE D) 43 44 Fig. 7 wavelength of e transverse wave The wavelength in a longitudinal wave refers to the distance belween two consecutive compressions or between two consecutive rarefactions. The also represents one wavelength of a inal wave (see fig.7) th of one complete compression and rarefaction Fig.8 Wavelength of a longitudinal wave Time period (or period) The time period T is the time taken by a particle to move through one complete cycle of motion. In other words, time taken to complete one oscillation of a wave is called time period or simply the period ds, he wave, It is measured in seco’ Fora transverse wave, the time period (T) is the fime taken for two successive crests (or troughs) to pass a fix: ns to cross a fixed point is called the ti point. For a longitudinal wave, the time taken by two consecutive compressions or ne period of the wave. Frequency (v) The frequency v is the number of complete cycles or vibrations per unit of time. Also, il can be defined as the number of oscillations per second, For transverse wave, the frequency is the number of successive crests (or given point in 1 second, For longitudinal wave, the frequency is the number of successive compressions {or rarefactions) passing a given point in 1 second Unit of frequency : Frequency is measured in eyeles per second. The term “cycles” is usually left off and the unit is writien as s“ or Us. This unit is also called hertz (Hz) 1 Hz = 1 cycle /sec or 1 oscillation/sec = 1 s* I [=a Wave speed (v) 2 speed is distance travelled by the pattern of the wave per unit time. We know that in a time period T, the distance travelled by the wave is one wavelength (3 s Relationship between time period and frequency Frequency (v) is the reciprocal of time period (T). That Its unit is mi distance Now, ¥ time () 25Physics-1 i Ee 1 We know that, frequency, v= (2) Using (1) & (2), we get, [=e] That is, speed = frequency x wavelength. Illustrations Illustration 2. Solution Illustration 3. Solution Illustration 4. Solution ‘sound wave has a frequency of 2 kHz and wave length 35 cm. How long will t take to travel 1.5 km ? Given, Frequency, v = 2 kHz = 2 x 10° Hz Wavelength, 2. = 35cm = 35 x 10% m We know that speed, v of the wave = wavelength x frequency or vavn= 35x 10? x 2x 10? = 700 mis We have to find the time (t) taken by the wave to travel a distance (s) of 1.5 km. Now, v= 700 mis ands =1.5km =15 x 10°m distance , 1.5«10° Time="eed 700 Thus, sound will take 2.14 s to travel a distance of 1.5 km. A piano string is tuned to vibrate with a frequency of 262 Hz. Assuming the speed of sound in air is 343 ms, find the wavelength of the sound waves produced by the string. Given, frequency of sound, v = 262 Hz ; speed of sound, v = 343 mis ; wavelength of sound, 2. =? v 383 <= 355 71-309 m Speed, v = vi he The speed of all electromagnetic waves in empty space is 3 x 10® m/s. Calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic waves emitted at the following frequencies : (2) radio waves at 88.0 MHz ‘p) visible light at 6.0 x 10° MHz {a) Given, speed of light, c = 3 x 10° m/s ; frequency of radio wave, v = 88 MHz = 88 x 10° Hz wavelength, = ? 3x 10° v 88x 10° Given, speed of light, c = 3 10% mis frequency of visible light, v = 6 x 10° MHz = 6 x 10° x 10° Hz =6 x 10 Hz Speedv=vh or 2= = 3.409 m wavelength, 2 = Speed, v= vi or 2=%=2%10 = 5x 107m v 6x10"ALLEN Physics-1 Illustration 5. A tuning fork produces a sound with a frequency of 256 Hz and a wavelength in air of 1.35 m. (a) What value does this give for the speed of sound in air? What would be the wavelength of this same sound in water in which sound travels at 1500 m/s ? Solution ) Given, frequency of tuning fork, v = 256 He; wavelength of sound in ait, 4 = 1 speed of sound in air, v = ? Speed, v = vA = 256 x 1.35 m = 345.6 m/s Given, frequency of tuning fork, v = 256 Hz speed of sound in water, v = 1500 nvs ; wavelength of sound in water, 2 = ? 5, Ta w _ 1500 Speed, v=vA ot == FE = 5.86m Illustration 6. ‘The smallest insects that a bat can detect are approximately the size of one wavelen of the sound the bat makes. What is the minimum frequency of sound waves requir. for the bat to detect an insect that is 0.57 em long ? (Assume the speed of sound is 340 mis) Solution Wavelength of sound produced by the bat, } = 0.57 em = 0.57 x 10 2m Speed of sound, v = 340 m's ; minimum frequency required, v = ? v 340 4 pea 5:96 x 10" He Time period of a vibrating particle The time period (7) of a vibrating particle is the time taken to complete one cycle or oscillation. It's measured in seconds. 