JAI GURU DEV
MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR Sr. Sec. SCHOOL - TIRUVANNAMALAI
STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS: XII BIOLOGY
Chapter -11. Organisms & Populations
CONCEPT MAP
CROSSWORD
Across Down
3. It refers to the number of deaths in a population at a 1. These are the animals, which can tolerate a wide
given period. range of temperature and are geographically widely
7. It is the process of spending the winters or very cold distributed.
conditions in an inactive or dormant state to escape in 2. It is an interaction between species where one
time. is harmed and the other is unaffected.
9. It is the place where an organism lives. 4. Any morphological, physiological or behavioural
10. These are the animals, which can tolerate only a very attribute organism that enables it to survive and
narrow range of temperature and are restricted in reproduce in its habitat.
distribution. 5. It refers to the range of conditions an organism can
15. It refers to the number of births added to the initial tolerate, the resources it utilises and its distinct
population during a given period. functional role in the ecological system.
17. It refers to the total number of individual 6. It is the maximum number of individuals of a
species, present per unit area or volume, at a population (or s population) that can be sustained
given time. by a given habitat.
18. It is the process of spending the dry hot periods or 8. It refers to the number of individuals of the same
summers in an inactive or dormant state to escape species come into a habitat from elsewhere during
in time. the time period under consideration.
19. It is a stage of suspended development shown by 11. It refers to the number of individuals of the same
many zooplankton species in fresh water bodies. species left the habitat during the time period
under consideration.
12. Those organisms which maintain a constant
internal (within the body) environment
(homeostasis), despite the fluctuations in the
environment.
13. These are the animals, which can tolerate a very narrow
range of salinity.
14. The maintenance of a steady internal environment by
organisms.
16. These are the animals, which can tolerate range of salinity.
I. Multiple choice questions.
1. What is an ecological niche?
a. the ocean b. the physical position and functional role of a species within the community
c. an ecologically adapted zone d. formed of all plants and animals living in a lake
2. What would be the status of the population after some years if a population has more young individuals compared
to the older individuals?
a. It will decline b. It will stabilise c. It will increase d. It will first decline and then stabilize
3. The density of a population in a given habitat will be decreased by the following.
a. Natality > mortality b. Immigration > emigration
c. Mortality and emigration d. Natality and immigration
4. Parasitism is an association between two species where ______.
a. one species is harmed and other is benefitted b. one species is harmed and other is unaffected
c. one species is benefitted and other is unaffected d. both the species are harmed.
5. Lichens are association of ______.
a. bacteria and fungus b. alga and bacterium c. fungus and alga d. fungus and virus
6. Maximum growth rate occurs in ______.
a. Senescent phase b. Lag phase c. Exponential phase d. Stationary phase.
7. The ability of venus fly trap to capture insects is due to ______.
a. Specialised muscle-like cells b. A passive process required & the plant don’t need special ability
c. Chemical stimulation by the prey d. A rapid turgur pressure changes
8. Geometric representation of age structure is a characteristics of _____.
a. Population b. Land scape c. Ecosystem d. Biotic community
9. Plant species having a wide range of genetical distribution evolve into a local population known as ___
a. Ecotype b. Biome c. Ecosystem d. Population
10. If in a population, natality is balanced by mortality then there will be ______.
a. Decrease in population growth b. Zero population growth c.
Increase in population growth d. over population.
11. A population has more young individuals compared in the older individuals .What would be the status of the
population after some years?
a. It will decline b. It will stabilise c. It will increase
d. It will first decline and then stabilise.
12. The tendency of population to remain in genetic equlibrium may be disturbed by ______.
a. lack of migration b. lack of mutations c. lack of random mating d. random mating
13. In an area, a population with large size individuals having long life span, more parental care and slow
development was present. This type of population curve will be ______.
a. S-shape b. J-shaped c. Z-shaped d. All of these.
14. The density of a population in a habitat per unit area is measured in different units. The unit of measurement
fish population is ______.
a. Biomass/ area b. Numbers/area c. Coverage/area d. weight/area
Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.
15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
ASSERTION & REASONING
a. Both assertion and reasoning are true and reasoning is correct explanation of assertion
b. Both assertion and reasoning are true but reasoning is not correct explanation of assertion
c. Assertion is true but reasoning is false
d. Both assertion and reasoning are false
1. A: Many freshwater animals cannot live for long in sea water.
R: Because of osmotic problems they would face.
