0:01

today i will start uh chapter 9 new chapter maxwell's equations

0:07
[Music] uh in the previous
0:13
chapters we have learned about electrostatic field or electric field which is
0:20
a function of e e is a function of x y z is the electric
0:25
field intensity right so e is a function of only x y z in the space coordinates
0:32
and also we have learned about magnetostatic fields h x y z h is
0:37
magnetic field intensity and x y z are space variables so
0:42
these things we have already covered up to chapter eight now
0:50
uh we have therefore restricted our discussion to a static or time invariant
0:57
electromagnetic fields henceforth we shall examine situations in which electric and
1:02
magnetic fields are dynamic or time varying it should be mentioned first that in a
1:10
static em fields electric and magnetic fields are independent of each other
1:16
okay so one does not depend on the other whereas in dynamic em field the two
1:22
fields are interdependent so electric field magnetic field they depend on each other
1:27
or in other words a time varying electric field necessarily involves
1:34
a corresponding time varying magnetic field so as i told you there there is
1:39
interdependence secondly a time varying em sorry time
1:45
varying m fields represented by e x y z t so you can see that
1:50
there is an additional t term here right there was no t here in static field but in its time varying
field
1:57
there is a t similarly for magnetic field x y z t are of more practical value than static
2:05
em field so these time varying fields have more
2:10
significance or more importance than a static field okay so whatever we have learned so far
2:16
actually is not that important uh from practical application point of
2:22
view but however familiarity the static fields provide a good background for understanding
the dynamic
2:28
fields okay so so far we have been only building up our background
2:35
okay third recall that electrostatic fields are usually produced by static electric
2:41
charges whereas magnetic static fields are due to motion of electric charges
2:46
with uniform velocity or constant velocity that means that represents direct current or dc
2:54
or a static magnetic charge that means that plus km minus km for permanent magnets right
magnetic poles north pole
3:01
south pole time varying fields or waves are usually due to accelerated charge or time
3:08
varying currents such as shown in figure 9.1 so how many of you have seen
3:15
time varying current shapes wave shapes
3:21
can you predict what will be in figure 9.1 [Music]
3:31
does these wave shapes look familiar do these wave shapes look familiar
3:38
sinusoidal rectangular triangular
3:44
there is no electrical engineering students who haven't seen who hasn't seen this wave
3:49
shifts right [Music] so any pulse setting that means time
3:54
varying current will produce time varying field which is a radiation which will produce
radiation
4:00
electromagnetic radiation [Music] say for example uh in digital logic
4:06
board there is radiation because of you know in digital circuit current changes from 0 to
some value and
4:13
from some value to zero keeps changing so there is a time varying current or pulsating
current that produces a
4:20
radiation from the logic board so in summary stationary charges causes
4:26
electrostatic fields steady currents produce magnetic fields but time varying currents produce
both
4:33
electromagnetic fields or waves [Music] in this chapter two major concepts will
4:39
be introduced one is electromotive force based on faraday's experiment [Music]
4:45
faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and the other is displacement current
4:50
which is which resulted from maxwell's [Music] as hypothesis result of this concept maxwell
equations
4:58
uh presented in previous chapters actually in chapter seven all the four maxwell's equations
were
5:05
summarized or tabulated and those boundary conditions for static
5:11
magnetic em fields will be modified here in this chapter to account for the time variation of
the
5:18
fields so up to chapter eight we have learned about uh maxwell's four equations in for a
5:26
static field since now time variable fields will be
5:31
considered so maxwell's equations and also the boundary conditions have to be modified
5:37
to include that time dependency maxwell equations which summarize the
5:42
laws of electromagnetism as i told at the first class there are four equations those four
5:48
equations actually each equation has actually two form one is differential form or point form
and the other is
5:54
integral form so say you can say that actually there are eight equations
6:00
those equations are the basis of uh electromagnetism okay so
6:07
this maxwell's equations shall be the basis of our discussion in the remaining part of the text
6:15
now let's start with the first part we have two things will be discussed here
6:20
electromotive force based on paraphernalia experiment and displacement current so we will
start with faraday's law
6:29
uh [Music] i believe all of you know this law just
6:34
to recall or refresh your memory actually according to faraday's experiment a static magnetic
field produces no
6:42
current flow we know that that means a magnetic field which is
6:48
time invariant which does not vary with time if you place some conductor a closed loop
actually
6:56
for current flow you need a closed loop if you place a closed loop in a static magnetic field
