Discrete Structures Problem Sheet 5
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tevanthraajofficialDiscrete Structures Problem Sheet 5
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Powered by AITo prove that \( f \) and \( g \) are inverses, we show \( f(g(x)) = x \) and \( g(f(x)) = x \) for all \( x \). For \( f(g(x)) = (x^{1/3})^3 = x \). For \( g(f(x)) = (x^3)^{1/3} = x \). Therefore, \( f \) and \( g \) commute, and each function undoes the action of the other, satisfying the definition of inverse functions.
The given relation \( R \) is not reflexive since not all elements relate to themselves, e.g., (1,1) is missing. It is not symmetric, as (1,2) is present but (2,1) is not. It is not antisymmetric because (3,4) is present without (4,3). However, it is not transitive because, for example, (1,2) and (2,3) do not imply (1,3) is present. The transitive closure adds necessary pairs like (1,3) to make it transitive. The transitive closure of \( R \) includes all possible transitive pairs derived from the pairs in \( R \).
The range of \( S \) is \{x^2 \mid x \in W\}, and the range of \( T \) is \{2x \mid x \in W\}. \( S \cap T \) includes values that can be expressed both as a square and a multiple of 2. The union \( S \cup T \) contains all elements from both ranges. Specifically, it combines squares like 0, 1, 4, and multiples like 0, 2, 4. Since \( S \) is defined as perfect squares and \( T \) as even integers, finding intersections may result only when these align, like 4.
The relation \( R \) is not reflexive as not all elements relate to themselves (e.g., (2,2) is missing). It is not symmetric because (2,4) is present but (4,2) is not. It is antisymmetric since when both (a, b) and (b, a) exist, a must equal b, which is not violated. The relation is not transitive as, for example, (1,1) and (1,2) do not imply (1,2) is in R. R is not irreflexive because (1,1) is in R.
To show that \( R \) is an equivalence relation, we confirm it is reflexive ((x − x) is always 0, which is divisible by 3), symmetric (if x-y is divisible by 3, then y-x is also divisible by 3), and transitive (if x-y and y-z are divisible by 3, then x-z is also divisible by 3). For partial ordering, it must also be antisymmetric; however, since x-y divisible by 3 implies y-x must also be divisible, this suggests it is reflexive and not antisymmetric, so R is not a partial order, just an equivalence relation.
The union \( R1 \cup R2 \) includes all pairs that are congruent modulo 3 or 4. It is reflexive since \( a \equiv a \pmod{3} \) and \( a \equiv a \pmod{4} \) for all \( a \). It lacks symmetry because \( a \equiv b \pmod{3} \) does not imply \( b \equiv a \pmod{4} \). It is transitive because if two pairs are related by \( R1 \) or \( R2 \), the same congruence properties carry over.
The ordered pairs in the relation \( R \) where \( a + b = 4 \) are \( (0,4), (1,3), (2,2), (3,1), (4,0) \). However, since \( B = \{0, 1, 2, 3\} \), the valid pairs in \( R \) from \( A \) to \( B \) are \( (1,3), (2,2), (3,1), (4,0) \).
The function \( f(x) = x+1 \) is one-to-one because if \( f(a) = f(b) \), then \( a+1 = b+1 \) implies \( a = b \). It is onto because, for any integer \( y \), there exists an integer \( x = y - 1 \) such that \( f(x) = y \). Thus, \( f \) maps every integer \( x \) to a unique \( f(x) \) and covers the entire codomain \( Z \).
For \( f \circ g(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x-2) = (x-2)+2 = x \), so \( f \circ g \) is the identity function. For \( f \circ h(x) = f(h(x)) = f(3x) = 3x+2 \). For \( (f \circ h) \circ g(x) = f(h(g(x))) = f(3(x-2)) = f(3x-6) = (3x-6)+2 = 3x - 4 \). Each composition alters the input according to the constituent functions involved.
The function \( f(x) = \cos x \) is not one-to-one because different values can produce the same cosine, e.g., \( \cos(0) = \cos(2\pi) \). It is not onto because the codomain \( R \) includes values outside the range \([-1, 1]\), which \( \cos x \) can never achieve. Therefore, it doesn't cover the entire real number set definitively mapped out for one-to-one and onto functions.