2. A: The UV component of the spectrum is harmful to many organisms while not all the colour components of the
visible spectrum are available for marine plants living at different depths of the ocean.
R: Hence we can say that the spectral quality of solar radiation is also important for life
3. A: If a predator is too efficient and overexploits its prey, then the prey might become extinct and following it, the
predator will also become extinct for lack of food.
R: This is the reason why predators in nature are ‘prudent’.
4. A: Mammals from colder climates generally have shorter ears and limbs.
R: This adaptation helps them to minimise heat loss
5. A: Predators also help in maintaining species diversity in a community.
R: They do so by reducing the intensity of competition among competing prey species.
6. A: Population are said to be sympatric when
R: Two populations share the same environment but cannot inter breed.
7. A: The human population is represented by sigmoid population curve.
R: Two population share the same environment but cannot inter breed.
8. A: A high density of elephant population in an area can result in intra specific competition.
R: It plays an important role in supporting other species.
9. A: The shape of age pyramid reflects the growth status of population
R: The declining age profile is ideal for population, it gives an idea that in future the population will decline.
10. A: Plant-animal interactions do not generally involve co-evolution of the mutualist organisms.
R: Evolution of plant and animal go side by side.
11. A :Predators are organisms which feed on other individuals.
R : Prey species have evolved various defences to lessen the impact of predation.
12. A : Population of pyramid (graphically) depicts the rate at which population will grow in future.
R : A triangular population pyramid depicts population size is stable .
13. A : Epiphytes growing on branches of the tree exhibit commensalism.
R : In commensalism on organism benefits from the association while the other has no effect.
Answers: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. d 11. b 12. c 13. a
1 mark questions & answers
1. What is population ecology?
Ans: Population ecology is an important area which links ecology to population genetics and evolution.
2. What do you understand by population density?
Ans: It is the size of population in any given area at given time designated as N.
3. Write the formula of calculating population density in reference to time.
Ans: Nt+1 = Nt + [(B + I) – (D + E)]
4. Write the basis on which an organism occupies a space in its community/natural surroundings.
Ans. Feeding relationship with other organisms.
5. What does ‘intrinsic rate of natural increase’(r) signify?
Ans: It is a very important parameter chosen for assessing impacts of any biotic or abiotic factor on population
growth.
6. What do you understand by nature’s carrying capacity (K)?
Ans: In nature, a given habitat has enough resources to support a maximum possible number, beyond which no
further growth is possible.
7. What is camouflage?
Ans: It is a process by which some species of insects and frogs are cryptically-coloured (camouflaged) to avoid
being detected easily by the predator.
8. What type of interaction is shown by sparrows eating the seeds?
Ans. Predation.
9. What are the four levels of biological organisation with which ecology basically deals?
Ans: (i) Organisms (ii) Population (iii) Communities and (iv) Biomes
10. Name the interaction between a whale and the barnacles growing on its back.
Ans: Commensalism
11. What is commensalism?
Ans: This is the interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
12. What is the ecological principle behind biological control method of managing pest insects?
Ans. Predation, where predators prey upon pests & control their number.
13. Name one animal and one plant which breed only once in their lifetime.
Ans: Animal- Pacific salmon fish Plant- Bamboo
14. Name the type of interaction in which one species is harmed while other is neither benefitted nor harmed?
Ans. Ammensalism.
15. What are two parameters by which population can be measured?
Ans: Biomass and Number
16. Name the orchid plant which undergoes sexual deceit phenomenon?
Ans: Mediterranean orchid Ophrys
17. The given age of pyramid represents ______.
Ans: Stable population
18. Penicillium placed with Streptococcus will show which type of population interaction?
Ans: Amensalism
19. Why do certain exotic species (like Parthenium in India) become too much invasive in certain geographical
area?
Ans: Because those areas do not have natural predators of weed.
20. What are the two primary requirements of a parasite from host?
Ans. Food & shelter.
