Chapter 5: Inclusion for Peace, Democracy and

Development
Chapter overview
Inclusive education is at the heart of any strategy
for peace-building, democracy and development. It
is through inclusive educational that values, skills
and knowledge which form the basis of respect for
human rights and democratic principles can be
developed.
It is through Inclusive education that the rejection
of violence, and a spirit of tolerance, understanding
and mutual appreciation among individuals, groups
and nations can be enhanced.
As a result, inclusiveness should be the first phase
towards increasing participation and fight for social
justice for people with disabilities, vulnerable and
general populations. Inclusive education provides
individuals for these populations, skills, experience
and empowerment that help them to vocalize for
themselves and for others‘ right.
Inclusive education develops inclusive development in
all sectors. In general, inclusive developments in all
sectors encourage greater acceptance of diversity of
gender, culture, language, economy and politics; and
the formation of more tolerant, equitable and
cohesive societies; simply put, creates inclusive
society.
Chapter Objectives
• Define Peace, Democracy and Development
• Identify sources of exclusionary practices
• Discuss exclusionary practices in the community
• Discuss respecting divers needs, culture, values,
demands and ideas
• Discus conflict emanated from exclusion
• Explain means and benefits of participation of
the marginalized group of people
• Discuss the democratic principles for inclusive
practices
• Explain the importance of inclusion for
psychosocial development
• Elaborate the importance of inclusion for
economic development
• Discus the importance of inclusion for peace
 Inclusion for Peace
Definition
Peace can be defined in several ways. However, for
the purpose of this module peace is defined as
creating mutual understanding, positive relationship
between individuals and groups. These groups may
include culturally, linguistically, economically and
biologically heterogeneous groups. These groups
are living side by side in a harmony with
reciprocated respect or create societal friendship
with all the diversities without conflict. This means
developed interpersonal peace through deep
respect for other persons, justice, tolerance and
cooperation.
This means peace has a notion of societies‘
completeness, fulfillment, wholeness, harmony,
feeling of security and well being of an individual, a
community or a society. Human being is
interconnected and should be free from negative
force, fear, hatred, anger, tension, violence stress,
anxiety and any kind of destructions. Peace make
the mind quiet and calm prevents anxieties, worries,
stress and fears, and awakens inner strength and
confidence, develop freedom, happiness, love, joy,
justice and gratitude. Peace can be achieved
through formal and informal inclusive education.
Activity
1. why education is crucial for creating conflict
free society?
2. What kind of Education could make peace in the
society?
Inclusive education is a foundation for inclusiveness
in all aspects of life. It creates equality and equity
among divers population. Diversity refers to in
terms of language, religion, socioeconomic status,
culture and psychology. Equal (sameness and
nondiscrimination) and/or equitable (social justice
and fairness ) distribution of resources within the
system; equal and/or equitable both in terms of
locations and numbers, in relation to resources
such as money, trained and qualified professionals,
teaching and learning materials, school buildings,
and school furniture.
inclusive education is crucial for:
• Fostering education that promotes the values,
attitudes and behavior inherent in a culture of
peace, including conflict prevention and resolution,
dialogue, consensus building and active non-
violence;
• Promoting sustainable economic and social
development by targeting the eradication of
poverty and social inequalities;
• Promoting respect for the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights at all levels;
• Promoting gender equality in economic, social and
political decision-making;
• Fostering democratic participation and citizenship
and supporting processes that promote and sustain
democracy;
• Advancing understanding, respect for cultural
diversity, and human solidarity by promoting a
dialogue among societies;
• Supporting participatory communication and the
free flow and sharing of information and knowledge in
the promotion of a culture of peace;
• Promoting international peace and security through
action such as the promotion of general and complete
disarmament.
Activity
1. can we solve the Ethiopian divers‘ problems that create
conflict through inclusiveness? How?

[Link] you think exclusion create chaos in the nation? How?

[Link] are other sources of conflicts?

4. How can we overcome all sources of conflicts?

Contrary to the important of inclusive education
exclusion in education create undesirable result for
a nation:
• Educational exclusion cut people off from full
involvement in the economic and social life of their
countries
• As an experience of deprivation, social exclusion is
often the consequence of severe horizontal
inequalities, and as such it can underpin grievances
that can mobilize groups for conflict
• Exclusion through horizontal inequalities
undermines social cohesion
• Build shared values;
• Reduce disparities in wealth and income;
• Difficult to enable people to have a sense that
they are engaged in a common enterprise, facing
shared challenges, and that they are members of
the same community;
Historical Sources of Conflict
• National crimes burden future generations
• Ethnic/religious resentments (dislike, hatred)
accumulate
• Individual Choice: To resolve or repeat past
conflicts- rethinking the past and the future
Reflections Some Quotes on making of peace.
Discus each of the following quotes broadly and
present them in the class
1. Hate rate and fighting cannot bring peace. ―We
never get rid of an enemy by meeting hate with
hate; we get rid of an enemy by getting rid of
enmity.” Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
2. “When I despair, I remember that all through
history the ways of truth and love have always
won.” Mahatma Gandhi
1. “Any life that is lost in war is a human life, be it
that of an Arab or Israeli. Innocent children who
are deprived of the care and compassion of
their parents are ours. They are ours, be they
living on Arab or Israeli land.” Anwar Sadat
2. “The reason why God does not punish an
enemy is that He is thinking of the enemy’s
parents, wife and children who all love him.
When you understand that heart of God, could
you take revenge on your enemy?” Rev. Sun
Myung
Inclusion for Democracy Activities
I. Discus the meaning of democracy?
II. Explain the characteristics of democratic society
III. How can we achieve democracy?
IV. Does inclusive education contribute for the
development of democracy?

