CIVIL DEPARTMENT

QUESTION BANK WITH ANSWER

UNIT-1 2MARK
Course Code& Name: 23CE303 SURVEYING

1. What is the object of Surveying?

Following are the various purposes of the surveying methods.
1. To check out the alignment of various engineering structures.

2. To calculate the areas and volumes, involved in the various engineering projects.
3. To prepare the plans and maps, sections (or) profiles, contours, etc.
2. What is meant by geodetic surveying?
The surveys, in which curvature of the earth is taken into account and higher degree of accuracy,
required is called Geodetic surveying.
[Link] do you mean by plane surveying?
Plane surveying is defined as the division of surveying, in which all the survey works are carried
based on the assumption that the surface of earth is a plane and the curvature of the earth isignored.

4. Define the term Dip?

The inclination of the magnetic needle with the horizontal plane is called Dip (or) Angle of dip.
The angle of dip at equator is 0° and it increase when approaching the poles. It becomes 90° at poles.

5. Define Declination and Dip in compass surveying?

The inclination of the magnetic needle with the horizontal plane is called Dip (or) Angle of Dip.
The angle of dip at equator is 0° and it increase when approaching the poles. It becomes 90°at
poles.
Magnetic Declination is defined as the horizontal angle between the true north and magnetic north
at a place, at the time of observation. The magnetic needle can either be deflecting, towards east (or)
west of the true meridian.
6. What are sources of local attractions?
Magnetic materials such as magnetic rocks, iron ores, electrical cables etc., are sourcesof
local attractions.

7. Define Local Attraction?

The deflection of the magnetic needle from its normal position due to attraction of
magnetic materials such as magnetic rocks, iron ores, electrical cables etc., is called Local
Attraction.
[Link] is Magnetic declination?

Magnetic Declination is defined as the horizontal angle between the true north and magnetic
north at a place, at the time of observation. The magnetic needle can either bedeflecting, towards
east (or) west of the true meridian.

9. What is Plumb Bob?

Plumb bobs are used to test the verticality of ranging rods and levelling staves. It is also used totransfer
the end points of the chain onto ground while measuring the distances in a hilly terrain.
10. List the various accessories used in chain surveying?

1. Chain [Link] 3. Ranging Rods

4. Offset Rods [Link] Bob 6. Pegs
7. Cross-Staff 8. Optical Square 9. Arrows 10. Whites etc.

11. What do you understand by the term traversing?

Traverse is defined as the series of connected straight lines, each joining two stations on the
ground. The endpoints are called traverse stations. The straight lines between the two consecutive
stations are called traverse legs.
There are two types of traverse
1. Closed
Traverse

2. Open Traverse
[Link] the use of traversing?

Traversing are used,

 To Fix the points on the ground.
 To survey when the area is large and with irregular boundaries and obstacles.
13. What are different sources of errors in chain surveying?

(a) Displacement of the arrows

(b ) Adding (or) Omitting the full chain length

(c) Reading from the wrong end of the chain
(d ) Reading numbers wrongly
(e) Reading wrong metre marks

(f ) Recording the reading in the field book wrongly etc.

14. Distinguish between angle and bearing?
  An angle is defined as the deviation of one straight line with respect to the other one.
 Bearing is defined as the angle (or) inclination of a survey line with respect to the north-
south direction.

15. Define true meridian?

True meridian (or) Geographical meridian is defined as the line joining the geographical
north and south poles. True meridian at various places are not parallel to each other.

16. What is magnetic meridian?

 Magnetic Meridian is defined as the longitudinal axis, indicated by the freely suspended,
properly balanced magnetic needle. It does not coincide with the true meridian except in
certain places during the year.
17 Define surveying. What are the fundamental principles of surveying?

Surveying is defined as the science of making measurements of the earth specifically the surface of
the earth. The fundamental principles upon which the surveying is being carried out are working from
whole to part. After deciding the position of any point its reference must be kept from at least two
permanent objects or stations whose positions have already been well defined.

18. Differentiate between plane and geodetic surveying?

[Link] Plane surveying Geodetic surveying

1 It is a process of It is a process of
surveying in whichthe surveying in which the
portion of the earth being shape and size of the
surveyed is considered a earth are considered
plane.
2 Surveys for the location and The positions are expressed as
construction of highways and latitudes (angles north or south
roads, canals, landing fields, and of the Equator) and
railroads are classified under longitudes (angles east or west
plane surveying. of a prime meridian) or
as northing and castings on a
rectangular grid.

