Short Answer Questions.

1. Define the following terms.

a. Ignition temperature :- The temperature at which a combustible substance catches
fire.
b. Fuel :- Any substance that burns to release heat and light during the process of
combustion is called a fuel.
c. Calorific value:- Calorific value is the amount of heat produced on complete
combustion of 1 kg of fuel. It is expressed as kJ/kg (kilojoules per kilogram)
d. Combustion:- The process of burning of combustible substance in the presence of
oxygen in ( air) to release energy in the form of heat and light.

2. What are the conditions necessary for combustion?

Ans- The conditions necessary for combustion are:
• Presence of a combustible substance
• Presence of a supporter of combustion
• The substance should be heated to its ignition temperature

3. Distinguish between:
a. Rapid and Spontaneous combustion
b. Exhaustible and Inexhaustible resources

4. Give any three uses of natural gas.

Ans- The three uses of natural gas are:
a. They are a major source of energy.
b. They are used for cooking food.
c. They are used to run automobile engines.

5. How is the efficiency of a fuel determined?

Ans- The efficiency of a fuel is judged by its calorific value. Calorific value is
the amount of heat produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel. It is expressed
as kJ/kg (kilojoules per kilogram).

Long Answer Questions.

1. With the help of a labelled diagram, explain the various zones of candle flame.
Ans- The three main zones of a candle flame:

• Outermost zone: It is also known as the non-luminous zone or zone of complete

combustion. It is in direct contact with air, hence, it receives surplus supply of
oxygen. The flame in this zone appears blue because of complete combustion. It is
the hottest zone of the candle flame.

• Middle zone: It is also known as the luminous zone or zone of incomplete

combustion. Since, it does not receive adequate amount of oxygen, incomplete
combustion takes place in this zone. Therefore, wax vapours do not burn properly as
the oxygen supply is inadequate, resulting in the formation of black soot. The
flame appears orange yellow because of partial combustion. It is moderately hot.

• Innermost zone: It is also known as the dark zone or zone of no combustion.

This zone does not receive oxygen from the air, therefore, combustion does not take
place here. The flame in this zone appears greyish-black. It is the least hot zone.
2. What are the characteristics of an ideal fuel?
Ans- Characteristics of an ideal fuel:
1. It should have high calorific value and a moderate rate of combustion.
2. It should not produce any harmful products on burning.
3. It should cause minimum pollution.
4. It should be cheap and readily available.
5. It should be easy to store and transport.
6. Its ignition temperature should be above room temperature.

3. With the help of an activity, show that the non-luminous zone is the hottest
part of the candle flame.
Ans- To show that the non-luminous zone is the hottest part of the candle flame,
we can conduct the following activity.

Material required: candle, thin copper wire, matchbox.

Procedure: Light a candle and wait till the flame becomes stable. Hold the copper
wire just inside the candle flame for 30 to 40 seconds. Record your observations.

Observation: The wire becomes black in the luminous zone of the flame and it gets
red hot just outside the flame.

Conclusion: The non-luminous zone is the hottest part of a candle flame.

4. How does carbon dioxide help in extinguishing fire?

Ans- Carbon dioxide is not conductive in nature, so it does not support combustion.
It cuts off the supply of air to the fire and so helps in extinguishing fire.

5. How are fuels classified?

Ans- There are many different ways to classify fuels.

On the basis of their uses, fuels can be classified as:

a. Renewable fuels: Like renewable resources, renewable fuels can be used over a
long period of time as they never get depleted. For example, fuels obtained from
animal waste as well as agricultural waste.
b. Non-renewable fuels: Similar to non-renewable resources, these fuels are
available in limited quantities and hence should be used wisely. They can get
exhausted if not used judiciously. Fuels such as CNG, petrol and coal are some
examples of these fuels.