Definition Democracy is a great philosophy of

inclusion that born and grown in inclusive schools.
It means the rule of the people, by the people, for
the people; and where ‘people’ is to mean all
human being, regardless of the diversities.
Inclusion Education for Democracy
Inclusive education for democracy has not been
established as a central purpose for schooling in
Ethiopia. Schools are the ideal place to promote
democracy.
One of the most important tasks of schools should
be helping students to realize the values of
democracy. The democratic values include is to
enhance protected right, independent quality life
for all, freedom, pursuit of happiness, justice, the
common good, truth, respect and tolerance for
diversity and partisanship.
Democratic principles for inclusive practices
Inclusive education is based on seven principles:
• Diversity enriches and strengthens all
communities.
• All persons with disabilities different in their
needs, potentials, learning and working styles;
• Their achievements according to their potentials
are equally valued, respected and celebrated by
society
• All learners are enabled to fulfill their potential by
taking into account individual requirements and
needs.
Inclusion for Development
Definition
The word development is widely used to refer to a
specified state of advancement or growth a new
and advanced idea, profession, physical, mental,
product; or an event that constitutes a new stage
under changing circumstances. Development is a
positive growth or change in economical, social
and political aspects of a country.
Any kind of development should be inclusive. Some
scholars define inclusive development as a ―process
that occurs when social and material benefits are
equitably distributed across divides in society‖ (Hikey,
2015),

