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Class X papers

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Life Processes Fastracl« Revision > Life Processes: Various functions that are carried out by living beings which are necessary to maintain and continue life are called UFe processes. Life processes In living beings include nutrition, respiration, transportation ‘oF substances and excretion. > Nutrition: Itisthe process of intake of nutrients from outside to the inside of the body of living organisms, providing ‘energy necessary to grow, develop and prevent damage. ‘Types oF Nutrition: There are two types oF nutrition: > Autotrophic Nutrition: It is the mode of nutrition performed by green plants, some bacteria, etc, for manufacturing thelr own food from inorganic sources, le, CO, and water. These organisms are called autotrophs, > Heterotrophic Nutrition: The mode of nutrition in which an organism takes food from another organism. Heterotrophs cannot synthesize their ‘wn food but are dependent on autotrophs for their nutrition. It can be divided into three types as follows: ‘*Saprotrophic Nutrition: It is the mode where nutrition is derived from the breakdown of complex molecules in dead and decaying organic matter. e.g, Bacteria, Fungi such as mushroom ete. *Holozoic Nutrition: It is the mode of nutrition where complex molecules are taken in and broken intosimplerforms, eg. Amoeba, cow, goat, humans, etc + Parasitic Nutrition: In this mode, the organisms derive nutrition from the host’s body they live on or inside, eg, ticks, lice, leech, Cuscuta (Amarbel) in plants etc. » Photosynthesis: It is the process by which green plants synthesize organic Food such as carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. Photosynthesis occurs in three stages, Le, absorption of light energy by chlorophyll, conversion of lightinto chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen and reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates. The whole process can be shown by the following equation: OS" _5C,H1,0, +60, 6CO, +6H, Excess carbohydrates (glucose) produced during photosynthesis are stored in the Form of starch In plants, Ie serves as internal eneray reserve and is used whenever required by the plant. Chloroplasts: They are the site of photosynthesis and are present in leaves of a plant. They contain a green coloured pigment called chlorophyll that traps solar energy From Sun. rms oy > Stomata: These are tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves. Massive amount of gaseous exchange for the purpose of photosynthesis and transpiration takes place through stomata. The opening and closing of stomata Is a Function of the guard cells, Nutrition in Amoeba: Amoebais a unicellular animal which follows holozoic mode of nutrition. It lacks special organs For nutrition. It takes in Food using pseudopocia (Finger-lke extensions) witich Fuse over the Food particle Forming a Food vacuole. Inside the Food vacuole, complex substances are broken down into simpler ones which then diffuse into the cytoplasm. The remaining undigested Food Is moved to the surface of the cell and is then thrown out. Food Food vacuo wih food and water patcios =SS\mumbrano )Psurtace, 2 fees (Germs PO: % ee a Peevdopeds Food eubeancan ln sorounds ho “soita Q _ Nutrition in Humans: It involves breakdown of complex substances ingested from outside by different parts of alimentary canal, > Human Digestive System: It consists of alimentary canal, ie, a tuberike structure consisting of mouth, pharynx, ‘oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. > Digestive Glands: These include salivary, gastric, intestinal lands along with pancreas and liver. > salivary Glands (In Mouth): These secrete saliva containing salivary amylase which helps in breakdown of starch into simple sugar. > Gastric Glands: These are present In the wall of the stomach and releases pepsin, HCl and mucus. > Liver:itisthe largest gland of our body that secretes bile lee For emulsification of Fats, which Is stored in gall bladder. > Pancreas: It secretes pancreatic juice containing trypsin, for digesting proteins and tipase for breaking down emulsified fats. > Intestinal Glands: These are present in walls of small intestine and secrete intestinal juice. The enzymes present in it Finally convert the proteins to amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and Fats into fatty acids and glycerol The process by which food (glucose) is broken je energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). Respiration is of two types: aerobic and anaerobic respiration. > Aerobic Respiration: It is complete breakdown of Food occurring in the presence of oxygen. Itreleases large amount of energy, as ATP. > Role of villi: > Anaerobic Respiration: It is incomplete breakdown of Food occurring in the absence of oxygen, Se aaa en ark releasing small aiount of eneray. ecan be alcohol shes the sts Ged food Gs esch and Guay cal fermentation, ie, glucose breaks into ethanol and the body, where it Is utilised For obtaining energy, CO, of lactic acid Fermentation, ie, glucose breaks building up new tissues and the repair of old tissues. into lactic acid. ‘Absonco of angen i Ethanol + Carton dioxide ° Energy in yeast)” (2-carbon molecule) Lack of toplasm oxygon Giucose A pyrwvato Lectc acd + Eneray (&-carbon (3-carbon (inour | (3-carbon molecule) molecule) molecu) \\ muselo cals) sa Presence of for eevee, Carbon dioxide + We er on dionde + Weta + Eno {in milachonarea) wy Breakdown of glucose by various pathways > Respiration in Plants: The energy produced in plants by respiration is utilised in growth and various life Functions. Gaseous exchange in roots occurs by diffusion from air present in soll particles to the roots. Gaseous exchange in stems occurs through small pores present in the stems called as lenticels. Gaseous exchange in leaves occurs through diffusion oF oxygen through stomata into the cells of the leaf. Respiration in Animals: It may occur through thelr skin or through specific respiratory organs. These organs have structures that increase the surface area which is in contact with the oxygen rich atmosphere. Respiration in Aquatic Organisms: Fish and other aquatic organisms use gills to take up oxygen dissolved in water. > Fish exchange gases by pulling oxygen rich water through their mouths and pumping it over thelr gills, where the dissolved oxygen is taken up by blood Flowing in blood vessels. The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than In terrestrial organisms becouse the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low as compared to the amount of oxygen in alr. Respiration in Terrestrial Organisms: These organisms Use atmospheric oxygen for respiration. Respiration in Human Beings: It involves inhalation and exhalation, /e, taking air (oxygen) into the lungs and giving out air (carbon dioxide) From the lungs. Human Respiratory System: It consists of nostrils, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, alveoli and the lungs. Lungs: These are the primary organs for respiration, present In the thoracic cavity. nowledge BOOSTER {in lungs, millions of balloon Uke structures called atveot are Jk present, which have a rich supply of blood vessels and help S$ in exchange of gases. > Ribs: These are 12 pairs of bones, which help in respiration by movement of intercostal muscles attached to them. > Diaphragm: itis a muscular partition between thorax and abdomen. it forms the base of chest cavity and helps in breathing, Gaseous Exchange in Humans: The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into the alveoli and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cellsin the body. Haemoglobin: Its the respiratory pigment