PM Shri Kendriya Vidyalaya
Birbhum
Physics Investigatory Project
Topic - To study various factors on which the
internal
resistance/EMF of a cell depends
Name – DISHA GHOSH
Class: XII Science
Roll no:
Session: 2024-25
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that DISHA GHOSH of
class XII has successfully completed this
physics project on the topic "To study
various
factors on which the internal resistance/EMF
of a
cell depends" under the guidance of
Ms. Tuhina
Kabiraj Mam , during the academic
session
2024-25 as per the guidelines issued by
the Central Board Of Secondary
Education.
External Examiner
Principal Examiner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks
of
gratitude to my teacher Ms. Tuhina
Kabiraj
Mam, as well as our Principal Mam
"Mrs. Roseline Ekka Lakra" who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project of physics on the topic
"To study various
factors on which various factors on which
the internal resistance/EMF of a cell
depends" which also helped me in doing a
lot of research and i
came to know about so many things.
Secondly I would also like to
thank my parents and friends
who helped me in finalizing this project
within
the limited time frame.
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE
CRUIT DIHGRAM
APPHRITUS
THEORY
PROCEDURE
OBSERVHTIONS
RESULTS AND REFERENCES
PRECAUTION
SOURCES OF ERROR
BIBLIOGRIPHY
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in
our daily used
electronic appliances and this use is
increasing every day. Thus, the
batteries need to be made more
powerful so that their potential can be
increased greatly.
Thus, this project report is based on
practicalanalys0s
for the factors affecting the internal
resistance of a cell. When the internal
existence of the cell is decreased, we
can increase the potential difference
across it, and
hence make it more reliable.
PRACTICAL ANALYSIS
OBJECTIVE:
To study the various factors on
which the internal resistance of
a
cell depends.
APPARATUS:
Potentiometer
Battery (or battery eliminator)
Two one-way keys
Rheostat
Galvanometer
Resistance box
Ammeter Cell (Leclanche cell)
Jockey
Setsquare
Connecting wires and sandpaper
THEORY
The internal resistance of a cell is the
resistance
offered by its electrolyte to the flow of
ions.
The internal resistance of a cell:
Is directly proportional to the
distance
between the electrodes.
ls inversely proportional to facing
surface area of the electrodes in
electrolyte.
-Decreases with increase in
temperature of electrolyte
Is inversely proportional to
concentration
of electrolyte
The internal resistance of a cell is
given by:
r= [E-V]/R
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
Clean the ends of the connecting wires
with sand. paper and make tight
connections according to the
circuit diagram.
Tighten the plugs of the resistance box.
.Check the em.f. of the battery and of the
cell and. make sure that e m.f. of the
battery is more than.
that of the cell, otherwise null or balance
point will.
not be obtained.
To study variation of internal resistance
with distance
Of separation
Keep both the electrodes at a distance of
16 cm.
Take maximum current from the battery,
making
rheostat resistance small.
Without inserting a plug-in [Link] the
rheostat.
So that a null point is obtained on the last
wire of the
potentiometer.
Determine the position of the null point
accurately using a set square and
measure the balancing
length (1) between the null point and the
end P.
"Next introduce plugs in both keys and. At
the same
time, take out a small resistance (-5 WW
from the
shunt resistance box connected in parallel
with the cell.
Slide the jockey along a potentiometer
wire and obtain the null point.
·Measure the balancing length D from
end P. -Now keep the electrodes 12 cm
apart.
Then remove the plugs of keys K, and K2
Wait for
Sometime and repeat steps 7 to 10.
Next, keep the electrodes9 cm apart to
obtain another set of observations.
Tostudy variation of internal resistance
with area of electrodes
Keeping all other factors constant, increase the
area of electrodes in the electrolyte by dipping
therm
into the electrolyte at different depths for each
observation.
Obtain three such observations by repeating steps
7to 10. Record your readings.
To,study variation of internal
resistance with concentration of
electrolyte
Keeping all other factors constant, decrease the
concentration of. electrolyte by adding distilled
water for
different observations.
"Obtain three such observations by repeating step
7 to 10.
Record your observations.
Tostudy variation of internal
resistance with temperature
Keeping all other factors constant, increase the
temperature of electrolyte.
Obtain three such observations by repeating step
7to 10. Record your readings.
RESULT AND REFERENCES
The Electromotive Force of the cell is
constant and is equal to E = 0.98 volt.
The internal resistance of a cell is directly
proportional to the separation between the
electrodes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional
to the area of the electrodes dipped in
electrolyte.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional to the temperature of
electrolytes.
The internal resistance of a cell is inversely
proportional
to the concentration of the electrolyte.
PRECAUTIONS
The connections should be neat. clean and tight.
The plugs should be introduced in the keys
only when the observations are to be taken.
The positive polls of the battery E and cells E.
and E2 should. all be connected to the terminal at the
zero of the wires.
The jockey key should not be rubbed along
the wire.
It should touch the wire gently.
The ammeter reading should remain constant
for a particular set of observation.
If necessary adjust the rheostat for this purpose.
SOURCES OF ERROR
[Link] auxiliary battery may not be fully
charged.
[Link] potentiometer wire may not be of
uniform cross-section and material density
throughout its length.
3. End resistances may not be zero.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]