On the basis of physical states, fuels are classified as:

a. Solid fuels: They are bulky and need large storage space. On combustion, they
leave behind ash or residue. For example, wood and coal.
b. Liquid fuels: These exist in liquid state at room temperature. On combustion,
they do not leave behind any residue. For example, kerosene, petrol and diesel.
c. Gaseous fuels: These exist naturally in gaseous form at room temperature. For
example, CNG and hydrogen.
On the basis of the source, they are classified as:

a. Primary fuels: These fuels occur in the same form as they occur in nature.
Some examples are fuels from animal and agricultural wastes, wood, coal, etc.
b. Secondary fuels: These fuels are obtained from natural fuels by various
physical and chemical processes. Examples include water gas and producer gas from
coke, coal gas from coal.

6. What is global warming?

Ans- Global warming is an undesirable phenomenon which is the result of burning
of carbon fuels like wood and petroleum.
These fuels release carbon dioxide which is responsible for trapping
infrared radiation from the Sun and not allowing it to escape from the Earth’s
surface.
The presence of extra heat increases the surface temperature of the Earth,
resulting in global warming.
The impact of this phenomenon is the melting of polar ice caps, which in
turn results in increasing sea levels and hence floods in coastal areas.

7. Write a short note on: a. Soda-acid fire extinguisher b. Candle flame

HOTS

[Link] is the spilling of crude oil in the sea harmful for animal and plant life?
Ans- Spilling of crude oil is harmful for plants and animals as the chemical
constituents of crude oil are poisonous in nature. It can lead to different
problems in plants and animals through inhalation or ingestion.

[Link], a domestic fuel, is an odourless gas. If it is odourless, how can its

leakage be detected?
Ans-LPG is odourless in nature; therefore, ethyl mercaptan is added to the gas
which helps in detecting the leakage as it smells like rotten cabbage.

[Link] type of coal is used in thermal power plants and why?

Ans-Lignite coal is used in thermal power plants.

[Link] do goldsmiths blow the outermost zone of the flame with a metallic hollow
pipe so as to get metallic gold?
Ans-They blow the outermost part of the candle to provide more oxygen to the flame.
As the outermost zone is the hottest part and receives surplus supply of oxygen, it
helps the goldsmith to get metallic gold.

[Link] will happen if the ignition temperature of a substance is lower than the
room temperature?
Ans-If the ignition temperature of a substance is lower than the room temperature,
it will catch fire easily and quickly without any external ignition.

[Link] does a flame always point in an upward direction?

Ans-.A candle flame always points upwards because a flame is extremely hot. Thus,
it is less dense than air, and hence, always points upwards.

LNO-BIODIVERSITY

I. Short Answer Questions.

1. What do you mean by biodiversity?

Ans:- Biodiversity or biological diversity is the variety of life, including the
different plant and animal species, on Earth that live together in a specific
region.

2. Differentiate between extinct and endangered species.

Ans-

3. Why is there a need to conserve biodiversity?

Ans- Destruction of forests leads to the destruction of the natural habitat of
plants and animals; hence, the conservation of plants and animals is related to the
conservation of forests.

4. How are the species classified in IUCN’s Red List?

Ans- The list classifies species as Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable,
Endangered, Critically Endangered, Extinct in the Wild and Extinct.

5. What is the aim of Project Tiger?

Ans-In 1973, the Government of India launched Project Tiger to conserve its
national animal, the tiger. Project Tiger conducts country-level assessment of the
status of tigers, co-predators, prey and habitat once in every four years, using a
refined methodology.

III. Long Answer Questions.

1. Describe the functions of forests.

Ans-
The main functions of forests are protective, productive and regulatory. Let us
discuss about each of these functions one by one.

A. Protective
• The dense part of forests act as a shield by slowing down the wind speed and,
hence, preventing topsoil from being eroded.
• Trees protect the wildlife, as they provide food and shelter to wild animals.
• Forests help in reducing air pollutionand keep the environment cool.
• Forests help in maintaining the ideal underground water level, with increased
absorption of water by the soil.

B. Productive
• Medicinal plants such as neem and aloe vera are the products of forests.
• Oils, such as coconut and sandalwood, are obtained from forests.
• Wood, obtained from trees, is used for making paper, furniture, and as fuel.
• A variety of food items are obtained from forests.