present in Red Blood Cells (RBCs) which takes up the oxygen fromthe alr in lungs and carries it to different tissues. Transportation in Animals: The life process Facilitating the movement of Food, water and oxygen from one part of the body to other via circulatory system. Human Circulatory System: It is responsible for transport of varlous substances and is composed of heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood Blood: It is a specialised connective tissue consisting of plasma and formed elements (ie, RBC, WBC and platelets) Te helps in transport of nutrients, gases, waste products, etc., and regulates body temperature and pH, etc. ‘Types of Blood Vessels > Arteries: They carry oxygenated blood from the heart to various organs of the body. They have thick, elastic walls. Veins: They collect deoxygenated blood from various organs and bring it back to the heart. They have thin walls and valves. > Capillaries: These are the smallest vessels which help in exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cell > Blood Circulation: In humans, double circulation occurs, ie, blood passes through the heart twice in one cycle. It has two components: {i) Systemic Circulation: The pathway of blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart. (i) Pulmonary Circulation: The pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart > Lymphe It is similar to plasma but colourless with less proteins. It carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains back excess fluid into the blood. » Blood Circulation through Heart: Lungs -» Pulmonary vein (Oxygenated blood) -> Left atrium -» Left ventricie > Main artery (Aorta) ~» Body organs -» Main vein (Vena cava) — Right atrium — Right ventricle -> Pulmonary artery (Deoxygenated blood) -> Lungs Agra Vena cava from_| upper body Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary veins Right atrium Vena cava from, lower body Right venticle Septum (Gividing wal) Sectional View of the Human Haart Left atrium Left ventricle Polenanery Pulmonary vein artery to from lungs lungs Vena caver "hort From bods ‘To body vei Artery Schematic representation of transport and exchange ‘of oxygen and carbon diode » Transportation in Plants: Plants have specialised tissues for transportation of substances. There are two types of vascular tissues in plants: > xylem transports water and minerals obtained from the soil. It is composed of trachelds, xylem vessels, xylem parenchyma and xylem fibre. > Phloem transports products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of plant, fe, translocation. It is composed of sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres. > Transpiration: It is the loss of water vapour fram aerial parts of plant ie, stomata and lenticels. The pressure exerted by transpiration on the walls of xylem is called transpiration pull causing upward movement of water and minerals. It also helps in temperature regulation. » Transport of Water: It occurs due to transpiration pull and root pressure » Transport of Food: The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other parts of plant is, Excretion in Animals: It Is 2 biological process for the removal of harmful metabolic wastes from the body. Inuniceltular organisms, wastes are excreted viadiffusion ‘while multicellular organisms have specialised organs For excretion. > Human Excretory System: It removes nitrogenous waste products From the body. It includes a pair oF kidneys, a pair oF ureters, a urinary bladder and a urethra, The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. Left renal artery Left kidney Left renal vein KX Aorta [—— Left ureter Vena cava }—Urinary bladder Urethra N xcretory system in human beings > Formation of urine occurs to filter out waste products from the blood. i involves three stages ie, ultrafiltration in glomerulus, selective reabsorption of Useful substances such as glucose, amino acids, etc, In tubular part and tubular secretion and active secretion (of ions, medicines, drugs, ec, From blood into urine. > Urine is the end product Formed that contains urea, uric acid, ammonium salts and urochrome pigment imparts yellow colour to urine. > Removal of Urine: Urine remains stored in the urinary bladder until the pressure expands too much. We can control the urge to urinate. > Kidnoy disorders occur when one or both kidneys stop Functioning or malfunctions. > Excretion in Plants: It occurs to remove the wastes produced by them during their life processes. > Gaseous waste products are carbon dioxide during respiration and oxygen during photosynthesis which are excreted out through stomata and lenticels. > Liquid waste products are excess water, gums /., degradation product of internal tissues, resins, etc, which are excreted by transpiration via stomata or hydathodes (guttation). > Solid waste products are stored waste substances in cell vacuoles and tissues with dead cell. These wastes are removed by dropping of leaves, peeling of bark and Felling of Fruits. > Some of the plant wastes are useful products for human beings, eg, essential olls, gums (used to make adhesives), resins, natural rubber (tyre Industry) and tannin (For leather treatment), etc x Practice Exercise Multiple choice Questions y QL. One of the events that does not occur during photosynthesis is: (cose2023) a chlorophyll absorbs solar energy 'b. carbon dioxide is released during the process © oxygen is released during the pracess d._ carbon dioxide is absorbed during the process Q2. Inthe following diagram, identify the cells through which massive amounts of gaseous exchange takes place for photosynthesi (cose 2023) Ore 4 g o a8 4S0 __, al bi ail Q3. Opening and closing of stomata is due to: (cos€2023) a. high pressure of gases inside the cells b. movement of water in and out of guard cells © stimulus of light In the guard cells diffusion of CO, In and out of the guard cells Q4. Which one of the following conditions is true for the state of stomata of a green leaf shown in the given diagram? (cBSe 2021 Term-1) a. Large amount of water flows into the guard cells Gaseous exchange Is accurring in large amount © Large amount of water flows out from the guard colls d. Large amount of sugar collects in the guard cells Q5. Astudent was asked to write a stepwise procedure to demonstrate that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis. He wrote the following steps. ‘The wrongly worded step is: (CBSE 2021 Term-1) Q6. Q7. Qe. Q9. quo. o . Both potted plants are kept in dark room for at least three days b. bottom of the bell jars is sealed to make them, air tight Both potted plants are kept in sunlight after the starch test 4. aleaf from both the plants is taken to test the presence of starch Generally food is broken and absorbed within the body of organisms. In which of the following organisms is it done outside the body? (cBse sop 2023-24) 2. Amoeba b. Mushroom c Poramecium —d. Lice The correct statements with reference to single celled organisms are: () Complex substances are not broken down into simpler substances. (i) Simple diffusion is sufficient to meet the requirement of exchange of gases. (ii) Specialised tissues perform different functions in the organism. (iv) Entire surface of the organism is in contact with the environment for taking in food. (c8S€ 2023 Torm-1) a. (and ( b. (i) and Gi) c. (and (ww) . (i) and (iv) If salivary amylase Is lacking in the saliva, which, of the following events in the mouth cavity will be affected? a, Proteins breaking down into amina acids b. Starch breaking down into sugars Fats breaking down into fatty acids and glycerol 4d. Absorption of vitamins Sphincter muscles are present at the exit of: (cose 2023) 6 a. stomach and small intestine b. stomach and anus . small intestine and large intestine d. oesophagus and stamach Which of the following is the correct statement regarding bile? a. Secreted by bile duct and stored in ver b. Secreted by gall bladder and stored in liver © Secreted by liver and stored in bile duct 4. Secreted by liver and stored in gall bladder QL. Choose the function of the pancreatic juice from the following: ‘a. Trypsin digests proteins and Upase digest carbohydrates b. Trypsin digests emulsified fats and Upase digest proteins Trypsin and Upase digest Fats d. Trypsin digests proteins and Upase digest emulsified fats Q12. Identify the option that Indicates the correct enzyme that is secreted in location (i), (i) and (ii). (€8SE SOP 2021 Term-1) a. ()Hipase, (i)-trypsin.