nothing will happen in
7:03
the closed loop there will be no current flow in that closed loop
7:09
but in a closed circuit a time varying field produces an induced voltage
7:15
but if the magnetic field is changing with time
7:21
then in that field if you keep a closed loop there will be a voltage induced
7:28
in that loop and because of that voltage there will be a current and there will be induced
magnetic field
7:35
of course because of that induced current but i will go there later so this
7:40
induced voltage this is called also electromotive force or simply emf
7:46
that causes a flow of current so this current is the induced current
7:51
so as per faraday's law or faraday's discovery that the induced ema vm emf in
7:58
volts in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux
8:04
linkage by the circuit so magnetic flux linkage you remember
8:10
from the discussion of inductors or inductance is lambda lambda equal to n
8:17
psi right so this equation is sorry this law is called faraday's law mathematically
8:23
faraday's law is vmf equal to minus d lambda by dt
8:29
this lambda is the flashlight total flux linkage so this is equal to n
8:34
psi lambda equal to n psi so this becomes minus n d psi by dt since ends n is
8:42
time invariant it doesn't vary with time so n is the number of turns in the
8:48
circuit chi is the flux linkage or plus through each turn the negative sign shows that the
induced
8:55
voltage acts in such a way so this negative sign
9:00
shows that the induced voltage acts in such a way as to oppose the flask producing it this
9:08
behavior is described as lens law so the voltage which is produced
9:15
here this voltage will cause a current [Music]
9:21
sorry because the current this current will cause a
9:27
magnetic flask which will oppose the
9:34
source magnetic flow flask right that's what it says the negative sign shows that the induced
voltage access
9:41
in such a way as to oppose the flask producing it
9:46
this behavior is described as lens law so what is lens law lens law states the direction of
current
9:54
flow in the circuit that means this is the direction of the induced current flow in the circuit is
such that
10:01
the induced magnetic field produced by the induced current
10:06
opposes very important this part change in the
10:12
original magnetic field so induced current
10:17
produce a magnetic field which opposes
10:22
not the original magnetic field which opposes the change in the original magnetic this
change term is very
10:29
important okay so why this is important say for example a
10:36
changing magnetic field uh it's increasing and decreasing
10:42
periodically with time because of say the magnetic field is produced by a sinusoidal current
or this current of
10:48
this current okay so for these two you can see obviously as current is changing with
10:55
time positive negative positive negative so magnetic field produced by this
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type of current will also be changing with time now if the
11:07
um what should i say the field produced by this current this is
11:14
that feels at some portion of the cycle the field is increasing so flush density
11:19
is increasing so when flush density is increasing induced vamf will be such
11:26
that it will produce a induced current such that that will produce a induced magnetic field
11:33
such that it will oppose the increase of the
11:39
source flask so if flask is increasing this induced magnetic field will be such
11:46
will be in the opposite direction okay so it will oppose the increase of the flask
11:54
reverse thing will happen when the flask is decreasing when the flask is decreasing this vamf
12:01
will such that will be such that the induced magnetic field will
12:06
try to aid the source flush that means the that with flask will induce plus will act in
12:14
the same direction of the source flask okay so
12:20
this change term is very important okay the induced magnetic flux does not
12:26
oppose the original magnetic field the induced magnetic field opposes the
12:31
change in the original magnetic field which is very very important so length law has been
described in
12:38
detail here also i have included a note from hida's book nathaniel's book actually is
12:44
very good book if you have the patience to read if you have there are lots of text
12:50
there if you have the patience to go through the text that book is is an actually
12:55
excellent book and the uh now uh
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before moving on this vmf this is voltage in volts right vmf is in volts
13:06
this vmf is different from the potential
13:12
more specifically electrostatic potential we have described in chapter four in chapter
13:20
four we talked about the potential which originates due to some static
13:26
charge distribution the static charge distribution may be a point charge the static charge
distribution may be a line
13:32
charge or it may be a volume charge right you remember that
13:38
so [Music] that potential electrostatic potential and
13:44
this v map these two voltages have different characteristics they are different they
13:50
are not same okay so that's uh we will see here
13:56
the electric field considered so far are caused by electric charges
14:01
in such fields the flash lines begin and end on the charges so you know that
14:08
say there is plus q charge there is minus q charge then electric first lines go from