1 1 Time petod 7 11 ci Frequency, f= or or Time period, T = 7 : frequency Naat gs Also, [Freeney = "Fie taken | or Mlustrations. ——_ Mlustration 7. A mass hung from a spring vibrates 15 times in 12 s. Calculate (a). the frequency (b]_ the period vibration. Solution (a) Given, number of cycles = 15 cycles ; total time = 12 s ; frequency, f = Now, f= No-ofeveles 18 2 eycles/second = 1.25 Hz fire taken Now, f=2 zPhysics-1 wy i Illustration 8. The frequency of a wave is 5.0 x 10? Hz. Calculate the time period 5. Solution Given, f = 5.0 x 10? Hz; T 1 We know that, T= or Illustration 9. Calculate the period in seconds of each of these motions {a} a pulse beats 25 times in 15 s (b) a fan motor turns at 1200 rpm (revolutions per minute) Solution (a) Given, no. of cycles = 25 ; time taken = 15s y-Novof eyeles _ 25 25 _ 1.67 eycles/second time faken 15 . We know that, T= or | 0.6255 | f 6 - {b) Given, no. of cycles = 1200; ime taken = 1 min = 60 sec. of cycles _ 1200 [Link] cycles = 20 cycles/second timetaken 60 : 1 Pare We know that, T=) or T= +. = 0.058 i 20 % There are three basic types of vibration. A transverse vibration occurs when an object vibrates perpendicular toils axis at the normal rest position. An example of a transverse vibration is a child nging on a swing, A longitudinal vibration occurs when an object vibrates parallel to its axis al the test position. “An example is an oscillating spring supporting a vehicle. A torsional vibration occurs when an object twists around its axis at the rest position. An example occurs when a string supporting an object is twisted, causing the object to vibrate. The three kinds of vibration are shown in fig.8, H ee, : Motion twists around rest, is perpendiclat Gp to rest axis Rest axs Cae vibration [b} Longitudinal vibration —(o) Torsional vibration Fig. 8 Different types of vibrations Mechanical waves are of two types namely, transverse waves and longitudinal (compressional) | waves. | 28ALLEN Physics-1 5.0 TRANSVERSE WAVES ‘A transverse wave is a wave where the movement of the part ‘to the direction of propagation of the wave (see fig.9). Jes of the medium is perpendicular | Direction of wave travel Line of zero disturbance Fig.9 A transverse wave @ Electromagnetic waves are always transverse waves Line of zero disturbance : It isthe line at which the net force on the particles of the medium is zero, That is, when an oscillating particle reaches this line, it achieves ils equilibrium position Crest and trough : Transverse waves consist of moving crests and troughs. & erest s the par! of the transverse wave which is above the line of zero disturbance. A trough is the part of transverse ‘wave which is below the line of zero disturbance. Equilibrium Fig. 10 2 The high section of the wave is called a crest and crests and tous! low section is called a trough. The crest lies hove and the trough below the rest position (equilibrium), thus, a crest is called a positive pulse and a trough a negative pulse. ‘olids and on the surfaces of liquids only. When a transverse % Transverse waves can be formed in wave propagates, there are no pressure changes in the medium. 6.0 LONGITUDINAL WAVES A longitudinal wave is a wave where the particles in the medium move parallel to the direction of propagation of the wave. For example, fa long spring is given jerk along its length, @ longitudinal wave is produced in it which is shown in fig.11. Sound is also a longitudinal wave sero CRMRACCT NOOO SHA Direction of motion of particles of the spring Fig. 11 Longitudinal wave through @ spring Za}—Compres sion (or condensation) : A compression is a region in a longitudinal wave where the closer together than their normal separations, Rarefaction : A rarefaction is a region in a longitudinal wave where the particles are farther apare than their normal separations. particles a Compression Rarefactor Fig.12 Compressions and rarefactions in a longitudinal wave > Longitudinal waves can travel through all the three media namely, solids, liquids and gases. WRerve 1, Take a long spring/slinky and fix pring from side to side i.e t at one end of a horizontal table (see fig.13). Now, shake the shake the spring perpendicular to the length of the spring continuously. will observe that a wave is generated. The motion of the person's hand is at right angles to the t wave direction, This means wave moves along the length of the spring while the motion of atticles of the spring is perpendicular to its length. The motion of the source is perpendicular to the ocity direction of the wave, This type of wave is called a transverse wave. Fig.13 Active physies : Producing a transverse wave 2. Now, again take the same arrangement. This time shake the spring along the length of the spring .., move the spring to and fro along it length (see fig.14). You will observe that a wave is generated. ‘The motion of the person's hand is parallel io the resultant wave direction, This means wave moves the length of the spring and the motion of particles of the spring is also along its length. The motion of the source is parallel to the velocity direction of the wave. The wave travels