(il-pepsin b. (i)-amylase. (Ii)-pepsin, (\l)-trypsin € (i}trypsin, (i)-amylase, (ii)-carborylase 4. ()-permease, (l)-carboxylase,(l)-oxdase Q13. Observe the diagram of human digestive system Match the labelling referred in column I and correlate with the function in column Il. (CoSE Sp 2021 Term-1) Column 1 Column it The length of this depends of food the organism eats. (0) Initial phase of starch digestion (€)| Increases the efficiency of Upase enzyme action. Qu. Qs. Qis. Qu. Q16. m™ |@ This is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, pro- teins and fats. a (ia). (i)-(b). (i)-(0). iv)-{d) b W-(b). (i-{C), (il)-(4). fiv)-a) (Cb). (i)-(d). (i) 40). (w)-(a) & (-(d). (i)-Ca). (ii)-(b). fiv)-(c) ‘A sportsman, after a long break of his routine exercise, suffered muscular cramps during a heavy exercise session. This happened due to: (CBSE SOP 2023-24) 2. lack of carbon dioxide and formation of pyruvate . presence of oxygen and formation of ethanol . lack of oxygen and formation of lactic acid 4. lack of oxygen and formation of carbon dioxide Observe the diagram of an activity given below: “ Lime water ‘What does it help to conclude, when the person exhales into the test-tube? —_(C0S£2021 Terur-!) 2, Percentage of carbon dioxide is more in inhaled air b. Fermentation occurs in the presence of oxygen . Percentage of carbon dioxide Is mare In the exhaled air 4. Fermentation occurs in the presence of carbon dioxide ‘Anaerobic process: (cose 2020) a. takes place in yeast during fermentation b. takes place in the presence of oxygen . produces only energy in the muscles of human beings d. produces ethanol. oxygen and energy Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about respiration? () During inhalation, ribs move inward and diaphragm is raised. (ii) In the alveoli, exchange of gases takes place ‘Le, oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide from blood into alveolar air. (iii) Haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygen. (iv) Alveoli increase surface area for exchange of gases. a. (Wand (Ww) be. (i) and (ul) <. (Wand (i) . (i) and (iv) Study the diagram carefully of the human respiratory system with labels (7), (i), (ii) and (iv). Select the option which gives correct identification and main function and/or characteristic. (CSE Sop 2021 Tern-1) 2. (W) Trachea: Its supported by bony rings for conducting inspired alr (u) Ribs: When we breathe out. ribs are Ufted (i) Alveoli: Thin-walled sac like structures for exchange of gases Diaphragm: It is pulled up when we breathe in Respiratory structures of two different animals : a fish and a human being are as shown: Gills Aboot 1 o% Observe (i) and (ii) and select one characteristic that holds true for both of them. (ase 2021 Term-1) Both are placed internally in the body of animal b. Bath have thin and moist surface for gaseous exchange © Both are poorly supplied with blood vessels to conserve energy d. Inboth the blood returns to the heart after being oxygenated Q20. In which of the following groups of organisms, blood flows through the heart only once during one cycle of passage through the body? (CBSE Sop 2021 Term-1) ns qus. Water flows inthrough ~~ & mouth 2. Rabbit. parrot, turtle b. Frog, crocodlle, plgeon © Whale. labeo, penguin 0. Shark. dog fish. sting ray Consider the following statements in connection with the functions of the blood vessels marked A and 8 in the diagram of a human heart as shown. Qa. A, x B () Blood vessel A — It carries carbon dioxide rich blood to the tungs (i) Blood vesset B — It carries oxygen rich blood from the lungs (iii) Blood vessel B— Left atrium relaxes as it receives blood from this blood vessel (lv) Blood vessel A—Right atrium has thick muscular wall as it has to pump blood to this blood vessel Tho correct statements are: (CBSE 2021 Torm-1) a (and (i) b. (i) and (i) © (i). (ii) and (iv). (i) (i) and (ii) Identify the phase of circulation which is represented In the diagram of heart given below. Arrows Indicate contraction of the chambers shown. (CBSE SQp 2021 Tern) Qzz. a aT a. Blood transferred ta the right ventricle and left ventricle simultaneously b, Bloodis transferred to lungs for oxygenation and is pumped into various organs simultaneously ©. Blood transferred to the right auricle and left auricle simultaneously 4. Blood Is received fram lungs after oxygenation and is received from various organs of the body 23. The figure given below shows a schematic plan of blood circulation in humans with Labels (i) to (iv). Identify the correct label with its functions. (CSE SQp 2021 Terw-1) Q24. gas. Q26. gz. 928. (0) Pulmonary vein takes impure blood from body part {i) Pulmonary artery takes blood from lung to heart (li) Aorta takes blood fram heart to body parts (iv) Vena cava takes blood from body parts to right auricle Which one of the following statements is correct about the human circulatory system? (cast 2020) a. Blood transports anty oxygen and nat carbon dioxide b. Human heart has five chambers Valves ensure that the blood does not flow baclenards d. Both oxygen-rich and oxygen-deficient blood gets mixed in the heart Choose the correct statement that describes arterles. a. They have thick elastic walls. blood flows under high pressure. collect blood from different organs and bring it back to the heart. b. They have thin walls with valves inside, blood flows under low pressure and carry blood away from the heart to various organs of the body. © They have thick elastic walls. blood flows under low pressure, carry blood from the heart to various organs of the body. d. They have thick elastic walls without valves inside. blood flows under high pressure and carry blood away from the heart to different parts of the body. Water in the root enters due to: (case 2023) a. the function of the root to absorb water b. difference in the concentration of ions between the roat and the soit © excess water present in the soll d. diffusion of water in the roots Observe the following diagram and identify the process and its significance from the following options: (case 2023) t QUE gewmeren Leat t ) ) woreANAN @. Evaporation: maintains water contents in leaf cells b. Transpiration: creates a suction force which pulls water inside the plant © Excretion: helps in excreting out waste water from the plant d. Translocation: helps in transporting materials, from one cell to another Identify the two components of phloem tissue that help in transportation of food in plants. (COS€2021 Terr-1) a. Phloem parenchyma and sieve tubes b. Sieve tubes and companion cells, © Phloem parenchyma and companion cells, d. Phloem fibres and sieve tubes aoe Q29. Q30. gal. Q 32. What is common between extensive network of blood vessels around walls of alveoli and in glomerulus of nephron? (c8S€S0p 2022 Term-1) a. Thick walled arteries richly supplied with blood b. Thin walled veins poorly supplied with blood C. Thick walled capillaries poorly supplied with blood , Thin walled capillaries richly supplied with blood In a person the tubule part of the nephron is not functioning at all. What will its effect be on urine formation? (caS€5Qp 2021 Term-1) 2, The urine will not be formed b. Quality and quantity of urine Is unaffected . Urine is more concentrated d. Urine Is more diluted Plants use completely different process for excretion ‘as compared to animals. Which one of the following processes is not followed by plants for excretion? (CBSE SQp 2021 Term-1) a. They can get rid of excess water by transpiration b. They selectively filter toxic substances through their leaves c. Waste products are stored as resins and gums in old xylem 4, They excrete waste substances into the soll around them, Which one among the following is not removed as a waste product from the body of a plant? (CAS€2021 Term-1) a. Resins and gums b. Urea ©. Dry leaves d. Excess water ~@ Assertion & Reason type Questions y Directions (Q. Nos. 33-40): Each of the following questions consists of two statements, one is Assertion (A) and the other is Reason (R). Give answer: Q33. 