14:15
what plus plus q to minus q charge right [Music] am i right
14:23
these are the electric flux lines from plus q to minus two [Music]
14:29
and we know that in this case the electric uh field the electrostatic
14:35
field i should say which is denoted by this ee this is for
14:40
electrostatic this electrostatic field is what
14:46
conservative call of e is zero or you can say
14:51
close control integral of e dot e dot d l is what zero
14:59
so this is the conservative nature of electrostatic field uh but
15:05
ah for voltage which has been created by
15:10
something else not this static electric charge distribution
15:17
electric fields of other kinds are not directly caused by electric charges they
15:23
are emf produced field that means field produced by this vemf
15:30
electromotive force so fields produced by this
15:35
electromotive force is different for from full field produced by
15:42
uh static charge distribution okay so those two uh fields have been named
15:50
two different names ef ef is the emf produced field and electrostatic
15:56
field ee is the electrostatic field now uh these two electricity sorry emf produced
16:04
fill this ef curl of ef is not zero okay this as i told you their
16:10
properties are different so curl of ef this is not zero
16:18
okay or you can say cross control integral of ef dot dl is
16:26
not zero so in order to illustrate that we will
16:32
be considering this circuit this is a closed circuit this is the battery
16:38
within the battery the vmf is created by
16:45
what by a chemical reaction right electrochemical reaction
16:50
so this electric field setup within the battery by this vemf
16:57
that electric field is that emf produced field these emf produced field
17:05
exist only within the battery okay chemical reaction is happening only
17:10
within the battery so this emf is they are only within the battery outside
17:17
the battery in the external circuit there is no [Music]
17:22
emf produced field but because of the this
17:27
emf produced field you know that in a battery there is positive terminal negative terminal
17:34
right so in the positive terminal there is accumulation of positive charge
17:40
and the negative terminal there is a accumulation of negative charge because
17:46
of the accumulation of these charges positive charge and negative charge
17:51
okay an electrostatic field will also be set
17:56
up within the battery and also outside the battery within the battery this electrostatic
18:04
field ee is same and equal to [Music] equal and opposite to this ef
18:11
okay they will try to cancel each other okay
18:16
universal law of nature the effect tries to nullify the cause so this is the cause of ef is the
cause
18:23
of charge accumulation which creates another field electrostatic field
18:28
this will try to nullify this so within the battery the direction of
18:35
this ee is from you can say opposite of ef plus to minus but outside the battery in the external
18:42
circuit the ef is the sorry the electrostatic field is
18:48
plus here minus here so direction you can say an external circuit opposite to this so
18:55
this e and dc they are equal and opposite okay within the battery and outside the battery
19:02
so consider the electric circuit in figure 9.2 this figure where the battery is the source of emf
19:09
here here the electrochemical action of the battery results in an emf produced field
19:17
ef this field due to the accumulation of charge at the battery terminals and electrostatic
19:24
field ee which is equal to minus gradient of v also exist
19:30
here so this e the total electric field at any point is of course summation of this since both of
these two are vectors
19:38
now note that ef is zero outside the battery as i mentioned
19:44
ef and ee are opposite have opposite direction in the battery within the battery and the
direction of ee inside
19:52
the battery is opposite to that outside the battery so here and here the directions of e are
19:59
opposite if we integrate equation 9.2 this equation
20:04
over a closed circuit we have closed contour integral of e dot dl
20:12
which is equal to closed contoured integral of efdl plus closed contour integral of edl
20:19
now we know since e e is conservative closed contour integral of e d l is
20:26
zero so the second term will become zero now first term close contour integral of ef
20:33
dot dl now we know outside the battery ef is zero
20:39
so that integral first integral will become actually
20:44
integral of ef within this terminals within the battery
20:50
okay so you can say from n to p so integration of e dot dl equal to this
20:58
this is the second term becomes zero because of conservative measure of electrostatic field
21:03
so we get this so this close circuit integral becomes this because and the other portion of the
closed path
21:10
the integral is zero so n to p e f dot dl so n to p f dot d l
21:16
this is nothing but uh v v is integral of e dot d l you know that
21:24
so you can see this v e m f equal to
21:31
uh sorry line integral of n to p e f dot d l which is actually this so we can say
21:37
actually this and this are same v m f equal to closed control integral of e dot d l
21:43
and this is equal to minus n to p e e dot d l because within the battery e
21:49
f and e these are equal and opposites equal and opposite so this can be
21:55
written as sorry this can be written as minus of this and this emf is the cause of current