3 In this training manual, we will The methods used in

discuss primarily the methods geodetic surveying
used in plane surveying rather are beyond the scope of this
than those used in geodetic training manual.
surveying.
19. Name the different ways of classification of surveys?

Classification Of Survey is based on

i. Purpose of Surveying

ii. Nature of the field

iii. Methods employed

iv. Instruments Used

20. What is a well-conditioned triangle? What is its specific advantage?

The triangle in which all angle should be greater than 30°. which is no angle should be less than 30°
 UNIT-II 2MARK
1. Differentiate between a level line and horizontal line?

Level line is defined as the line lying on the level surface. At every point, the level surface and
the level line is normal to the plumb line. The surface of still water (in a lake) represents the
level surface and the level line.
Horizontal line is defined as the line, lying on the horizontal surface. It is a straight line
tangential to the level line.

2. Distinguish between line of collimation and line of sight?

The imaginary straight line passing through the optical centre of the object and
the point of intersection of the cross-hairs is called line of collimation.
The imaginary straight line passing through the optical centre of the object, traversing the eye
piece and entering the eye is called line of sight.

3. State plane of collimation and line of collimation?

The horizontal plane in which the telescope of a adjusted and corrected levelling instrument about its
vertical axis is called plane of collimation.
The imaginary straight line passing through the optical centre of the object and the point of
intersection of the cross-hairs is called line of collimation.
[Link] is Dumpy Level?
This is the simplest type of the levelling instrument and it is compact and stable. It
consists of a telescope, rigidly fixed to the supports. It can neither be rotated about its
longitudinal axis nor can it be removed from its supports. A long bubble tube is attached
to the top of the telescope.
5. What is fore sight?
Foresight is the last sight taken on a levelling staff held over an unknown elevation,
before shifting the level.
6. What is back sight?
The first reading on the levelling staff, at a station of known elevation is called back
sight. Back sight is used to obtain the height of the instrument.
7. Define the following terms:
Turning point, Fore sight, Back sight and Bench mark?
Turning Point or Change point is defined as the instrument station, at which, the instrument is
shifted from one point to another. It is the point, on which the back sight of the new station
and foresight of the previous station are taken. Stable points and well-defined points are taken
as the change (or) turning points.
Foresight is the last sight taken on a levelling staff held over an unknown elevation, before shifting the
level.
8. Explain the use of Dumpy level and Tilting levels?

In tilting level, the line of sight and the vertical axis need not be exactly
perpendicular to each other, and hence tilting levels are used for quick levelling.
9. Define Bench Mark?
Reference point of known elevation is called benchmark.
10. Write the types of bench mark?
G.T.S. Benchmark
2. Permanent Benchmark
3. Temporary Benchmark
4. Arbitrary Benchmark
11. What are G.T.S Bench marks?
G.T.S. benchmarks are established by the GTS Department of India, with highest accuracy
at an interval of about 100 km, all over the country. There elevations are referred to as
M.S.L. datum.
12. What is meant by change point in leveling?
Turning Point or Change point is defined as the instrument station, at which, the instrument
is shifted from one point to another. It is the point, on which the back sight of the new station
and foresight of the previous station are taken. Stable points and well-defined points are
taken as the change (or) turning points.
13. What is meant by height of collimation?
The R.L. (or) elevation of the line of collimation, when the instrument is perfectly
levelled, is called the Height of the Instrument.
14. What is Reciprocal Levelling?
It is the method of levelling and it is used when the instrument is placed equidistant from
the back staff and foreword staff stations, the difference in elevation of two stations,
is equal to the difference of staff readings.
15. What is Profile levelling? State its application?
Profile leveling is a method of surveying that has been carried out along the central line of a track of land
on which a linear engineering work is to be constructed/ laid. The operations involved in determining the
elevation of ground surface at small spatial interval along a line is called profile leveling.
16. What is check levelling?
This kind of levelling is carried out to check the accuracy of work. It is done at the end of the days work
in the form of fly levelling to connect the finishing point and starting point.
17. Define contour?
A contour is an imaginary line joining points of equal elevation.
18. What do you mean by fly and check levelling?
Fly levelling is just like differential levelling carried out to check the accuracy of levelling work. In
 fly levelling only B.S. and F.S. are taken. This kind of levelling is carried out to check the accuracy
of work. It is done at the end of the days work in the form of fly levelling to connect the finishing
point and starting point.
19. What are the sources of error is levelling?
Personal Error
Instrumental Error
Errors due to Natural Causes
20. State any four types of levelling instrument?
1. Dumpy level,
2. Wye level,
3. Reversible level such as Cooke’s reversible level and Cushing’s level, and
4. Tilting level