C. Regulatory
• Forests increase humidity of air by transpiring large amounts of water vapour
into the atmosphere, hence regulating temperature and water cycle.
• They maintain balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide between plants and animals.
• They prevent air pollution and global warming.

2. What is deforestation? What are its consequences?

Ans- Deforestation :- Trees are being cut down at a massive rate due to an Glossary
Content insatiable thirst for more land in order to build roads, houses, railway
tracks, etc. This cutting down of trees on a large scale for other purposes is
called deforestation.

1. Desertification: Cutting of trees leads to erosion of topsoil. Thus, exposing

the hard and rocky soil with less humus. This soil is not fertile enough to support
agriculture. Over time, soil erosion converts the land into a desert. This process
is known as desertification.

2. Global warming: Deforestation causes an increase in the level of carbon dioxide

in the atmosphere. This results in the increase in Earth’s temperature as the
carbon dioxide traps the heat rays reflected by the Earth’s surface. This is known
as global warming. This increase in the temperature disturbs the water cycle and
hence results in lesser rainfall.
3. Deforestation reduces the water absorption and retention capacity of the soil.
This leads to floods in the areas situated near rivers.

3. Write short notes on:a. National parks b. Wildlife sanctuaries

A. National Parks :-
There are nearly 104 National Parks in India. These parks provide protection and
suitable living conditions for the wild animals and plants. A national park is
actually a large land area owned by the government. The animals are not caged. On
the contrary, they roam freely in these parks. Corbett National Park, Kaziranga
National Park and Bandhavgarh National Park are some examples of the National Parks
in India.

B. Wildlife Sanctuaries :-
A sanctuary is a place that offers protection to animals, which are vulnerable or
endangered and even migratory birds, from hunting/poachingand [Link] are
more than 500 wildlife sanctuaries in India. Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary and Sariska
Tiger Reserve are the most famous examples of Wildlife Sanctuaries.

4. What is the Red Data Book?

[Link]
A. How does cutting down of trees cause landslides. Explain.
Ans- Cutting of trees makes the soil loose and free to move. In events of strong
winds, rain and floods, the soil invites landslides as it is easily movable without
the tree roots to hold or support it.

[Link] are tribal people? Are they a threat to our forests? Why or why not?
Ans- Tribal people are a group of distinct people who stay away from the national
society, in forests. They are dependent on forests and rivers for their food and
shelter and maintain distance from the mainstream societies. Although such people
mainly depend on forests for their livelihood, they are not a threat to the forests
because they have a deep understanding of the forests and do not exploit them.

13 Electricity & Circuits

I. Short Answer Questions.

1. Define electrolysis.
ans- Electrolysis is the process by which the electrolytes get dissociated into
ions when electric current is passed through them. The device in which electrolysis
takes place is called voltameter or electrolytic cell.

2. Differentiate between electrolyte and non-electrolyte

Ans-The liquids that allow electricity to flow through them are called electrolytes
and the liquids that do not allow electricity to flow are called non-electrolytes.

3. In which direction does the electric current flow?

Ans-The electric current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal.

4. Why are the containers used for storage of food electroplated?

Ans- Containers used for storage of food are electroplated so that the food does
not come in contact with iron and get spoit.

5. Do liquids conduct electricity? Justify your answer.

Ans-Yes,Liquids conduct electricity. Salt containing water or water containing
impurities are good conductor of electricity however distilled water cannot conduct
electricity. The reason behind it is that impurities present in water forms ions
which conduct electricity.
6. How do impurities affect electrical conductivity?
Ans- Pure water does not conduct electricity but by adding impurities like acid
bases or salts to pure water we can make wanted to conduct electricity. These
impurities forms ions which are responsible for conduction of electricity. This is
how impurities affects electrical conductivity.