22:02
flow in the circuit and we know that from one's law this equal to ir
22:09
okay so uh these are the new concepts here that uh two potentials we have learned so far
22:17
are actually different vemf is emf produced by some source
22:23
okay the source can be many things electric generator batteries thermocouple fuel cells
22:30
photovoltaic cells that means solar cells these are the sources so v can be
22:36
created by these sources at that uh case in that case the vf is called
22:42
electromotive force v emf and v potential can be created by a
22:48
static distribution of charges that is called electrostatic potential so these two are different
22:55
now it is important to note the following facts and electrostatic fields ee cannot
23:01
maintain a steady current in a closed circuit since in a closed circuit any closed circuit
23:09
closed control integral of e dot dl is zero so because of this ee cannot
23:16
maintain any current in the in any close circuit so current is maintained you can see
23:21
that by ef okay now an emf produced field ef is
23:27
non-conservative as i told you close control integral so close control integral of e dot ef dot dl
is big this
23:34
this is non-zero so this uh ef is a non-conservative field
23:42
emf producer ef is non-conservative except in electrostatics voltage and
23:48
potential difference are usually not equivalent okay so
23:53
you can understand now you should be able to understand this statement this these are
actually not same thing in
23:59
electricity actually we have used these two terms as same
24:04
but from now on actually we'll consider this as different
24:10
voltage and potential difference sorry potential difference here
24:16
so any question after this [Music]
24:21
okay the next topic transformer and motional electromotive force this article deals
24:29
with the this vmf creation of this vmf how vmf can be created
24:35
[Music] so having considered the connection
24:41
between emf and electric field we may examine how faraday's law links electric and
24:47
magnetic fields for a circuit with single turn one turn that means n equal to one
24:54
the previous equation becomes paradise law becomes v e m f equal to minus
25:01
d psi by d t now uh in the last article we have seen v e
25:06
m f equal to close control integral of e dot d l so v m is equal to close contour
25:12
integral of e dot dl this is equal to here this psi this is the flask
25:19
so this can be written as surface integral of b dot ds so minus ddt of b dot ds
25:26
okay so where psi has been replaced by surface integral of b dot ds and s is the surface
area
25:34
of the circuit bounded by the this close path so this surface is bound defined by
25:41
this prospect note that dl and ds in equation this
25:47
are in accordance with the right hand rule as well as stokes theorem okay
25:53
this should be observed in figure 9.3 here which i will show you
25:59
in a short while the variation of flask with time as in equation 9.1 or 9.5 may be caused by
26:07
caused in three ways so this variation of flask actually not variation of floss there
26:12
are two things here ddt of b dot ds so there may be ddt of bb there may be ddt
26:20
of ds that means rate of change of flask with time rate of change of surface area
26:27
uh with time or there may be both okay so this vamf can be created in three
26:34
ways by having a stationary loop that means surface area constant
26:41
in a time varying b field that means the magnetic field is time varying
26:47
or by having a time varying loop area in a static b field so d s is
26:54
varying but ah b is constant that is also that will
26:59
also produce a v e f or both is there
27:04
time sorry flask is varying with time and also surface area
27:10
ah bounded area not surface area actually bounded area idea bounded by the closed loop
that is
27:16
also changing with time so these three ways are there to create
27:22
v emf we will see these three ways
27:27
this figure 9.3 will be actually used here and first one is stationary lobe in time
27:34
varying b field so this loop say this is the loop which is stationary which is not
27:39
[Music] changing its position with time now through this loop an external
27:46
magnetic field [Music] passes which is a function of time this
27:51
external magnetic field changes with time okay so
27:56
from this equation we can see that since d s is constant
28:02
with time so d dt of only this flask will be there
28:08
so vmf equal to again this equal to minus del v by del t this will go into the
28:15
integration sign and since this is only this this time variant time varying
28:22
it will become del v by del t dot ds now
28:27
from a stokes theorem we know that what close control integral of e dot dl
28:34
equal to surface integral of curl of d a curl of e dot ds right
28:42
so
28:49
[Music] uh so curl of a a dot ds surface integral of
28:55
column e dot ds equal to we can write this okay so from here we can write
29:03
curl of e equal to minus del b by del t
29:09
so in the static uh case we learned that curl of e
29:15
is equal to zero okay there is no time varying thing there
29:22
and that electric field was conservative but here we can see that in case of emf produce fill
29:28
the curl of e is not zero it is minus del v by del t okay so this
29:35
field is not conservative obviously but of course for a time
29:40
invariant field where b is not changing with time this becomes zero so effectively this
29:47