21. If ‘+’ sign is positive interaction and ‘-‘sign is detrimental, then which type of population interaction will be
shown by ‘+’ ‘-‘
Ans: Parasitism
22. An orchid growing as an epiphyte on a mango branch shows which type of population interaction?
Ans: Commensalism
23. Name four population attributes.
Ans: Birth rate, death rate, sex ratio, age distribution.
24. Name four basic processes which cause fluctuations in population density in a given habitat during a given
period.
Ans: Natality, Mortality, Immigration, Emigration.
25. Write what do phytophagous insects feed on?
Ans. Plant sap and other parts of plant.
26. When two species of Paramoecium(P. caudatum and P. aurelia were grown together in the laboratory, at
first both the species grow in number. However, eventually P. caudatum declines in number while P. aurelia
continues to increase in number. Which type of animal interaction can substantiate the above phenomenon?
Ans. Competition
27. Plants like Peech, Oak and Pine gain amino acids from fungal association, while the fungi in return receive
carbohydrates and vitamins from the tree. What type of interaction can be inferred from this?
Ans. Mutualism
28. In the stomach of ruminants, huge number of cellulolytic bacteria is present which help the herbivores to digest
the plant material. In turn, the bacteria receive nitrogen that has been secreted or ingested into the rumen in the
form of urea. Name the type of interaction.
Ans. Mutualism
29. Which are the factors responsible for the wide variety of habitat formed within each biome?
Ans. Regional and local variations
30. With which population growth model is the Verhulst Pearl equation associated?
Ans. Logistic growth.
31. Calculate the death rate if 6 individuals in a laboratory population of 60 fruit flies died during a particular week.
Ans. 6/60 =0.1 individuals per fruit fly per week.
32. In biological control method, one living organism is used against another to check its uncontrolled growth.
Which kind of population interaction is involved in this?
Ans. Predation.
33. “Cuckoo bird lays eggs in the nest of crow” which type of interaction is shown in this relation?
Ans. Brood parasitism.
34. Name the type of interaction that is detrimental to both the interaction.
Ans. Competition.
35. What does J-shaped curve indicates?
Ans. J-shaped curve indicates that the resources are unlimited in a habitat.
2 marks question & answer
1. 8 individual in a laboratory population of 80 fruit fly died in a week. Calculate the death rate.
Ans: Death rate= no of individual die/ total number = 8/80 = 0.1
2. Fill the ‘a’ and ‘b’ with appropriate population attributes.
Ans: A= Natality or Immigration B= Mortality or Emigration
3. Give an example for each of these:
a) Chemical defence agent b) Predator animal c) Camouflaged animal
Ans: a- alkaloids b- Lion c- Frog
4. Mention the attributes which a population has but not an individual organism.
Ans: Natality, Mortality, Sex ratio, age groups.
5. List any two examples of defense mechanism in plants against herbivorous predators?
Ans. i) Thorn in Acacia ii) Cardiac glycosides in Calotropis
6. What is ‘Competitive release’?
Ans: A species whose distribution is restricted to a small geographical area because of the presence of a
competitively superior species, is found to expand its distributional range dramatically when the competing
species is experimentally removed.
7. Explain mutualism in mycorrhizae.
Ans: *The mycorrhizae are associations between fungi and the roots of higher plants.
*The fungi help the plant in the absorption of essential nutrients from the soil while the plant in turn provides the
fungi with energy-yielding carbohydrate.
8. What are the different types of population growth pattern? Mention their differences.
Ans: a. Logistic and Exponential growth
b. S-Shaped curve, J-shaped curve.
Limiting Factors, No-limiting Factors
9. What is interference competition? Define competitive exclusion principles.
Ans. (i) Feeding efficiency may be reduced due to interference of another species. E.g. Tiger and deer.
(ii)Two closely related species need same resource can’t co-exist indefinitely.
10. State Gause’s competitive exclusion principle.
Ans: Gause’s competitive exclusion principle states that two closely related species competing for same
resources, cannot coexist indefinitely, (the inferior will be eliminated) by the superior one.
11. What does nature’s carrying capacity for a species indicate?
Ans: In nature, a given habitat has enough or limited resources to support a maximum possible number of
population and nature’s carrying capacity indicates that how much growth is possible in a population.
12. Explain of with suitable examples ectoparasites and endoparasites.
Ans: Ectoparasites nourish on the external surface of the host entities. For example, Ticks on dogs whereas
endoparasites dwell in the body of the host at various locations such as lungs, kidney etc, for example, gut
parasites such as tapeworm.