Long Answers

1. Define electroplating. Using copper sulphate as an electrolyte, demonstrate

electroplating.
Ans- Electroplating is the process of deposition of a layer of metal on another
material by the usage of electric current.
Aim: To demonstrate electroplating

Materials required: Trough, water, copper sulphate, copper electrode, battery,

iron nail, wires

Procedure:

1. Half fill the trough with water and copper sulphate.

2. Dip the two electrodes into this solution. Connect one electrode to the negative
terminal of the battery and the other electrode to the positive terminal of the
battery through wires.
3. Allow the electricity to pass. Leave the setup for about 15–20 minutes.
4. Take out the electrodes from the solution. Record your observations.
We will observe that the electrode that was connected to the negative terminal of
the battery has a brown colored whereas the other electrode remains as it is.

2. With the help of an experiment, show electrolysis of water.

Ans-
Experiment
Aim: To demonstrate electrolysis
Materials required: Trough, tap water, electrodes, battery, wires
Procedure: In a trough, add tap water. Introduce two electrodes into water, one is
positively charged and the other is negatively charged. Connect the electrodes to
the battery through wires. Switch on the battery. Note your observations.
Observation: When electric current is passed through water, it gets split into
hydrogen and oxygen ions. Hydrogen ions, being positively charged, move towards the
cathode (negatively charged electrode) and oxygen ions being negatively charged
move towards the positively charged anode (positively charged electrode).

3. Does vinegar conduct electricity? Will an LED glow when using vinegar as an
electrolyte?
Ans- No. Vinegar does not conduct electricity.

Aim:To show conductivity through vinegar.

Material required: beakers, vinegar, bulb, batteries, wires

Procedure: Fill a beaker with vinegar. Connect the bulbs and batteries to the
beakers through wires.

Observations: The bulb does not glow.

Now replace the bulb with LED.

We will observe that a LED glows. This is because vinegar is a poor conductor and
conducts very small amount of electricity which is not sufficient to gloow the bulb
but the LED is a device which glows with a very small amount of current.

4. ‘All that glitters is not gold.’ Justify this statement with reference to
electroplating.
Ans- All that glitters are not gold! It means that the attractive external
appearance of something is not a reliable indication of its true nature. The
process of
electrolysis is used in electroplating which is the process of deposition of a
layer of metal on another material by usage of electric current.
By electroplating, metals such as gold and silver are electroplated on less
expensive metals to give them a superior look. Jewellery makers often do this to
make jewellery more attractive.

5. Show with the help of an activity that distilled water is a poor conductor of
electricity.
Ans- Following is the activity :
Aim:To demonstrate conductivity through water
Materials required: Beaker, salt, distilled water, crocodile clips, battery, metal
wires, bulb

Procedure:

1. Take two metal wires and at any of the ends of the wires, fix two crocodile
clips.
2. Take another metal wire and attach two more clips at its end.
3. Join the first two metal wires with the bulb and fix their respective clips on
the rim of the glass beaker and on the negative terminal of the battery. Connect
one end of other metal wire to the positive terminal of the battery and its other
end to the rim of the glass beaker through its clips to complete the circuit.
4. Fill the glass beaker with distilled water such that the clips of the beaker are
immersed in water. Note down your observations.
5. Now, add some salt to the beaker containing distilled water and stir to dissolve
the salt. Note your observations again.

Observations: When the beaker contains only distilled water, the bulb does not
glow. However, when salt is added to the water, the bulb glows.

6. How can pure water be made to conduct electricity?

Ans- We know that the distilled or pure water is a bad conductor of electricity and
does not allow electricity to pass. However, we can make the distilled water impure
by adding things like salt, acids, bases which are good conductors of electricity.
Once we make the water impure, it will be able to pass electricity. For example,
the tap water contains some pre-dissolved salts in it. So, if we dip a tester in
tap water, we will observe that the tester will glow.

Hots

1. Aamna wants to test whether a plastic rod that has been given an electric charge
would attract or repel a magnet. With the help of a diagram, describe a method to
Aamna to test this. What are the expected results of this test?

2. With the help of a diagram, explain what will happen if two negatively charged
balls are hung next to each other.
Ans- If two negatively charged balls are hung next to each other, they will repel
each other.

3. If a cloth is rubbed on an acrylic rod, what charge will the cloth gain?
Ans- If a cloth is rubbed on an acrylic rod, the cloth will gain the positive
charge.