becomes the equation for static field right
29:53
so this emf induce this em emf induced field so the
29:58
emf induced by the time varying current producing the time varying b field in a
30:04
stationary loop is often referred to as transformer in power analysis since it is due to the
30:11
transformer action okay i believe all of you knows this so this is one of the maxwell's
equation
30:18
this in time varying field it shows that the time varying e field does
30:24
is not conservative observe that figure 9.3 always lends law
30:30
or the induced current i flows such as to produce a magnetic field
30:36
that opposes the change in bt so here
30:41
this equation already follows uh the lens law okay
30:48
how is that this b
30:54
del b by del t remember as i mentioned len's law says that v e m f opposes the
31:01
change in bt okay so how is that in this loop this loop is
31:08
placed here in this time varying field say at a particular instant this bt
31:16
is increasing with time so when bt is increasing with time
31:22
this vmf will cause a vemf in this loop will cause a current
31:28
which will cause a induced
31:33
magnetic field which will try to oppose
31:39
this rate change of that means the oppose the increase of
31:44
um flushed that's why this negative sign is here okay to satisfy the length is law when del b
31:52
by del t is increasing sorry del b is increasing with time that means del b by
31:58
del t is positive then v may negative so vmf negative means i is in such a
32:05
direction that i will cause a induced b
32:10
which will try to resist this increase of b that means at this instant this
32:17
induced b will be in the opposite direction of this increasing source b or external b
32:24
but when b the external b is decreasing with time so this is negative
32:30
so this is negative means vamf becomes positive so you can understand v emf will be such
32:36
that the current direction will be such that the induced field
32:41
will try to oppose the decrease of the field
32:47
so the induced field will be in the direction of the
32:52
source field okay so in that case of course you can
32:57
understand i the direction of i will be the opposite of the direction for uh increasing vks
33:04
so this i can also or vamf polarity can also
33:09
change depending on this external first density is increasing or decreasing okay
33:16
so always vmf raises the change in the cause this is this b is the cause of
33:23
this vr understood so observed in figure 9.3 always lanes
33:30
law the induced current i flows such as to produce a magnetic field that
33:36
opposes the change in bt this is again very important change in bt this change term is very
33:43
important [Music] now on the second scenario moving loop
33:48
in a static field this is called motional emf when a conductive loop is moving in a
33:54
static field b and emf is induced in the loop you know
34:00
that it happens now we recall from equation 8.2 is in
34:08
chapter 8 i have discussed magnetic force on three types of thing
34:13
one is a charge moving at a uniform velocity in a magnetic field that moving charge will
34:21
experience a force okay that force is this force fm
34:26
equal to qu cross b and also i discussed force on a
34:33
current element in a place in a magnetic field right idl or kds or jdv
34:40
those are the current elements i'll also i talked about force between two current elements so
34:46
two current loops so this was discussed in chapter eight
34:53
from here we can write we know that f equal to eq when we put a
35:00
electric charge in a electric field okay
35:06
the electric charge experiences a force
35:11
that force f equal to eq right all of our we know that
35:17
similarly here when we are putting this charge plus q charge in this magnetic field
35:24
that charges experience a force so equivalent to that we can say there
35:32
is an electric field ah in that
35:37
magnetic field actually this equivalent electric field is using the same relation we can say
35:45
f equal to eq so e equal to f by q so em is
35:51
uh fm by qa q so this em is the induced field the field created because
35:58
of this moving charge in a magnetic field and this is equal to from here we can
36:04
write u cross b okay so this em is the you can say that
36:11
emf produced field uh because of the movement of the charge
36:16
if we consider a conducting loop moving with uniform velocity u
36:24
as consisting of a large number of free electrons the emf induced in the loop is
36:30
v emf equal to cross contour integral of em dot dl here em
36:35
we have this is equal to cross control integral of em is u cross b u cross b dot d l
36:41
now l is the path on which the electromotive force is
36:46
desired you want to find out the electivity force otherwise certain path
36:52
l has to be that path so though it's shown that actually this is a
36:58
closed contoured integral but effectively in most of the cases this close control integral will
become open
37:05
integral because in the some part of the circuit and the e dot dl is zero
37:12
as i have already shown you p4 here you have seen
37:17
some part of the circuit the integral is zero ef integral of e f along this external
37:24
circuit is zero [Music] okay similar type of thing will happen
37:29
also here so this type of ems is called motional emf or flux cutting emf
37:35
because it is due to motion election it is the kind of emf found in
37:41
electrical machines such as motor generators and alternators so you know about this