in the form of compressions and extensions (rarefactions) along the length of the spring. This type of wave is called a longitudinal wave 220Fig.14 Active physics 1 : Producing ® Jongitudinal wave » Both transverse and longitudinal waves require: the action of an oscillating of vibrating sourc®, the motion of which is called ‘simple harmonic notion’, This motion creates a wave that moves 2W2 from the source with its own velocity 7.0 SOUND WAVES Sound waves are longitudin fowth in the direction of the wave motion. That i sound wat and rarefactions. of high molecular density and high press — Compressions are regions reajons of low molecular density and low pressure « drumhead, You will observe that, it starts vibrating YP 4, Take a drum as shown in fig.15. Now, hit the and down. As the di 1d, the molecules next to it are pushed closer together. ‘As the compression is formed, it ‘This group of molecules that are closer togethers 9 compression moves auray from the drumhead. 2, When the drumhead moves downwar farther apart. This group of molecules th moves away from the drumhead. As the drum! compressions and rate! factions that move away 2m compressions and rarefactions is @ sound wave. al waves, where the molecules, usually alr, are displaced back and « travel in the form of compressions 1re while rarefactions are the irumhead moves upwat fe more room and can spread at are farther apart is a rarefaction. The rarefaction also .d down, it forms a series of head vibrates up an dl spread out in all directions. This series of 1d, the molecules near it havi Compression Compression _Rarefaction ‘Molecules that Fig. 15 Aative physics: A wbrting drumhead makes commressions mactions in the air, thus producing sound waves in the ait and re ZaA}—Physics-1 Ea oie 1 1. _ Ifa water wave oscillates up and down three times each second and the distance betw, crests is 2 m, what is its frequency ? What is its wavelength ? een wage What vibrates to produce sound from the following instruments ? {a} Drum. (b) Violin (c) Flute How do you make sound waves when you talk or sing ? — TE PHYSICS) Take a tuning fork and set it vibrating by striking its prong on a rubber pad. Bring it near your ean ‘You will hear a sound. This sound is produced by the vibrating prongs of the tuning fork. Touch one ol the prongs of the vibrating tuning fork with your finger. You wil fe! the vibrations ofthe tuning fork, Now, suspend a small plastic ball by a thread from a support (see fig.16). Take a big needle and a thread, put a knot at one end of the thread, and then with the help of the needle pass the thread through the ball, Now, allow the ball to fall through a certain height. As the ball falls down and ches one of the prongs of the tuning fork, vibrations are created in the tuning fork. The ball also vibrates along with the tuning fork Vibrating tuning fork Fig. 16 Active physies Conclusion : Sound is produced by vibrating objects. GAcrveiPaveicsy 1. Fill water in a beaker or a glass up to the brim. Gently touch the water surface with one of the prongs of the vibrating tuning fork (see fig.17(a}]. You will observe that the water on the surface is vibrations and waves are produced on its surface.8.0 Physics-1 Giass filed with water Fig, 17.(a) Now, dip the prongs of the vibrating tuning fork in water, [see fig.17(b)]. You will observe that the water on the surface is put into larger vibrations as compared to the first case. Water may splash out of the glass. Conclusion : A vibrating body produces sound and it sets into vibration the medium or the particles that come in contact with it. PROPAGATION OF SOUND Sound moves through a medium from the point of generation (source) to the listener, When an object vibrates, it sets the particles of the medium around it vibrating, The particles the way from the vibrating object to the ear. A particle of the medium in contact with the viorating object is first displaced from its equilibrium position (mean position). It then exerts a force on the adjacent particle gets displaced from its position jjacent particle the first particle comes back to its original position. This, process continues in the medium til the sound reaches your ear. The distur source of sound in the medium travels through the medium and not the particles of the meditar Understanding propagation of sound using a vibrating tuning fork Air is the most common medium through which sound travels. (1) When a tuning fork ie., the molecular density is uniform throughout the medium [see fig.18(a fork starts vibrating, it produces a series of successive compressions and rarefactions in the air, thus, propagating sound through the air, > not travel al esult of which est ce created by a (2) When the prong of ¢ molecules in the air to the right of the prong are forced closer together than normal. Such a region of high molecular