SOUNDS
·
waves
traveling disturbance
carries / transfer energy
·
V 344mIS
Types of waves A 3 0x10 Pa smax- max
=
.
=
1 42 x 105 Pa svu
① mechanical f 1000 #2 B .
=
wave
=
I travels through a medium ↓ density of air
② Electromagnetic wave p= 1 .42 X/05 Pa
=
1 .
20kg/m3
V2 (344m/s)2
L does not need a medium
mechanical waves angular frequency
· *
w 24 f 2π(1000H2) 6283 rad
①
= = =
Transverse
medium are perpendicular to ↓ smax
the direction of travel of wave 3 x 10
2
Pa 108M
-
- 1 16 x
.
② Longitudinal (1-20kg/m3) (344m(s) (6283)
medium are to the
parallel
direction of travel of wave ·
perception of sound waves
water waves (mechanical waves ① loudness -
greater pressure :
greater perceived loudness
Up motion have both transverse and longitudinal waves ② Pitch-higher pitch-higher pitch the listener will perceive
Ip more on circular path ③ Timbre -
differentiating two sounds in same frequency
·
periodic waves ④ Noise
-
combination of all
frequencies
① Pulse wave
single traveling pulse
p non-periodic disturbance
② periodic wave
cycles/patterns produced over and over again
sinusoidal wave :
simple harmonic motion
·
transverse waves
·
speed of sound
L depends on characteristic of medium
~ restoring force returning the
system to equilibrium
Amplitude (A) maximum displacement
-
of a particle of the medium Inertia resisting the return to equilibrium
from rest equilibrium position
period (i) -
time required for a cycle
wavelength (X) -
horizontal length of one cycle of the wave
Frequency number of cycles per unit of time
# ormulas :
·
Amplitude =
Max .
Displacement Frequency(f)='/period
Speed (v)
·
period (i) =
Yfrequency ·
Wavelength (1) =
/f
·
wave speed = v
=
Y/+ =
x
·
sound waves
humans 2012 20 , 000 H2
audible range of
frequency on : -
ultrasonic sound :
frequencies above human hearing
p infrasonic sound : below
f =
262H2 p =
1000kg/m3
B =
2 .
18 x 10 9P9
*
speed
v Da 1476 MIS
- -
P 1000kg/m3 · Harmonics in an open pipe
*
wavelength Mn =
-
& +n =
(n = 1 , 2 , 3...
)
m
5 63m
1
Y
.
= - =
~ Harmonics in an closed pipe
in 1 , 3, 5
n (n
--)
=
& fn= =
, .
↑ =
20°C y =
1 40.
M M .
. of air= 28 8 x10-3 kg/mol
. R = 8 3145/m01-k
.
v =
=
(1 .
40)(8 314)(293 15)
.
.
=
344MIS
3
28 8
-
.
X 10
a)
y x
X
Ms
m
y
X= =
0 .
01z = -
=
e
intensity 1
Y Bm
wave - 1 568m 0 392m
16m
· = . .
= - =
unit area 4
average power it carries per
b) closed y
eryltime a
w
=
I - -
area y
4)0 3 9 0
t 2
2-
-I 3156
. .
/
=
= -
-3
↓
sound intensity E
open=
·
of amplitude , 3
proportional to square frequency ,
3 6(3) =
0 470m
,
&
and 2
pressure amplitude
I w2 12 p2max · Resonance
-
=
2 PV natural frequency
when object vibrates at its natural
occur
frequency
·
BeatS
tones different
When two of
slightly frequency
fbeat= fa-fib
·
Doppler effect
change in frequency or pitch of the sound detected by an observer
VS = 44 7MIS
.
vo =
OMIS
f =
41512 V =
343 m1
I
nI
as +o -
+s( ) b) +O Es
=
-5)
=
477 1912
. =
367 .
15 H2
1 =
= 0 -
x8m 1 = 0 934m
.
367 15 12.
-s =
30012 v =
30 MIS
340mIS vo OmIS
v
= =
so -
esi S (s00an(mis) : -6012
VS = 0 mis fs =
30042
vo =
30MIS v =
340m
+s
300( , ) 2 5 6812 -
+
=
=