37:49
some figures are shown so here velocity has been denoted by u
37:55
plus density by b and using that it has been shown that
38:01
for this arrangement v emf equal to ubl
38:07
now what is this arrangement that is a question
38:12
this arrangement is there are two conducting rails these are the two conducting rails and the
conducting
38:19
rails are shorted at one end through a small register probably just
38:24
to limit the current and this is a rod or bar which is sliding this is a conducting bar of
38:30
course this also conducts but it is sliding on these two rails
38:36
so if you move this sliding bar
38:41
in this direction say at a velocity u so what will happen
38:47
the this is the circuit this is a closed path this is not a there is no close path here
38:53
the closed path is here so as this is moving say these are the external magnetic
38:59
fields the field enclosed with a flask enclosed by the
39:06
loop changes with time as the rod moves
39:11
so as the flask enclosed by the loop changes with time
39:18
uh there will be a voltage induced okay and
39:25
actually it's easier the way it has been described here it's difficult to understand
39:31
it's easier to understand from the book of nathanida
39:36
which i have included here
39:47
motion electromagnetic force the dc generator the force up to this same thing
39:52
here in this book instead of capital q a small q have been used and instead of u
39:58
ah velocity has been denoted by v all the other things are same so f equal to q v cross q
40:05
that means e equal to f by q same as e m in the sadhiku's book which is fm by q
40:11
that means u cross b or v cross b and e m f that v e m f equal to cross
40:17
control integral of e dot d l that means cross control integral of u cross b of v cross b dot d l
40:24
okay where c is the contour on which the electromotive force is desired
40:29
now to see how these relations apply we consider here the classical example
40:36
of induced emf that of the
40:42
sliding bar on two parallel lines so this figure and the figure i showed you in the sadhaku's
book same book
40:49
these are two parallel layers here these two ends are shorted
40:54
as before and this is the conducting sliding bar or sliding rod
41:01
that of a sliding bar on two parallel rails in a magnetic field so here the magnetic
41:07
field has been pointed this is the external magnetic field direction is
41:12
from out of the vapor right since only dot is there
41:18
so the magnetic flux oh sorry the rails are separated by a distance d
41:23
this difference this distance is d in satigue's book this has been represented by l a small l
41:30
okay this small l this is small l and that d
41:37
is same this u and v is same [Music]
41:46
okay the bar and the shorted rails form a loop abcd so this abcd
41:55
this is the loop if we move the bar to the right at a
42:00
velocity v you move the bar at this side to this side
42:06
at a velocity v there will be an induced emf in the bar because of the loop
42:13
because the loop increases in area so this loop is increasing in area and therefore encloses
a larger
42:22
changing flask as this is moving the bar is include in closing sorry the loop is
42:27
enclosing more and more first changing flask we wish now to calculate this
42:34
emf for a bar of length d so emf for a bar this bar of length d
42:41
so this length is d flux density b this external first
42:48
density and velocity v this v [Music]
42:53
because this calculation leads directly to the idea of the dc generator
42:59
there are two ways to calculate the emf in this case one is from the motional effect the
43:05
second is from the change in flux through the loop the two methods are equivalent but the
43:11
reasoning are quite different we look at both the solution methods and
43:17
show that they are equivalent so we will start with the emf calculated from the motional
43:22
consideration so we already know this emf equal to this
43:28
now one thing is here uh you should notice that
43:34
uh u cross b this u or this v represents velocity of what
43:40
the charged particle which is moving right
43:47
so within this loop the only
43:52
moving part is this sliding rod or sliding bar so the electrons on this
43:59
uh moving bar sliding bar will experience
44:06
this force right so
44:11
the field this field emf produced field will be actually
44:17
created within this bar only outside the bar outside at the rest of the circuit
44:24
this portion is stationary this is not moving so the
44:29
charge present on this portion of this circuit they are
44:36
stationary they are not moving with time so that's why the voltage induced here
44:42
or field produce induced here will be zero so this close contoured integral will
44:47
become actually integration along this road only okay as i told you before
44:55
so emf will be equal to integration from a to b
45:00
u cross b or v cross b so a to b
45:08
v cross b dot d l so v in this case you can understand from the
45:14
choice of the axis this is x axis y axis so z axis will be out of the vapor why
45:20
because as per right hand rule x cross y has to be equal to z
45:26
so that's why z has to be out of the paper so if v is along
45:32
this direction v is along which direction ax direction right
45:38
b is along z direction so [Music] now v cross b will have we will be in
45:46
which direction v is along here ax
45:53
right and b is along is it
46:01