density and high air pressure is called a compression, This compressio the fork (to the right) like a ripple on a pond, coves away from (3) When the prong swings to the left [see fig.18{c)}, the molecules in the air to the right of the prong spread apart, and the density and air pressure in this region are then lower than normal, Such a region of low molecular density and low air pressure is called a rarefaction. The rarefaction also moves to the right, following the previously produced compression 223As the tuning fork continues to vibrate, a succession of compressions and rarefactions forme and spreads out from it [see fig.18(d) Caeusiea 1. Since, the water wave completes 3 cycles per second thus, the frequency of the wave is 3 Hz. The distance between two crests (or troughs) represents the wavelength of a wave, thus, its wavelength is2m 2. (a) _ Incase of drum, drumhead (stretched membrane} vibrates to produce sound. {b) In case of violin, stretched string vibrates to produce sound, (c) Incase of flute, particles of air present in the air column vibrate to produce sound 3. Ifyou hold your fingers against your throat while you speak, you can feel vibrations. These vibrations are the movements of your vocal cords. Thus, vibrating vocal cords produce sound when you talk or sing, yn \ Rarefaction (2 ai Fig.18 Production of sound by a tuning fork Propagation of sound can be visualised as propagation of density variations or pressure variations in the medium. 9.0 SOUND NEEDS A MEDIUM FOR PROPAGATION Mechanical waves require a material medium to travel. Sound is also a mechanical wave thus, it requires a material medium like ait, water, steel, etc. for its propagation. It cannot travel through vacuum. 224Take an electric bell and an airtight glass bell jar bell jar (see fig.19). The bell jar is connected to a vacuum pump. If you press the switch you will be able to hear the bell. Now start the vacuum pump, When the air in the jar is pumped out gradually, he electric bell is suspended inside the air ight sssing through the bell. After some time e the sound becomes fainter, although the same current is h ‘when less air is left inside the bell jar you will heat a very feeble sound s k pump Fig.19 A bell jar experime: forsound 10.0 SPEED OF SOUND IN DIFFERENT MEDIA Speed of sound is different in different media, Sound waves can travel through solids, liquids and gases. The speed of sound is fastest in solids, faster in liquids, and slowest in gases ‘% Speed of sound in air also depends on the humidity of air. As the humidity of air increases, the speed of sound through it also increases and vice-versa, dioxide Table 6.1 : Speed of sound in eee ees tate| Subst ne [State] Substance | {Pees Aluminium | 6420 a | Nickel 6040 2 Steel 5960) 3 bron 5950 § Brass 4700 Giass Flin) | 3980 g | Seamer [1531 S| Distilled water} 1498 Ethanol | 1207 S| Metionat | 1103 Fisdrogen [1284 Helium 965, g Air 246 g ‘Oxygen 316 Sulphur 213Physics-1 a fH Speed of sound depends on the temperature of the medium Speed of sound depends on the temperature of the material through which the sound waves travelling. As a substance heats up, its molecules move faster, so they collide more frequently, more frequent the collisions are, the faster the speed of sound is in the material. For example, thy speed of sound in air at 0 °C is 331 mis; at 20°C, it is 343 mis. Illustrations Illustration 10. Why speed of sound is fastest in solids and slowest in gases ? Solution Speed of sound waves depends on the nature of material (or medium). As a soung wave travels through a material, the particles in the material collide with each other, In a solid, molecules are closer together than in liquids or gases, so collisions between molecules occur mote rapidly than in liquids or gases. Thus, the speed of sound ig, fastest in solids, where molecules ate closest together, and slowest in gases, where molecules are farthest apart. ee 11,0 GRAPHS OF WAVES Graphs of waves are plotted between any property of the wave and the distance (or time). Ina transverse wave, the property of the wave that is used to plot the graph is ‘displacement of the particles from their equilibrium position {see fig.20}. In a longitudinal wave like a sound wave, the property of the wave that is used to plot the graph is ‘pressure’ or ‘density’ [see fig. 21] Crest Crest Towa Fig 20 Graph ofa transverse wave | Compression Compression __ Compression re) Average density pressure) Dista {or time) i Rarefaction Rarefaction Fig.21 Graph of a longitudinal wave (2 sound wave) Take a tin can. Remove both ends to make it a hollow cylinder. Take a balloon and stretch it over the can, then wrap a rubber band around the balloon. Take a small piece of mirror. Use a drop of glue to stick the piece of mirror to the balloon [see fig.22(a)] Minor Stretched piece __ balloon @ 226