SAVIOUR TERM E-NOTES

SUBJECT: BASIC TECH

CLASS : JSS 3
SCHEME OF WORK
DRAWING PRACTICE WEEKS 1 & 2
TOPIC: ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
(1) Meaning & examples of one point perspective drawing
(2) One point perspective drawing practice & principle
WEEKS 3 & 4 SCALE & SCALE DRAWING
1. Measuring and comparing given sizes
2. Scale drawing – full size, scale reduction, scale enlargement
WEEKS 5 & 6 DRAWING OF PLANS AND BLUE – PRINT
1. Common symbols used in plans & blue- prints
2. Identification of building components
WEEKS 7, 8 & 9 TOOLS, MACHINES & PROCESSES
Topic: Wood Work Projects
Production of various objects using simple wood work machines and tools

WEEKS 1 AND 2

SUB THEME: DRAWING PRATICE

TOPIC: ONE POINT PERSPECTIVE DRAWING

Meaning of one point perspective drawing .

One point perspective drawing is a three dimensional drawing that shows the three sides of an object at once.
One point perspective drawing is a pictorial drawing where the three lines converge to a vanishing point at a
distance away from the observers view

This type of perspective drawing is normally used for images of

i. Roads
ii. Railway tracks
iii. Hallways
iv. Tall buildings e. g skyscrapers whose front is directly facing the viewers.
Characteristics feature of a perspective drawing.
1 The objects are smaller as their distance from the observer increases.
2 The objects are subjects to fore shorting It means that the dimension of an object along the line of
sight are shorter than its dimensions across the line of sight.

Vanishing point .

The vanishing point is a point in the far distance at which your eyes can no longer see.

Principles /rules of perspective drawing.

1. All straight lines remain straight in their perspectives.

2. All vertical are parallel to one another and remain straight(no curve)
3. All horizontal construction lines are parallel to one another.
4. All horizontal lines which are right angles to the picture plane , are drawn to the point of the sight.

SUB-TOPIC (2 )one point perspective drawing practice.

Drawing of a cube using one-point perspective.

STEP (1): Draw a horizontal line with your pencil.

STEP (2): Choose the vanishing point by using a small dot (.) to mark a spot at the middle of the line.
STEP (3):Draw a square cube below the vanishing point on one side make sure your vertical lines are perpendicular(at
right angles)to your horizontal line and your horizontal lines are parallel.

STEP (4): Now draw a line from each corner of your cube to the vanishing point. Make sure they are straight and finish
exactly at the vanishing.

WEEKS 3 AND 4

SUB-THEME: DRAWING PRATICE

TOPIC; SCALES AND SCALES DRAWING

SUB-TOPIC: MEASURING AND COMPAIRING GIVEN SIZES.

To measure and compare given sizes the following instruments are used

( I )metric rule

( ii )scale rule

Metric rule has two flat straight edges . It has meters (m) centimeters (cm) or millimeters (mm)

There are :10mm in a cm

100cm in a m

1000mm in a m

 Scale rule has three straight edge and is triangular in shape.

SCALES AND SCALE DRAWING

1. Scale is a ratio between two sets of measurement. Scales can use the same units or different units.
2. Scale drawing is the process of drawing in which you either enlarge or reduce the object through
dimensioning.

TYPES OF SCALE

The two types of scale are:

I. Plain scale
II. Diagonal scale

Plain scale

The plain scale is used for simple sales that do not have many sub-division.

Diagonal Scale.

When sub-divisions on a plain scale are very numerous that they become difficult to read and to mark out , a
diagonal scale is constructed to overcome this difficulty.

SCALE DRAWING

Scales used in drawings are:

1. Full size 1:1

2. Scale reduction e.g. 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:100, etc.
3. Scale enlargement e.g. 2:1, 3:1, 5:1, 10:1 etc.

Full size scale

The scale of a full size drawing is being represented as 1:1 which means one unit length on paper.

This is when the drawing is made exactly the same size as the object.

Scale reduction

This type of scale is used when the object is too large for drawing.

This is one in which the unit of length of the object is reduced on the drawing in order to enter the paper size.

Scale enlargement.

This type of scale drawing is used when the object is too small to be clearly seen.

1. This is one in which the unit of length of the object is enlarged on the drawing.
2. The drawing is blown up to fill the space on the drawing sheet.

Drawn objects to given scale

 Full size scale

1:1

1:1

1:1

The object is drawn the same on paper

 Reduced size.