13. How is a cactus adapted to survive in its habitat?
Ans: Adaptions in cactus:
(i) The leaves are modified into spines
(ii) The stems are expanded, fleshy, spongy to store waters and food.
(iii) The root system is deep-seated to draw underground water
(iv) They have sunken stomata to reduce transpiration
14. The density of a population in a habitat per unit area is measured in different units. Write the unit of
measurement against the following:
(a) Bacteria (b) Grass (c) Banyan (d) Deer
Ans: (a) Numbers/volume (b) Coverage/area (c) Biomass/area (d) Numbers/area
15. Explain brood parasitism with the help of an example.
Ans: Koel is a parasitic bird (which has lost the instinct to make its own nest to lay eggs), has evolved the
technique of laying eggs in the nest of a crow. It’s egg design, resemble to those of crow.
16. Why does clown fish and sea anemone pair up? What is this relationship called?
Ans: The clown fish gets protection from predators which stay away from stinging tentacles of anemone
but anemone does not derive any benefit from the fish. This relationship is called commensalism.
17. What is ‘resource partitioning’?
Ans: If two species compete for the same resource, they could avoid competition by choosing- for instance,
different times for feeding or different foraging patterns.
18. Define competition.
Ans: Competition is best defined as a process in which the fitness of one species (measured in terms of its ‘r’-
the intrinsic rate of natural increase) is significantly lower in the presence of another species.
19. State exponential growth model.
Ans: When resources in the habitat are unlimited, each species has the ability to realise fully its innate potential
to grow in number, as Darwin observed while developing his theory of natural selection. Then the population
grows in an exponential or geometric fashion.
20. What is emigration? How does it affect population density?
Ans: *It is outward movement of some individuals of the species from a local population during the time
period under consideration.
*It decreases the population density.
21. Define population.
Ans: A population is a group of individuals of a given species sharing or competing for similar resources in a
defined geographical area.
22. Define competitive release in reference to population interaction.
Ans: Competitive release is the mechanism in which the species expands its distribution range when the
competitor species is removed.
23. Why are calotropis plants not browsed by herbivores?
Ans. Because calotropis plant produces a highly poisonous glycoside that is a cardiac poison & thus, directly
kills the predator.
24. What is a zero population growth rate?
Ans: It is when pre-reproductive age group entities are correspondingly fewer and the post-reproductive and
reproductive phases are in an equivalent stage.
25. In which specific condition, ‘J shaped’ population growth curve may be observed?
Ans: When there is unlimited natural resources are available, and no competition takes place.
3 marks question & answer
1. Explain the process of migration with suitable example.
Ans: *The organism can move away temporarily from the stressful habitat to a more hospitable area and
return when stressful period is over.
*Many animals, particularly birds, during winter undertake long-distance migrations to more hospitable areas.
*Every winter the famous Keolado National Park (Bharatpur) in Rajasthan host thousands of migratory birds
coming from Siberia and other extremely cold northern regions.
2. Write the integral form of the exponential growth equation.
Ans: Nt = N0 ert where
Nt = Population density after time t
N0 = Population density at time zero
r = intrinsic rate of natural increase
e = the base of natural logarithms (2.71828)
3. What do you understand by co-evolution in parasitism?
Ans: *Many parasites have evolved to be host-specific (they can parasitise only a single species of host) in
such a way that both host and the parasite tend to co-evolve.
* That is, if the host evolves special mechanisms for rejecting or resisting the parasite, the parasite has to evolve
mechanisms to counteract and neutralise them, in order to be successful with the same host species.
4. In accordance with their life styles, which special adaptations parasites evolved?
Ans: In accordance with their life styles, parasites evolved special adaptations such as the loss of unnecessary
sense organs, presence of adhesive organs or suckers to cling on to the host, loss of digestive system and high
reproductive capacity.
5. Discuss the role of predators in an ecosystem.
Ans: *Predators feed on prey and by doing so they acts ‘conduits’ for energy transfer across trophic levels and
keep prey populations under control.
*In absence of natural predators the prey species could achieve very high population densities and cause
ecosystem instability.