934. 35. a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) Is the correct explanation af Assertion (A), b. Bath Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). © Assertion (A) Is rue but Reason (R) Is false. d. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true. Assertion (A): Leaves are the main site of photosynthesis. Reason (R): Chloroplast are present in leaves. Assertion (A): The inner walls of the small intestine have finger like projections called villi which are rich in blood Reason (R): These villi have a large surface area to help the small intestine in completing the digestion of food. (case 2023) Assertion (A): Herbivores longer small intestine than carnivores. Reason (R): Camnivores can digest cellulose due to the presence of enzyme, cellulase. have 936. Qa7. 938. 939. Q4o. Reason (R): The soil is the nearest and richest source of raw materlals like nitrogen, phosphorus and other minerals for the plants. Assertion (A): In humans, major amount of water is absorbed by tubular part of nephron. Reason (R): The amount of water reabsorbed depends on how much dissolved waste is to be excreted from the body. Assertion (A): Resins and gums are stored in old xylem tissue in plants, Reason (R): Resins and gums facilitate transport of water molecules. Answers Assertion (A): Energy is used during the process of respiration Reason (R): Respiration stores energy in the form of ATP, Assertion (A): Amphibians can tolerate mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Reason (R): Amphibians are animals with two chambered heart. (cose sop 2022.23) Assertion (A): Nitrogen is an essential element for plant growth and is taken up by plants in the form of Inorganic nitrates or nitrites 1. (b) carbon dioxide is released during the pracess zm 3. (b) movement of water in and out of guard cells 4. (¢) Large amount of water Flows out from the guard cells 5, (¢) Both potted plants are kept In sunlight after the starch test 6. (b) Mushroom 7. (¢) (i and (iv) 8. (b) Starch breaking down into sugars 9. (2) stomach and small intestine 10. () Secreted by liver and stored in gall bladder TL. (d) Trypsin digests proteins and lipase digest emulsified fats 12. (0) ()-amylase. (\i)-pepsin.(l-trypsin Trypsin is secreted by pancreas (ll) which helps In digesting proteins. Salivary amylase Is present in saliva () which helps in digesting starch in food. Pepsin secreted by gastric glands (present in walls of (i)) which helps in protein digestion 13. (b) (0). (i}40). (il). (iv}La) 14, (¢) lack of oxygen and formation of lactic acid 1B. (c) Percentage of carbon dioxide Is more In the exhaled alr 16. (2) takes place in yeast during fermentation 17. (d) (i) and (v) 18. (c) (i) Alveoli: Thin-walled sac Uke structures for exchange of gases The primary function of trachea is to provide air passage to the lungs for respiration. When we breathe In ribs are lifted and diaphragms flattened. 19. (b) Both have thin and molst surface for gaseous exchange Gills are present on both the sides of head of fish de. placed externally the walls of both () and (i) Contain an extensive network of blood vessels. In fishes. the blood after being oxygenated is passed directly to the rest of the body. TiP The blood goes only once through the heart in the fish during one cycle of passage through the body, whereas in vertebrates it goes twice through the heart during each oydle. 20. 2. 22. 23, 26, 25. 26. 2. 28. 23. 30. a, 32. (6) Shark, dog fish, sting ray (9) (i). (i) andl (ii) (6) Blood is transferred to lungs for oxygenation and is pumped into various organs simultaneously (@) (wv) Vena cava takes blood from body parts to right auricte Here, (I) is pulmonary vein, (i) is aorta, (il) 1s pulmonary artery and (iv) is vena cava. Pulmonary veins: Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the Left atriurn Pulmonary artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. Vena cava: Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood fram the left ventricle to the body. (c) Valves ensure that the blood does not flow backwards (6) They have thick elastic walls without valves inside. blood flows under high pressure and carry blood away from the heart to different parts of the body, (6) difference in the concentration of fons between the root and the soit (6) Transpiration creates a suction force which pulls water inside the plant (6) Sieve tubes and companion cells (6) Thin walled capillaries richly supplied with blood The commen thing in the extensive network of blood vessels around the walls of the alveoli and in the glomerulus of nephron is the thin walled capillaries richly supplied with blood. (d) Urine is more diluted If the tubule from the nephron is not functioning at all it results in lack of reabsorption of glucose, amino acids. sodium ions. etc. and reabsorption of water is also affected leading to more diluted urine (b) They selectively filter toxic substances through thelr leaves (b) Urea 33, 234, 35. 36. 37, 38. 39. 40. v Casi (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A) (0) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but fom (isnot the correct explanation of Assertion a) (c) bcon i tase because camivores cannot digest cellulose (d) Assertion is false because energy is released during cellular respiration. (©) Reason Is false because amphibians have three- chambered hearts (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (b) Bath Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (e)Reason is faise because resins and gums are waste products and do nat facilitate the transport of water molecules. Case Study Based Questions w e Study 1 The figure shown below represents an activity to prove the requirements for photosynthesis. During this activity, two healthy potted plants were kept in the dark for 72 hours. After ‘72 hours, KOH is kept in the watch glass in setup X and not in setup ¥. Both these setups are air light and have been kept in light for 6 hours. Then, iodine test is performed with one leaf from each of the two plamts X and ¥. Bell Jar Watch-glass containing potassium hydroxide (cese Sop 2021 Term-1) Read the above passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: QL This experimental set up is used to prove essentiality of which of the following requirements of photosynthesis? a. Chlorophyll bb, Oxygen ©. Carbon dioxide d. Sunlight Q2. The function of KOH Is to absorb: a oxygen bb. carbon dioxide © molsture 4. sunlight Q3. Which of the following statements shows the correct results of ladine test performed on the leaf from plants X and ¥ respectively? 