1:2

1:5

1:10

The object is drawn smaller on paper

Enlarged size.

2:1

5:1

10:1

The object is drawn bigger on paper.

WEEKS 5 AND 6

SUB-THEME: DRAWING PRACTICE

TOPIC:DRAWING OF PLNS AND BLUE PRINTS

SUB-TOPIC (1)COMMON SYMBOLS USED IN PLANS AND BLUE PRINTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION.

BUILDING PLANS .

Building plans are graphical representation of what a building will look like after construction.

BUILDING BLUE PRINTS

 Blue prints are sketches of building structures which are designed by architects and draught men to show the
exact nature of the building.
Importance of building blue print
1) It is a means of communicating instruction for the erection of a structure.
2) It shows the shapes, dimension and location of the building foundations.
3) It shows the walls , windows , doors and also the front elevation and sectional views of the building.
4) Building blue print is what the workers in the site must follow if the building is to be built correct

Common symbols used in plans and blue –prints and their interpretations.

1) Brick wall 15) block wall

2) Wall 16)window
3) Door 17)bath
4) Sink 18)wash hand basin
5) shower 19) wardrobe
6) dinning
7) stair case
8) Toilet or water closet(wc)
9) Refrigerator 20) water heater
10) Distribution box 21)gas
11) Septic tank 22)cesspool
12) Dry well 23)socket
13) Room
14) Sliding door

COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING.

A Building is broadly divided into two parts:

1) Substructure
2) Superstructure

Substructure is the portion or part of the building that is below the ground.

Superstructure is the portion or part of the building that is above the ground level.

A Building has the following components:

1) foundation
2) walls
3) floor structure
4) door
5) window
6) stair
7) roof
8) sanitary fittings
9) electric fittings

i. Foundation is the expanded base of a wall which provides suitable support and stability for the building
structure.

TYPES OF FOUNDATION

1) Strip foundation
2) Pad foundation
3) Raft foundation
 4) Pile foundation
5) Caisson foundation

ii. Walls : walls are vertical elements of a building on which the roof finally [Link] provides privacy and security.

TYPES OF WALL

1) External wall
2) Internal wall

iii. Floor structure

 Floor is the horizontal component of a building between walls that support all imposed load.
 it prevents grasses from growing inside the building
 it prevents underground penetration of moisture into the building.
iv. Door: doors are structures that are normally fitted at the entrance of a building, they are usually hung on door
frames which are fitted into an opening wall.

The various types of door used in a building

1. Ledger door
2. Sliding door
3. Folding door
4. Paneled door
5. Flush door.
v. Window: windows are openings the in the wall of a building that allow the entrance of air and light into the
building.

Windows are made of two parts namely:

 The window frame

 The sash frame

Types of window.

1. Casement window
2. Sliding window
3. Louver window

vi. Stair :a stair is a sequence of steps provided in a building that afford the means of ascending and descending
between the floors and landings.
vii. Roof: roof is the structure that covers or forms the top of a building. It keeps the building from adverse weather.

Roof are covered with materials like:

1. Asbestors
2. Corrugated
3. Plastics
4. Concrete
5. Aluminium sheets.

Types of roof.

1) shed roof
2) hipped end roof
3) gable end roof
4) butterfly roof
5) flat roof
 6) gable roof
viii. sanitary fittings: are the appliances that are used for the collection or discharge of waste matter.

Some common sanitary fittings found in a building are:

1) kitchen sink
2) wash hand basin
3) bath
4) showers
5) electric water heater
6) urinals
7) water closet
ix. Electric fittings: electric fittings are electric gadgets in a building that help some household equipment perform
their functions.

Electrical installations in a building could be:

1. Surface wiring
2. Conduit wiring.
1) Surface wiring is the type of wiring where the cables are fixed on the surface of the wall
2) Conduit wiring is the type of wiring where the cable pass through pipes which are buried inside the
well.

Examples of some common electrical accessories/fittings are:

1) Socket outlets
2) Plugs
3) Lamp holder
4) Ceiling rose
5) Fuse boxes
6) Adaptors
7) Switch.

Socket outlets: Socket outlets is where the plug enters and enables current to flow to the appliance.

MOST sockets are rated:

I. 13amp
II. 15amp or 30amp
i) The 13amp socket is square hole
ii) The 15amp socket has a round hole.

WEEKS 7, 8 AND 9.
SUB-THEME: TOOLS, MACHINES AND PROCESSES
TOPIC: WOOD WORK PRODUCTS.
SUB-TOPIC: Production of various objects using simple wood work machines and tools.