Respecting divers needs, culture, values, demands and

ideas.
These include race, ethnicity, age, ability, language,
nationality, socioeconomic status, gender, religion, or
sexual orientation. The group is diverse if a wide variety
of groups are represented.
Cultural diversity has become a hot-button issue when
applied to the workplace. For this reason, we've created
a list of the biggest diversity issues in the workplace.
•Acceptance and Respect
• Accommodation of Beliefs
• Ethnic and Cultural Differences
• Gender Equality
• Physical and Mental Disabilities
•Generation Gaps
• Language and Communication
Diversity may happen in the Workplace
• Ethnicity (language and cultural differences)
•Age and Generation differences
• Gender and Gender Identity
• Religious and Spiritual Beliefs
• Disability and Ability
• Socioeconomic Status and Background
- Poor and rich
- Educated and uneducated
- Highly educated and less educated
- Rural vs. urban history
-Married and unmarried
- Hard worker and non hard worker
- Mental health problems…etc
Valuing diversity
Recognizes differences between people and
acknowledges that these differences are a valued
asset. Multicultural education is an important
component of valuing diversity. It respects diversity
while teaching all children and youth to become
effective and participating members of a
democracy. Diversity in the workplace is vital for
employees because it manifests itself in building a
great reputation for the company, leading to
increased profitability and opportunities for workers
quality services. Workplace diversity is important
within the organization as well as outside.
Cultural Diversity
In relation to human diversity, so many questions
may be raised, such as what language someone
speak, religion, holidays celebrated, ethnic
identity, culture and the like. Our culture is what
shapes us; it shapes our behavior and our identity.
Culture is our way of living, it refers to the shared
language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and
material objects that are passed down from one
generation to the next. Cultural diversity in the
world is divers and a blessing gift for development;
but become sources of conflict. Why?
The term “culturally diverse” is often used
interchangeably with the concept of
“multiculturalism.” Recognition of the abundant
diversity of cultures; respect for the differences;
acknowledging the validity of different cultural
expressions and contributions; valuing what other
cultures offer; encouraging the contribution of
diverse groups; empowering people to strengthen
themselves and others to achieve their maximum
potential by being critical of their own biases; and
celebrating rather than just tolerating the
differences in order to bring about unity through
diversity are important elements in defining and
describing multiculturalism
Ethnic diversity
Activities
1. What do we mean by ethnic diversity?
2. What are the strengths and weakness of ethnic
diversity?
3. Why are the causes of ethnic conflict?
4. What could be the mitigation for ethnic
conflict?
The diversity of something is the fact that it
contains many very different elements. The terms
"race" and "ethnicity" used interchangeably, but,
generally speaking, the meanings are distinct. Race
is usually seen as biological, referring to the
physical characteristics of a person, while ethnicity
is viewed as a social science construct that
describes a person's cultural identity. It is including
nationality, regional culture, ancestry, and
language.
An example of race is brown, white, or black skin
(all from various parts of the world), while an
example of ethnicity is German or Spanish ancestry
(regardless of race) or Han Chinese. Cultural
diversity is important; because our country,
workplaces, and schools increasingly consist of
various cultural, racial, and ethnic groups; so that as
we interact with others we can build bridges to
trust, respect, and understanding across cultures.
Benefits of Cultural Diversity
There are many advantages of a diverse in schools and
workplaces. Organizations can benefit from employees
who bring language skills, cultural experience, and
creativity to the table. An organizations success can be
dependent upon its ability to embrace a diverse staff.
Religious diversity
What causes workplace conflict?
A religious conflict is a conflict primarily caused or
justified by differences in religion. In the modern
period, debates are common over the extent to which
religious, economic, or ethnic aspects of a conflict
predominate in a given conflict.
• Lack of values for differences and poor
management of religious institutions
• Disrespect and unfair treatment other religions
•Unclear roles as followers of a given religion
• Inadequate spiritual education and training or ill
thought
•Poor communication with each other
• Lack of collaboration and poor living environment
•Partiality or lack of equal treatment from political
leaders
• Bullying and harassment of other religion
How to Resolve Conflict
1. Agree on a mutually acceptable time and place
to discuss the conflict
2. State the problem as you see it and list your
concerns
3. Let the other person have his/her say
4. Listen and ask questions
5. Stick to one conflict at a time — to the issue at
hand
6. Seek common ground
7. Seek for win-win approaches.
The win-win approach sees conflict resolution as
an opportunity to come to a mutually beneficial
result. It includes identifying your opponent's
underlying concerns and finding an alternative
which meets each party's concerns.
Gender differences
In general terms, "sex" refers to the biological
differences between males and females, such as the
genitalia and genetic differences. "Gender" can refer
to the role of a male or female in society, known as
a gender role, or an individual's concept of
themselves, or gender identity, either of the two
sexes (male and female), especially when
considered with reference to social and cultural
differences rather than biological ones.
Mental abilities
Women are generally better at language tasks. And
men on average are a little bit better at organizing
things in space. But really there's much more
variability within the women, or within men, than
there is difference between the woman and men.
There are genius male female and less geniuses in
both cases. Both Male and female can be gifted in
math and science, engineering or any other
discipline.
Stereotype thinking against woman
In his Politics, Aristotle saw women as subject to
men, but as higher than slaves, and lacking
authority; he believed the husband should exert
political rule over the wife. Among women's
differences from men were that they were, in his
view, more impulsive, more compassionate, more
complaining, and more deceptive. He gave the
same weight to women's happiness as to men's,
and in his Rhetoric stated that society could not be
happy unless women were happy too.
Whereas Plato was open to the potential equality
of men and women, stating both that women were
not equal to men in terms of strength and virtue,
but were equal to men in terms of rational and
occupational capacity, and hence in the ideal
Republic should be educated and allowed to work
alongside men without differentiation, Aristotle
appears to have disagreed.
In his theory of inheritance, Aristotle considered
the mother to provide a passive material element
to the child, while the father provided an active,
ensouling element with the form of the human
species
In Ethiopia, discriminatory attitudes and social
norms are major drivers of gender-based violence
where women are victims and the perpetrators are
men. Factors associated with men's use of violence
include rigid gender attitudes, abuses and
harassments
Woman’s participations in developments
Activities
1. Are there relationships between poverty and
participation of women?
2. Compare Africa and Europe in the level of
women‘s participation and development
What is expected from society to equally treat of female?
• Our priorities are winning economic equality and securing
equal rights for women;
• Reproductive freedom and other women's health issues;
• An equitable distribution of life's opportunities and
resources between women and men, and/or the equal
representation of women and men
• Every woman and girl is entitled to live in dignity and in
freedom, without any fear.
• Caring practices for female, not violence
• Equal opportunity for education and employment
• Gender Justice is indispensable for development, poverty
reduction, and is crucial to achieving human progress
Marginalized group of people
Marginalization is a process that includes many
external forces. People may be marginalized on the
basis of the social, gender, cultural, ethnic,
economic, social order, beliefs and other factors.
Marginal groups can always be identified by
members of dominant society, and will face
irrevocable discrimination. Marginalized groups
exist nearly everywhere. They are people who, for
whatever reason, are denied involvement in
mainstream economic, political, cultural and social
activities.
Creating friendly environments for marginalized
people
1. Tolerate for the differences opinions and attitudes
2. Seek out marginalized voices and perspectives and
provide support
3. Confront your own racist thought and try to be
inclusive of all the differences
4. Use your privilege to support marginalized people‘s
movements
5. Give your time and money, if possible for the
success of inclusive development
6. Be proactive about inclusion in your daily life
7. Avoid segregation
8. Do the work that help to promote inclusiveness
The most vulnerable are women, children, aged,
those living with HIV/AIDS, mental illness,
minority people with language and cultural
diversity, disability and the like.
Girls and women from the marginalized groups
are more vulnerable to violence.
The dropout, illiteracy, un-employability and
poverty rates among them are also high.