2. Blue-black colour would be obtained on the leaf of plant X and no change in colour on leaf of plant ¥, b. Blue-black colour would be obtained on the leaf of plant ¥ and no change in colour on leaf of plant X. € Red colour wauld be obtained on the leaf of plant Xand brow colour on the leaf of plant ¥. d. Red colour would be obtained an the leaf of plant Yand brown colour on the leaf of plant X. (04. Which of the following steps can be followed for making the apparatus air tight? (i) Placing the plants on glass plate. Using a suction pump. (lil) Applying vaseline to seal the bottom of jar. (iv) Creating vacuum. a. (i) and (il) ‘b. (il) and (iii) € (and (i 4. (i) and (v) - Answers * 1. (©) Carbon dioxide 2. (b} carbon dioxide 3. (b) Blue-black colour would be obtained on the leaf of plant Y and no change in colour on leaf of plant X 4. (6) (and (ii Case Study 2 Naren was participating in a marathon. He was running at position two, right from the beginning. Just when he was close to the finishing line, he started running even faster so as to stand first. And when he was about to win the marathon, he got a severe muscle cramp in his leg. This cramp prevented Naren from running any further and shattered his dream of winning the marathon. Read the above passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: QL. The process which provides most of the energy to Naren for running the marathon Is: a. anaerobic respiration b. aerobic respiration breathing d. fermentation Q2. The process which provides a little extra energy to Naren for running very fast towards the end of race Is: a. anaerobic respiration b. aerobic respiration breathing d. fermentation Q3. The substance which gets accumulated in the leg muscles of Naren that causes muscle cramp Is: a. pyruvate b. ethanol ¢ carbon dioxide lactic acld Q4. Which of the following Is correct for the process of anaerobic respiration? 5. | Carbondioxide | A lot of energy is No. | always produced released 1 Yes No 2 No. Yes a No No 4 Yes Yes 5. Based on the data represented in the graph below, among A, 8 and C the products of respiration in Cis likely to be: 2. Alcohol 05+ 38 ATP ol b Lactic Acid + C0, +2 aT? 4 o c Alcohol +CO,+2AT? & {al 4. CO, +H,0 + 38 ATP Answers * 1. (b) aerobic respiration 2 (a) anaerobic respiration 3. (d) lactic acid 4. (c) No, No 5. (d) CO, +H,0 + 38 ATP Case Study 3 The figure shown below represents a common type of dialysis called as hemodialysis. It removes ‘waste produicts from the blood such as excess salts, and urea which are insufficiently removed by the kidney in patients with Kidney failure. During the procedure, the patient’s blood is cleaned by filtration through a series of semi-permeable membranes before being returned to the blood of the patient (CBSE 2021 Term-1) Tne From orery topump. ” Tubing made of a selectively permeable membrone apparatus ‘vein Fresh Used dalsing dijieg Solution (ath Slaton urea an exces Sas) Read the above passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: QL The hemodialyser has semi-permeable lining of tubes which help: a. to maintain osmotic pressure of blood b. tofilter nitrogenous wastes from the dialysing solution C in passing the waste products in the diatysing solution d. to pump purified blood back into the body of the patient Which one of the following is not a function of artificial kidney? a. To remove nitrogenous wastes from the blood. b. To remove excess fluids from the blood C Toreabsorb essential nutrients from the blood 4. To filter and purify the blood Qa. - Answers Q3. The Used dialysing’ solution is rich in: a. urea and excess salts b. blood cells < lymph d. proteins Q4. Which part of the nephron in human kidney, serves the function of reabsorption of certain substances? a. Glomerulus Tubules b. Bowman's capsule d. Collecting duct . Answers 1. (O)In passing the waste products In the dlalysing solution 2. (€) To reabsorb essential nutrients from the blood 3. (a) urea and excess salts 4, (¢) Tubules Case Study 4 The partially digested food coming from the stomach of a person enters a Jong and narrow organ A in his body. The organ A receives the secretions of «wo glands: liver and pancreas. Liver secretes a greenish-yellow liquid . Pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains two digestive enzymes C and D. The intestinal juice completes the process of digestion of food. The inner wall of organ A has millions of tiny finger-like projections E which help in the rapid absorption of digested food into blood stream. The undigested part of food then passes into wider tube F which absorbs most of the water from undigested food. The last part of tube F called G stores this undigested food (or waste) for some time. The undigested food is then passed out though opening H as faeces in the process known as /. Read the above passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions QL. Enlistthe site ofsynthesisand storage ofliquid 8. Q2. What are the digestive enzymes Cand D? Q3. Choose the function of the digestive enzymes C and D from the following: (I) Cand D digest fats (il) C digests carbohydrates and D emulsified fats (ill) Cdigest proteins and D emulsified fats (iv) Cdigest proteins and D carbohydrates Why is organ A in herbivores tonger than in carnivores? Name (i) tube F, (ii) part G, (ii) opening H and (iv) process I. a4. Qs. 1. Site of synthesls-Liver; site of storage-Gall bladder. 2. Trypsin and Lipase 3. (il) Cdigest proteins and 0 emulsified fats 4. The small intestine Is longer In herbivore than In carnivore because herbivores eats only grass which is full of cellulose and digestion of cellulose takes longer time. 5. () Large intestine. (i) Rectum. i) Anus. (iv) Egestion Case Study 5 Arteries, veins and capillaries are blood vessels through which blood flows in our body. Arteries cary blood from heart to different pasts of the body whereas veins deliver blood back to the heart. Arteries are connected to veins by thin capillaries. Read the above passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions: QL Which two chambers of the human heart have arteries connected to them? What are capillaries? Which blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and from which chamber? What is blood pressure? How is it measured? Study the graph below that represents the blood pressure In various blood vessels of the circulatory system. Q2. Q3. a4. Q5. Syste prossure ‘Mean blood pressure Put Diaitoie Why is blood pressure higher in our arteries than In our veins? Answers * 1 Loft ventricle and right ventricle 2. Capillaries are the smallest vessels which have one cell thick wall and which helps in the exchange of material between the blood and the surrounding cells 3. Pulmonary artery is the vessel that deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. It arises from the right ventricle of the heart. 4, The force that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel Is called blood pressure. It Is measured with ‘an Instrument called sphygmomanometer. 5. Blood pressure in the arteries is much higher than in the veins because they receive blood directly from the heart after contraction, carries qu Ans. Q2. Ans. Qa. Ans. a4. Ans. Qs. Ans. Q6. Ans. Q7. Ans. Q8. Ans. Q9. Ans. Quo. ‘Ans. qu. Ans. Very Short Answer type Questions y Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free containers, one in the dark and the other in continuous light. Which one will live longer? Give reasons. (CERT EXEMPLAR) Plant kept In continuous light will Uve Longer. because it will be able to produce oxygen required for its respiration by the process of photosynthesis. What is common for Cuscuta, ticks and leeches? (CERT EXEMPLAR) All are parasites, they live on or inside the body of another organism to get food. What causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal? The wall of alimentary canal contains muscle layers. Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of these muscles pushes the food forward. This is called peristalsis, which occurs all along the gut and causes movement of food inside the alimentary canal. Name the correct substrates for the following enzymes. (i) Amylase (ii) Lipase () Starch (i) Fats Mention any one point of difference between pepsin and trypsin. Pepsin Is produced in the stomach by the gastric glands whereas trypsin is produced by the pancreas. Why is small intestine in herbivores longer than in carnivores? Herbivores eating grass need a longer small intestine to allow complete digestion of cellulose whereas meat is easier to digest. hence carnivores have a shorter small intestine. Name the energy currency in the living organisms. When and where is it produced? {ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Is the energy currency in living organisms. It 1s produced at the end of respiration and is produced in the mitochondria, What will happen if platelets were absent in the blood? In the absence of platelets, the process of blood clotting will be affected. This will lead to excess bload loss and even lead to death of a person Plants have low energy needs as compared to animals. Explain. Plants do not move and plant bodies have a large proportion of dead cells in many tissues. As a result. plants have low energy needs. Define excretion. Excretion is the biological process involved in the removal of harmful metabolic waste from the body. Name 2 common nutrient that is absorbed in the small intestine and reabsorbed by the kidney tubules. Glucose is a common nutrient that is absorbed in the small intestine and reabsorbed by the kidney tubule Q12. How do leaves of plants help in excretion? ‘Ans. Excretion of gaseaus waste in plants takes place through stomatal pores on leaves. Excess of water 's also excreted from the plant body through the stomatal pores. Many plant waste products are stored in leaves that fall off y Short Answer type-i Questions y QL. Is hutrition’a necessity for an organism? Discuss. ‘Ans. Nutrition is required for the following purposes: (i) provides energy for the various metabolic ‘processes in the body. (ji) ICs essential for the growth of new cells and repair or replacement of worn out cells. 2. Howdo the guard cells regulate opening and closing of stomatal pores? Ans. The swelling of guard cells due to absorption of water causes opening of stomatal pores while shrinking of guard cells closes the pores. Opening ‘and closing of stomata occurs due to turgor changes In guard cells 3. Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free containers, one in the dark and other in sunlight. tt was observed that plant kept in dark could not survive longer. Give reason for this observation. _(CiSE 2023) Ans, The plant kept in sunlight will lve longer as the leaves of the plants will be able to make food for the plant through photosynthesis, However. in the ‘absence Of sunlight. the leaves will not be able to make food. This Is because photosynthesis wll not take place in the absence of sunlight. Hence. the plant kept In dark could not survive longer as compared to the plant kept in sunlight. Q4. Differentiate between an autotroph and a heterotroph. Ans. TiP Learn the differences between autotrophs ond heterovophs in tabutor form for easy leoring. [Link]. Basis of | Autotroph Heterotroph 1, [definition |rganisms that | Organisms that prepare thelr own food. are dependent on ooher-orgarTEs For food. 2 | Pigment | They have They lack Chlorophyit chloropi QS. Explain the role of mouth in digestion of food. ‘Ans. Mouth has the following role in digestion of food ()) Food Is crushed into small pleces by the teeth (i) It mixes with saliva and the enzyme amylase (ound in saliva) breaks down starch into su Q6. Give two reasons, why bile juice is considered to be an important secretion of liver in the process of digestion? (c9se 2023) ‘Ans. Bile juice is considered an important secretion of ver In the process of digestion because of the following reasons: () It makes the acidic food coming from the stomach alkaline so that pancreatic enzymes can act onit (i) Bile salts break the fats present in the food into smaller globules making It easy for the enzymes to act and digest them Q7. List two different functions performed by pancreas in our body. (cese 2015) ‘Ans. Two functions performed by pancreas in our body are glven below: () Pancreas act as a gland by secreting pancreatic luice which contains enzymes and help In the digestion (i) It secretes insulin which helps In regulating blood sugar levels. 8. Why does absorption of digested food occur mainly in the small intestine? ‘Ans. Maximum absorption occurs in small intestine due to the following reasons: () Inner Uning of small intestine is provided with villi vihich increases the surface area for absorption (i) Wall of intestine is richty supplied with blood vessels (which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body}. 9. Write two different ways in which glucose Is oxidized to provide energy in human body. Write the products formed in each case. (cose 2019) Ans. The two different ways In which glucose is oxidised to provide energy in human body are shown belove tn Anaerobic oom ‘piraton rscose EE pyvat — Lactic acid + Energy (Ecatton (carbon (our carbon molecule) molecu) molecule) \\ muscle cls) Ente ‘Aerobic 7 \ respiration Corbon dlaxde + Water + Energy im mitochondria) Q10. Why is the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms much faster than in terrestrial organisms? (case2019) Ans. Aquatic organisms like fishes obtain oxygen from water present in dissolved state through thelr gills Since the amount of dissolved oxygen Is fairly tove as compared to the amount of oxygen in the air the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms Is much faster than that seen in terrestrial organisms. QL. Howis 0, and CO, transported in human beings? (cas€2019) Ans. The oxygen in the alveoli of lungs is taken up by the blood in the blood vessels to transport to all the Cells. The haemoglobin present in the red blood cells carries oxygen to different tissues of the body. Carbon dioxide is transported in the dissolved form lasma of our blood from various body tissues to lungs where it diffuses into alr and is released in the environment by exhaling. {EouMON) ERROR Most students make error in explaining this concept. Q12. What Is the advantage of having four chambered heart? Ans. In four chambered heart. left half is completely separated from right half by septa. This prevents ‘oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing This allows a highly efficient supply of oxygenated blood to al parts of the bod) Q13. Why do arteries have thick and elastic walls whereas veins have valves? (CBSE sqp 2023-24) Ans. Arterlesare the vessels which carry blood away from the heart to various organs of the body, Since. the blood emerges from the heart under high pressure. re arteres have THCK and laste wall Vets ave valves to ensure that the blood flows only in one direction. Q14. What Is the other name of ‘tissue fluid’? Write its two functions. (case2023) ‘Ans. Tissue fluid Is also known as lymph. Functions of lymph: (i) Itcarries digested and absorbed fat from intestine (i) Nt drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood, Q15. What will happen if: (i) xylem tissue in a plant is removed? (ii) we are injured and start bleeding? (case 2023) Ans. (i) If xylem fs removed. upward _movement_of he il vig Gang © aiilig ee id Sr an a plant. (ii) This leads to loss of pressure which reduces the efficiency of the pumping system. To avold thi. blood has platelet cells which circulate around the body and plugs these leaks by helping to lot the blood at the point of injury. Q16. Why