* Predators also help in maintaining species diversity in a community, by reducing the intensity of competition
among competing prey species.
6. (i) How does age distribution help in the study of the population? (ii) How does an age pyramid, for the
human population at a given point of time helps the policymakers in planning the future?
(iii) Draw the different types of age pyramid.
Ans: (i) The relative abundance of the organisms of various age groups in the population is called the age
distribution of the population. Age may be grouped into pre reproductive, reproductive and post reproductive.
*With regard to age distribution, there are three kinds of populations: Expanding, stable and decline.
(ii) The shape of the age pyramid reflects the growth status of the population. Thus, age pyramid for the
human population at a given time helps the policymakers in planning for the future.
(iii) Different types of age pyramid
7. (i) Compare exponential and logistic growth curve by giving diagram only.
(ii) Write mathematical equation to determine population density in logistic growth.
(iii) Mention the significance of ‘r’ value.
Ans: (i)
(ii) Nt = N0 ert
Nt = Population density after time t
N0 = Population density at time zero
r = intrinsic rate of natural increase
e = the base of natural logarithms (2.71828)
(iii)‘r’ is very useful in assessing impacts of any biotic or abiotic factor on population growth.
8. What is ‘sexual deceit’? Explain by giving suitable example.
Ans: One petal of orchid flower resembles as female bee in size, colour and marking.
*The male bee is attracted to what it perceives as a female, ‘pseudocopulates’ with the flower. During this, the
bee is dusted with pollen from the flower.
*When this same bee ‘pseudocopulates’ with another flower, it transfers pollen to it and thus, pollinates the
flower.
9. What is brood parasitism? Give an example. What adaptation has evolved in this phenomenon?
Ans. One species lays eggs in the nest of another bird, lets the host incubate them.
* E.g. Cuckoo lays eggs in the nest of a crow.
Adaptations:
*The eggs of the parasite resemble the eggs of the host in colour, size which reduce the chances of the host
bird detecting the foreign eggs and ejecting them from nest.
10. Name and explain the kind of interaction in the following.
Ans. i. Algae and Fungi in Lichens ii. Head Louse Humans iii. Hermit Crab and Sea Anemone
(i) Interaction of mutualism where the two species are equally benefited. Fungus provides protection, helps in
absorption of water and minerals, Algae provide food for the Fungus.
(ii) This is case of parasitism where the louse is an ectoparasite. Parasite takes shelter on humans and also derives
nutrition.
(iii) It is commensalism - where one species is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor affected. Sea
Anemone is benefited as it does not have to move to places rich in nutrients, while hermit crab is neither benefited
nor harmed.
11. How does Ophrys get pollinated by bees?
Ans.i. Sexual deceit.
ii. One petal resembles female.
iii. Male pseudocoupulates with the flower.
iv. Pollen grain transferred from one flower to another.
12. Biomass is a more meaningful measure of population size. Explain with an example.
Ans. (i) Population large Total number is not an easily adoptable measure. Counting takes long time or practically
impossible
(ii) There is no need to know the absolute population size for some investigations.
(iii) Number may sometimes be misleading e.g. In a given area there are 200 Parthenium plants and a single
banyan tree. Here biomass size of the banyan tree is much more than those of 200 Parthenium plants.
13. Explain giving reasons why the tourists visiting Rohtang Pass or Mansarovar are advised to resume normal
active life only after a few days of reaching there.
Ans.(i)Tourists visiting to Rohtang Pass near Manali (> 3500 m) may suffer from altitude sickness.
*They resume normal active life only after a week because in low atmospheric pressure at high altitudes, the body
does not get enough oxygen.
*Gradually, the body compensates low oxygen availability by
(a)Increasing red blood cell production.
(b)Decreasing the binding affinity of haemoglobin.
(c)Increasing the breathing rate.
14. (a) Compare exponential growth and logistic growth.
Resources are limiting. The population growth curve is sigmoid. It is represented by the equation
where, N = Population density at time t
r = Intrinsic rate of natural increase
K = Carrying capacity
(b) Resources are unlimited. The population growth curve is J-shaped.
It is represented by the equation
dN/dt = rN or Nt = N0 ert
where, Nt = Population density after time t
N0 = Population density at time zero
r = Intrinsic rate of natural increase
e = The base of natural logarithm (2.71828).