am i right yes is it [Music] so
46:06
ax cross is it means what this v cross b will have a direction
46:13
minus a y right [Music]
46:19
am i making sense
46:24
and this dot dl so dl has uh what direction
46:31
dl has you can understand uh same direction a y direction this is y
46:38
direction so that this a y and that y dot product
46:43
so a y y will go only the magnitude will remain
46:48
this negative sign will go away because of this integration limit from a to b
46:54
okay so eventually this will become b v and integration of d l from a to b
47:02
will give you d and so b v d
47:08
now one thing to note here that note that we have made use of equation 10 11
47:13
but that means this this equation close contour integral but
47:19
only the part of the loop abcd that moves contributes to the emf
47:25
so only from a to b hence the close contour integral
47:30
in equation this reduces the
47:35
integration along the moving bar okay hence the close contour integral of
47:41
that reduces to so it reduces to integration along the so only this integration along
47:48
this will remain now another thing to
47:54
notice here that b the external magnetic field is pointing out from the paper right
48:02
very obvious now because of the movement of the bar
48:08
there will be a voltage induced here on this bar so this sliding bar will act
48:15
as a battery here the vemf will produce across this bar
48:22
so this will act as a batteries and the polarity of the voltage induced here will be such that
48:28
it will produce a current induced current such that the induced current will
48:35
produce a magnetic field which will be in the opposite direction this
48:42
magnetic field is static here so which will be in the opposite direction of this b effect will try to
48:49
nullify the cause right so you can understand the induced b and
48:55
these b these two are in opposite direction okay induced b is into the paper but the
49:02
external b is out from the paper that is one thing another thing to
49:07
notice as this integration limit from a to b
49:12
current is flowing in this direction okay from a to b but
49:20
we are taking the integration limit from a to b current is flowing within the bar from b
49:27
to a okay so the polarity again polarity is such that
49:33
the current direction polarity determines the current direction so this is acting as a battery so
this is plus
49:39
this is minus current is flowing in this direction so the induced b is into the paper
49:45
now within the battery within this bar
49:50
current is flowing from minus to plus okay but vamf will be what
49:58
from plus to minus so this limit a to b will be opposite to the direction
50:06
of the current flow am i clear
50:11
outside the battery current flows from plus to minus but within the battery current flows
50:18
from minus to plus [Music] okay so
50:24
this vmf where we are going to trying to obtain the voltage across this bar
50:32
so this emf is going uh sorry amf is from this is higher potential this is lower
50:38
potential you can say right so vmf is v a to b
50:44
which is opposite to the direction of current within the battery
50:49
so this uh limit is important to understand
50:55
so this is the calculation of ea from most emotional consideration
51:00
now another way to calculate this emf using the change of flask
51:07
now the total flask enclosed by the loop is here they have used phi phi equal to
51:13
close surface integra sorry surface integral of b dot ds so in this case this b is given
51:21
constant ac is this s so the
51:26
area enclosed by the loop bs this much waiver whereas is the area
51:33
of the loop abcd and b is the constant two of the loop now if the bar moves at a velocity v
51:42
bar this bar is moving at a velocity v obviously we can understand this area enclosing the
51:49
flask is increasing okay so since the velocity is v let's assume that
51:55
uh dv equal to sorry not dvd people longer v equal to
52:04
equal to d x by say this is x direction right so
52:09
dx by uh dt right
52:14
[Music] so dx equal to what v dt
52:21
so we can say that at uh delta x delta t time
52:28
there is delta x displacement right
52:34
so after delta t time alpha delta t time there is
52:41
additional displacement delta x so after delta t time flask enclosed is
52:49
again surface integral of b dot ds which is equal to b s prime the surface area has changed
52:56
magnetic field is a uniform constant it's not changing with time a new surface area is s plus
delta s
53:03
which is this s is same as this s this delta s is what the
53:09
increase of area so increase of area is nothing but delta x into d
53:17
okay so delta x into d now this delta x will convert
53:26
delta x equal to v
53:31
v dt okay
53:36
therefore the change in the flux due to the motion so the this minus this the change in the
flux
53:43
is delta phi equal to this minus this so this minus this which is equal to minus b
53:50
d delta x [Music] now from here this
53:56
delta we will convert it d phi d phi equal to minus b d dx
54:02
okay from here we can write d
54:07
phi equal to minus b d
54:13
dx now dx equal to what dx equal to we know
54:19
v dt so we will put that here
54:24
d phi equal to minus b d v d t
54:30
now we will move this d t to the left hand side so d phi by d t
54:36
and also will move this negative sign will be equal to b
54:41
d v so minus d phi by d t is what as per faraday's law
54:48
this is equal to v m f so emf equal to minus d5 by dt this is equal to