Wood work project

Wood work project is basically a process of using timber to produce simple household furniture .such as:

1. Wooden tables
2. Stools
3. Photo frames
4. Tee-square etc

TOOLS AND MACHINES FOR WOOD WORK .

 1. The tools used for measuring during woodwork operations are:
a) Metric rule
b) Bar rule.
c) Folding rule
d) Flexible tape
e) Steel rule etc.
2. The marking out tools used during wood work operations are :
1. Try square
2. Pair of compass
3. Sliding square
4. Centre square
5. Gauges
6. Trammels
7. Marking knife etc.

They are helpful in making sure the exact dimension is shown.

3. Saw is a cutting tool used to cut the wood into the required size
4. Tools used to hold the work piece on a work bench before cutting are:
1. Bench vice
2. Bench stop
3. Bench hold fast
4. Clamps etc.
5. Tools used for planning of wood work are:
1. Jack plane
2. Shoulder plane
3. Smooth plane
4. block plane
5. spoke shave
6. scraper

[Link] of wood work:

This is done by using:

1. adhesive
2. nail
3. screw

During the production process tools like:

1. hammer
2. punches
3. pincer
4. Screw driver etc.

Are used to fix nails and screw into wood.

[Link] joining the project is sand papered using the different grades of abrasives.

After smoothing wood finish is applied to make it look attractive.

What is wood finish

Wood finish is the process of applying chemical on wooden project or furniture in order to make it smooth and look
attractive.

Types of wood finishes are:

 1. Varnish
2. Wax
3. Paint
4. Creosote
5. Wood stain etc.

THE MACHINES USED FOR WOOD WORK OPERATIONS

The machines used for wood work are:

1. Circular saw: it is used for ripping and cross-cutting operations.
2. Surface planer : it is used for planning the end and edges of wood for joint making.
3. Band saw : it Is used for cutting curves and straight lines in thick and thin pieces of wood
4. Thicknesser : it is used to plane timber accurately to the required thickness.
5. Drill press: it is designed to drill and bore holes in wood.
6. Wood lathe: it is used for producing round shape such as round legs of chair and tables, candles stand,
poles etc.

NON-WOOD MATERIALS

SUB TOPIC (1): ABRASIVES

Abrasives are commonly referred to as sand paper, they are sheet of paper or cloth coated with hard mineral such as
glass , garnet , flint ,aluminium , oxide.

USES OF ABRASIVES

1. It is used to smoothen wood surface

2. It is used to remove paint , smoothen a welded joint , remove rust before applying a suitable finishing agents
3. It is used to wear away the surface of other materials by rubbing.
sanding

Sanding is the process of using abrasives to smoothen wood surfaces before applying suitable finishing agents.

Types of abrasives

Abrasives may be classified as:

1. Natural abrasives
2. Synthetic/artificial abrasives

Abrasive is used in the industry for the following:

1. For grinding
2. As cutting wheels
3. For tools sharpening
4. For metal cleaning
5. For drilling
6. For polishing.

Sub topic (2)

FASTENERS AND FITTINGS

Fasteners: fasteners are used to join two or more pieces of materials such as wood.

The common fasteners used in wood work are :

1. Nails
2. Screws
Fittings

Fittings are used for movement and security.

Examples of fittings are:

1. Hinges and
2. Lock.

Nails.

A nail is a pin shaped sharp object that is used as a fastener.

Types of nail.

1. Wire nail
2. Oval nail
3. Panel nail
4. Veneer nail
5. Clont nail
6. Tack Nail
7. Roofing nail
8. Wiggle nail
9. Staple nail
10. Stack pipe nail
11. Drugget nail

Uses of nail.-nails are used for joining pieces of wood together.

Screws:

Screws are threaded rod with slot in their shaped head to be able to accommodate the screw driver.

Types of screw

1. Counter sunk head screw

2. Round head screw
3. Raised head screw

Uses of screws

1. Screws are used to join wood to wood

2. It is used to join wood to metal
3. It is used to join metal to wood

Hinges :

Hinges are made of mild steel, bronze, brass and chromium plates.

Parts of hinges are;

1) Two leaves
2) Connecting pin
3) Knuckles

Uses of hinges

1. It is used to hang doors windows or gates

2. It is used as a movable fastener for table top, desks or chest tables
Types of hinges

1) Butt hinge
2) Rising butt
3) Tee hinge
4) Pivot hinge
5) Butterfly hinge
6) Strap hinge
7) Piano strip hinge
8) Soss hinge
9) Onyx invisible hinge.