(ii) The resources become limited at certain point of time. So, no population can grow exponentially. Every
environment or habitat has limited resources to support a particular maximum number of individuals.
This is called its carrying capacity (K).
5 marks question & answer
1. Illustrate age pyramid.
Ans: *A population at any given time is composed of individuals of different ages.
*If the age distribution (per cent individuals of a given age or age group) is plotted for the population, the resulting
structure is called an age pyramid.
*For human population, the age pyramids generally show age distribution of males and females in a diagram.
*The shape of the pyramids reflects the growth status of the population - (a) whether it is growing, (b) stable or (c)
declining.( fig 13.4)
2. What is Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Growth?
Ans: *A population growing in a habitat with limited resources show initially a lag phase, followed by phases of
acceleration and deceleration and finally an asymptote, when the population density reaches the carrying capacity.
*A plot of N in relation to time (t) results in a sigmoid curve.
This type of population growth is called Verhulst-Pearl Logistic Growth and is described by the following
equation:
3. How do The Mediterranean orchids Ophrys employs ‘sexual deceit’ to get pollination done by a species of bee?
Ans: *The Mediterranean orchid Ophrys employs ‘sexual deceit’ to get pollination done by a species of bee.
*One petal of its flower bears an uncanny resemblance to the female of the bee in size, colour and markings.
*The male bee is attracted to what it perceives as a female, ‘pseudocopulates’ with the flower, and during that
process is dusted with pollen from the flower.
*When this same bee ‘pseudocopulates’ with another flower, it transfers pollen to it and thus, pollinates the
flower.
4. List the attributes that populations but not individuals possess.
Ans: A population can be defined as a group of individuals of the same species residing in a particular
geographical area at a particular time and functioning as a unit.
*For example, all human beings living at a particular place at a particular time constitute the population of
humans. The main attributes or characteristics of a population residing in a given area are:
(a) Birth rate (Natality): It is the ratio of live births in an area to the population of an area. It is expressed as
the number of individuals added to the population with respect to the members of the population.
(b) Death rate (Mortality): It is the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of an area. It is expressed as
the loss of individuals with respect to the members of the populations
(c) Sex ratio: It is the number of males or females per thousand individuals.
(d) Age Distribution: It is the percentage of individuals of different ages in a given population. At any given
time, the population is composed of individuals that are present in various age groups. The age distribution
pattern is commonly represented through age pyramids.
(e) Population density: It is defined as the number of individuals of a population present per unit area at a
given time.
CASE BASED QUESTIONS
1. The size of population for any species is not a static parameter. It keeps changing with time, depending on
various factors including food availability, predation pressure and adverse weather. In fact, it is these changes
in population density that give us some idea of what is happening to the population, whether it is flourishing
or declining .Whatever might be the ultimate reasons, the density of a population in a given habitat during a
given peroid, fluctuates due to changes in four basic process , two of which[Natality and Immigration]
contribute to an increase in population density and two [ mortality and emigration] to a decrease.
i. Natality refers to the number of births during a given period in the population that are added to the
initial density.
ii. Mortality is the number of deaths in the population during a given period
iii. Immigration is the number of individuals of the same species that have come into the habitat from
elsewhere during the time periods under consideration
iv. Emigration is the number of the population who left the habitat and gone elsewhere during the time
period under consideration.
Questions.
1. For any species, size of _____ is not a static parameter.
a. Population b. Area c. Temperature d. Soil
2. Which of the followings are responsible for the fluctuation of density of population?
a. Mortality b. Natality c. Emigration d. All of these
3. In the population, the number of death during a given period is known as ______.
a. Immigration b. Mortality c. Natality d. Emigration
Ans. 1. 2. 3. b
4. Define the following terms. i. Mortality ii. Immigration.
5. Which two basic processes can decrease population density?
2. Study the three different age pyramid for human population given below and answer the questions that
follow:
(i) Write the names given to each of these age pyramids.
(ii) Mention the one which is ideal for human population and why.
(iii) What should be the growth rate pattern when the resources are unlimited?
Ans: (i) A – Expanding pyramid
C – Declining pyramid
(ii) Stable pyramid is ideal for human population because it maintains the stability in all population
phases.
(iii) Exponential.