54:53
b dv so you can see that in this approach also emf equal to bvd
54:59
and in this approach also we got tmf equal to bvd though uh two are different approaches
55:06
now this is the same result as previously obtained but there is a distribution
55:12
sorry distinction between the two results in the first case the emf is associated with the
moving body itself
55:18
in the second it is associated with the whole loop okay in figure 10.3 a also shows the
55:26
polarity of the bar and the direction of the current in the loop caused by the generated area
which i have already
55:32
discussed this polarity and the direction of current so uh
55:38
this topic from the eda's book actually is more understandable than the way sadhiku has
55:45
explained they have used the same equation say v e m f equal to u b
55:51
l so ubl is that blv sorry b d b v d
55:57
and that's their equation same equation so from here we can write e m equal to
56:03
e m equal to u cross b so curl of e m equal to curl of u cross b that will be
56:09
required later we will see [Music] now uh the same arrangement has been
56:15
used here but here you can understand these are the two parallel rails conducting this this is
56:21
the short here they have used a register to short it to limit the current this is
56:26
the sliding bar this is the external magnetic field which is in this case into the vapor
56:33
so when you move this bar in this direction at a velocity u
56:38
uh since the magnetic field is into the paper the current direction in
56:44
this case is opposite to this this case okay so
56:49
ah currently will move in this direction through this loop like this so for this also the equation
is same oh
56:56
i forgot to mention the second figure here this explains the motor
57:03
action this is explains the generator action this explains the motor action so if you're
interested you can go through
57:09
this uh nice thing to understand um but for this topic we don't need that
57:15
that's why i did not discuss it so uh this figure actually that same figure
57:21
but the directions are slightly different now to apply the equation 19 it is not
57:28
always easy to do some care must be exercised actually i have already talked about these
things
57:35
but just to make things clear for you two things you have to
57:40
keep in mind the integral of equation 9 10 is 0 along the portion of the loop where
57:47
u equal to 0 so only this portion is moving so this integration
57:54
cross control integration though it is supposed to be within the closed path within the loop
58:00
uh but actually in the portion of the loop where there is no motion there is u is zero
58:07
that integral will be 0 that for this thing actually i already discussed here
58:13
so the integral in equation 9.9 is 0 along the portion of the loop where u is 0 velocity is 0 thus
58:20
dl is taken along the portion of the loop that is cutting the field that means the portion of the
loop where there is
58:27
motion along the rod in this case where u has non zero value
58:33
and the second portion also i have mentioned this is about the integration limit
58:39
okay limit of the integration here so integration limit a has to be taken in the direction
opposite to the
58:46
direction of current flow [Music] so the direction of the induced current
58:51
is the same as em or u cross b the limits of the integral in equation 19 is
58:58
are selected in the direction opposite to the induced current because of that factor
59:03
within the battery the direction of current is opposite to the
59:08
direction in the external circuit direction of current in the external circuit
59:13
okay so thereby satisfying lane's law in figure 9.5 for example the
59:18
integration over l is along minus a y where in this current flows in the
59:25
rod along a y so here you can see current is flowing this is y direction so current is flowing
59:31
along ah a y so when you integrate this you
59:36
evaluate this integral the integration limit has to be in this direction so this will be the this side
59:42
will be the lower limit this side will be the upper limit opposite of the case here
59:49
since current direction is opposite so up to this any question
59:58
okay if there is no question third part is actually very easy this is a combination of the first
two portions so
1:00:05
moving loop in a time varying field in the general case a moving conducting loop is
1:00:11
in a time varying field both transformer emf and motional emf
1:00:16
are present here so combining the two cases two equations gives us vmf equal to cross
control
1:00:23
integral of e dot dl equal to minus surface integral of del b
1:00:29
by del t d dot ds this is the transformer emf plus
1:00:34
close control integral of u cross b dot dl this is the motional emf so
1:00:39
both are present here so this is one form or you can write curl of e equal to
1:00:45
minus del b by del t plus uh curl of u cross b for this portion
1:00:51
actually this equation has been shown motional for motionally a
1:00:56
amf call of a equal to curl of u cross b so that part has to be there curl of u
1:01:02
cross b so uh this is you can say the most general form of the equation when
1:01:09
which considers both time varying field and also moving loop
1:01:16
so that's concludes the discussion now there are some mathematical examples
1:01:22
uh which we i will discuss in the next class today we are out of time so any
1:01:27
question after this