Lock

Lock is a device used to restrict access to an area or enclosure.

Uses of lock

1. It helps to secure a building when it is locked.

2. It helps to secure drawer, box, cupboard, when it is locked.
Types of lock
1. Mortice lock
2. Cupboard lock
3. Rim lock
4. Drawer lock
5. Pad lock
6. Knob lock
7. Box lock
8. Cylinder lock
9. Glass sliding lock.

SUB-TOPIC (3) WOOD FINISHING.

Wood finishing is the process of applying or coating a wooden project of furniture that has been planed, scraped and
sand papered with chemical in order to make it smooth and attractive. The chemicals used is known as wood finishes.

Advantages of wood finishing are;

1. It Protects the wood from fungi and insect attack

2. It makes the surface of the wood to be smooth and attractive.
3. It protects the wood from fumes, warps, dirt and penetration of water which can cause it to shrink.

Types of wood finishes

There are lot of wood finishes but the common ones are ;

1. Varnish
2. French polish
3. Wax
4. Paint
5. Creosote
6. Wood stain.

SUB-TOPIC (4).ADHESIVES.

Adhesives is a thick sticky liquid that is capable of holding two piece of material when applied to one surface or both
surfaces. It is also referred to as [Link] is used for fixing of joints, shoe mending, tile laying etc. e g. evostic.
Qualities of a good adhesive

1. It should be water resistant

2. It should not be expensive.
3. It should not stain the wood.
4. It should be able to resist fungus attack
5. It should be flexible enough to withstand strains

Types of adhesive

Adhesives are grouped into the following categories:

1) Natural adhesive
2) Synthetic adhesive
3) Impact or contact glue

SUB-TOPIC (5) SIMPLE WOOD WOORK JOINTS.

Joints have been used for a long time to enable us join the parts of a wood-work together without using nail, but
glues are used to fix the joints.

The art and skill of doing the joining the joining is known as joinery.

Types of wood work joints

1. Halving joints ; It is used for making various forms of frame work such as:Frames of photograph, Door
frames and Tables
2. Butt joint : It is used when making simple boxes cabinet , bed frames
3. Mortise and tenon joint : It is used for framing of wood work such as chairs, tables, doors etc
4. Bridle joint :It is used for framing light wood work such as chairs, table etc.
5. Dovetail joint:It is used in corner joints when making boxes, cabinet, drawers, beds, chairs etc
6. Dowelled joint: it forms a good joint between two pieces of wood. it serves the same purpose as a mortise
and tenon.
7. Tongue and groove joint.:It is used for making wide table tops, as packing cases, floor boards.

Methods of producing joints

There are different methods of making joints which is dependent on the availability of tools and the experience of the
wood worker.

The joint is made by the combination of many tools such as:

1) The plane
2) Marking gauge
3) A pencil
4) Boring tools
5) Saw and
6) Chisel.

SUB-TOPIC (6) SAFETY PRECAUTIONS IN WOOD WORK.

1) Wear protective clothing

2) Avoid distraction
3) Wear protective footwear
4) Disconnect power before changing blade.
5) Use eye goggles to prevent the entrance of saw dust.

SUB TOPIC (7) HOW TO CONSRUCT SIMPLE HOUSE HOLD FURNITURE.

The simple household furniture we shall consider are:

i) Wooden table
ii) Wooden stool
iii) Photo frames

i) Wooden table

The type of wood to be used varies depending on the location, price range and personal preference.

Tools and materials needed

1. wood
2. A drill and a screw driver
3. Wood screws of the same length
4. Clamp
5. Wood glue
6. Saw
7. Nails
8. A sander and sand paper
9. Polish or wood stain
10. Plane etc.
ii) Wooden stool

Tools and material needed for the construction of wooden stool are

1. Wood
2. Stain or paint
3. Sand paper
4. Wood filter
5. Nails
6. Table saw
7. Clamps
8. Plane
9. Glue
iii) Picture frame

Picture frame is mostly used to capture your favorite photo or picture.

Tools and materials needed for construction of picture frame are

i) Cardboard paper
ii) Scissors
iii) Nails and screws
iv) Glue
v) Sand paper
vi) Glass
vii) Paint or varnish etc.

WEEK 10-11

REVISION AND EXAMINATION