is transpiration important for plants? ‘Ans. Transpiration is important for plants because of the following reasons: (i) Ithelps in absorption and upward movement of water and minerals from roots to leaves (i) Tealso helps in temperature regulation 17. What is the purpose of making urine in the human body? Name the organs that stores and releases the urine. (CBSE Sop 2023-24) ‘Ans. The purpose of making urine in the human body is to filter out waste products (such as urea or uric acid from the blood Urinary bladder store urine and urethra releases the urine. Q18. Write one specific function each of the following organs in relation with excretion in human beings: )) Renalartery (ji) Urethra (iii) Glomerulus (iv) Tubular part of nephron (cosé2023) () Renal artery: It carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the Kidneys (i) Urethra: This allows urine to pass from the urinary bladder to the outside (iil) Glomerutus: its function is to filter the blood passing through it (iv) Tubular part of nephron: its function is selective reabsorption of filtrate (such as glucose. amino ‘acids. salts. water) as urine flows along it Q19. Name the substances other than water, that are reabsorbed during urine formation. What are the ‘two parameters that decide the amount of water that is reabsorbed in the kidney? (casE Sop 2022.23) Ans. Glucose._amino acids and salts are selectively reabsorbed during urine formation. The amount of water reabsorbed depends on: ()) the amount of excess water in the bod\ (i) the amount of dissolved wastes that need to be excreted @ Short Answer tupe-l! Questions w Q1. What is photosynthesis? Ans. Explain its mechanism. (case 2019) Ans. Photosynthesis is a process by which green plants manufacture thelr food with the help of carbon dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll The process of photosynthesis can be defined by the following events: (i) Absorption of ght energy by chlorophyll (W) Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water molecules into hydragen ‘and oxygen: (ii) Reduction af carbon dioxide to carbohydrates ERROR Suidents often write irrelevant answer. It seems that they are unaware of the mechanism of photosynthesis. Q2. List in tabular form three distinguishing features between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic QS. (i) Whatisthe first step in the breakdown of glucose during aerobic and anaerobic respiration? nutrition. (case 2019) Where does it take place? Ans (ii) ATP is called the energy currency of the cell. [Link]. | Basis of Autotrophic Heterotrophic _, Why? : Difference | Nutrition Nutrition (ii) What Is meant by “residual volume of alr” in a breathing cycle? (cose 2023) 1 [Function [They can prepare |They cannot ans. (i) Inboth the cases, the first step Is the breakdown {Teiryown. Foote“ | prepare thelr oan of glucose. a six-carbon molecule, into a three- Too: carbon molecule called pyruvate. This process 2 [Raw They fequire| They depend on takes place in the cytoplasm, materials | raw materials | other plants and (i) ATP is called the energy currency of the cell Uke: Gs: HO in|) sores for. Meir because itis used to fuel all other activities such the presence | food. as contraction of muscles. protein synthesis, of nlight_and conduction of nervous Impulses etc) in the cell a aer (ii) Residual volume of air is the amount of air = that remains In a person's lungs after maximal — exhalation It prevents the lungs from collapsing, 3. | Food They store _the | They store the Q6. What is haemoglobin? State the consequences of storage | food in the form | foodinthe formof deficiency of haemoglobin in our bodies. (case 2019) gretanh sheesh ‘Ans. Haemoglobin is the respiratory pigment present in Q3. The leaves of a plant were covered with aluminium foil How would it affect the physiology of the plant? (case sop 2022-23) ‘Ans. (i) No photosynthesis will occur so no glucose will be made. Also. no respiration will take place as ‘no oxygen will Be taken in. {li) No transpiration will occur so there would be no Upward movement of water or minerals from the soil as there will be no transpirational pull (iil) Temperature regulation of leaf surface will be affected 4. () How does paramecium obtain its food? List the role of each of the following in our digestive system: (@) Hydrochloric acid (b) Trypsin (©) Muscular walls of stomach (d) Salivary amylase (cose 2023) ‘Ans. (i) Paramecium is a unicellular organism which has a definite shape and food Is taken In at a specific spot Food is moved to this spot by the Movernent_of cilia (hair ke structures) which Cover the entire surface of paramecium. (i) (@) Hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium \which facilitates the action of enzyme pepsin. (b) Trypsin helps in the digestion of proteins (©The muscular walls of the stomach help in_mixing the food thoroughly with more digestive juices (4) Salivary amylase breaks down starch present in food into sugar. COMMON] ERROR ‘Students get confused and interchange the role of typsin. the red blood corpuscles. which helpsin transporting ‘oxygen from the lungs ta different parts af the body through blood. Consequences of deficiency of haemogtobl (i) lt can affect the oxygen supplying capacity of blood (l) Itcan also lead to a disease called anaemia, Q7. List four functions of the human heart. Why is double circulation necessary in the human body? (cosé2019) ‘Ans. Four functions of human heart are as follow: (i) It sends or purnps blood to lungs for oxygenation. (i) It pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of ba (li) it helps to maintain adequate blood pressure throughout the body: (wv) It removes waste products and carbon dioxide from the blood. Double circulation is necessary to avoid mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. It also allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen ta the human body QB. List tabular form three differences between arteries and veins. ns e]ommeee | aneres Veins 1 |Function [They are vessels] Veins collect which carry blood|the blood from: away “from the] different organs heart_to various | and bring ft back to organs of the body. | the heart 2 [Structure [Arteries have thick|They do not (i) Stomata are tiny pores present on the surface elastic walls, since}have thick wall of the leaves. Massive amounts of gaseous the blood is under| Because the Blood exchange takes place In the leaves through high pressure. [is no longer under these pares for the purpose of photosynthesis, pressure The opening and closing of stomata is a function 3. [Location [They ore stuated|They are situated of the guard cells. The guard cells swell when in_deep layers in| superficially in the water flows into them. causing the stomatal the body. body. pore to open. If the guard cells shrink. the pore 4 | Valves Valves are absent. | Valves are present loses vers) -CRWOR ERROR COMMON] ERROR ‘Students stort explaining photosynthesis instead of just Students get confused and interchange the function and structure of arteries and veins. Q9. How is lymph an important fluid involved in transportation? If lymphatic vessels get blocked, how would it affect the human body? Elaborate. (CBSE Sop 2022-23) Ans. Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from the intestine and drains excess fluid from extracellular ‘space back into the blood Blockage of lymphatic system will lead to water retention and poor fat absorption In the body. Q10. What is transpiration? List its two functions (case 2019) ‘Ans. The loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant Is knowin as transpiration Functions of transpiration: (It helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves W Italso helps in temperature regulation or cooling of the plant. Q.L (i) Whatis translocation? Whyis it essential for plants? (ii) Where do the substances in plants reach as a result of translocation? (case2019) Ans. (i) Thetransport of soluble productsof photosynthesis, from leaves to other parts of the plant is called translocation. It I essential because, without It. the food prepared by the leaves cannot reach the other parts of the plant (li) Asa result of translocation. the food praduced is delivered to the storage argans of roots. fruits and ‘seeds and to growing organs through the phloem: ~D Long Answer type Questions QL (i) Agas is released during photosynthesis. Name the gas and also state the way by which the gas is evolved. (li) What are stomata? What governs the opening and closing of stomata? (case 2020) ‘Ans. (|) Oxygen gas is released during the process of photosynthests. The oxygen evolved during photosynthesis comes from the splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of light. answering what is being asked in the question. Q2. Design an activity to show that chlorophyll Is essential for photosynthesis. (case 2020) ‘Ans. Procedure: (i) Take a potted plant with variegated leaves, (i) Keep the plant in a dark room far three days so that all the starch gets used up. (ii) Keep the plant in sunlight for about six hours. (v) Pluck a leaf from this plant. Mark the green areas init and trace them on a sheet of paper. (¥) Dip the leaf in boiling water far a few minutes. (vl) After this, immerse it in a beaker containing alcohol. (vil) Place the beaker In a water-bath carefully and heat till the alcohol begins to boil {ull) Now dip the leaf in a dilute solution of fodine for a few minutes. (ix) Take out the leaf and rinse off the iodine solution Observation: The green parts of the leaf have turned blue-black. Inference: This indicates that the green parts cof the leaf possess chlorophyll, which carry out photosynthesis and produce starch, Q3. (i) Drawa diagram of human alimentary canal and label: gall bladder, pancreas, liver and small intestine on it. (ii) Give two reasons to explain why absorption of digested food occurs mainly in the small intestine? (CBSE 2020) Ans. (|) Diagram of Human Alimentary Canal: \ \ Pancreas: Liver: Gall bladder. {stores bite) ‘Small Intestine (ll) Absorption of digested food occurs mainly in small intestine because of the following reasons: (a) Inner tning of small_ Intestine 1s provided with vill which increases the surface area for absorption (0) Wall of intestine Is richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each and every cell of the body. 4. () Whyisthereadifference inthe rate of breathing between aquatic organisms and terrestrial organisms? Explain. (ii) Draw a diagram of human respiratory system and label-pharynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm and alveolar sac on it. (case2020) Ans. (i) Aquatic organisms breathe faster as compared to terrestrial organisms because the amount of oxygen present in water is very lessas compared tothe amount of oxygen presentin the al. That's ‘why aquatic organisms need to breathe faster as compared to terrestrial organisms to get more oxygen. (i) Diagram of Human Respiratory System: ang Avootsr ae [Link] Q5. (i) Write the correct sequence of steps followed during journey of oxygen rich blood from lungs to various organs of human body. (i) What happens when the system of blood vessels develop a leak? (cas€2020) Ans. (i) The correct sequence of steps followed during journey of oxygen rich blood from lungs to various organs of human body is glven below. (2) Oxygen rich blood from the lungs comes to thin-walled upper chamber of the heart on the left side called left atrium through pulmonary vein (b) The left atrium relaxes when It collects the blood (0) When the sufficient blood pumps. itcantracts and the left ventricle expands so that blood is transferred to It (4) When the muscutar left ventricle contracts the blood is pumped to various organs of human body through aorta. TiP Write answers point-wise rather than in the form of| an essay and steps should be written in the correct sequence. (i) Leakage in system of blood vessels results in loss of blood pressure which would reduce the efficiency of the pumping system. Q6. (i) Identify any two parts from the given diagram which carry oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. (ji) Explain the process of double circulation with the help of a flow chart. Ans. (i) Oxygenated: 8/0/F (8 = left ventricle/O = aorta/ « left atrium/pulmonary vein} Deoxygenated: A/C/E [A = right _ventricie/ C=pulmonary artery = ightatrium (ii) Process of Double Circulation: {anes Patna longer oatttiea| Ee ° cline sag || ‘ust vei ti oe wasn Line nora (Vena cava) (Ongonatad Ousggenia a ae ayes Q7. (i) “Blood circul in fishes is different from the blood circulation in human beings: Justify the statement (ii) Describe “blood circulation” in human beings. (case 2020) Ans. (i) In fishes, blood circulation is called single circulation _due_to_the_presence_of _two- chambered heart whereas double circulation Seen in human beings due to the presence of four chambered heart. (i) The process of blood circulation in human beings is as follows: (@) The deoxygenated blood from all body parts is collected by the veins to pourinto vena cava. (b) Vena cava pours blood into the right atrium. (©) Right atrium transfers this blood into the right ventricle. (@) Right_ventricle_pumps blood to_ungs through pulmonary artery. (e) The oxygenated blood from the ngs is brought to the left atrium through pulmonary vein. (f) Now the blood is pumped to left ventricte From where the blood is distributed to all parts of the body through aorta, Q8. (i) Drawa diagram of human excretory system and label on it the following parts: (a) Kidney (b) Ureter (©) Urinary bladder (4) Urethra (li) Write one main function each of the labelled parts. (cBse2020) Ans. (i) Diagram of Human excretory system: Ds —ney Uretor © S— uninary binaior TiP Practice drowing neat ond well-labelled diagram of fhuman excretory system. Incorrect labelling will deduct your marks. (i) Functions: (2) Kidneys filter the bload and urine is the Hea ooaee (0) Ureter carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder (©) Urinary bladder Is a muscular structure which stores urine. (0) Urethra helps to expel urine out of the bod 9. (i) Describe the structure and function of the basic filtering unit of kidney. List two factors on which reabsorption of water from urine depends. (CBSE 2020) ‘Ans. () Nephron is the structural and functionat unit of the kidney. Structure of a Nephron: Nephrons are made up of cluster of thin walled capillaries called lomerulus which is associated with a cup-ike structure called Bowman's capsule at one end ‘and collecting duct at another end. Functions of Nephron: (a) Filtration of blood takes place In Boviman's capsule. (b) Some useful substances such as glucose. aminoacids and salts _are_selectivel reabsorbed into the blood by capillaries Surrounding the nephron tubule. (0) The filtrate which remains after reabsorption is called urine. Urine Is collected from nephrons by the collecting duct to carry it to the ureter. TiP While studying the human excretory system, lay sues an the structure and function of nephron (i Reabsorption of water from urine depends upon the: (2) amount af excess water in the body. (bv) amount of dissolved wastes that need to be excreted x Chapter Test Multiple Choice Questions Ql Which of the following statements are correct in reference to the role of A (shown in the given diagram) during a breathing cycle in human beings? () It helps to decrease the residual volume of alr in lungs. (ii) It flattens as we inhale, (2S) (iii) It gets raised as we inhale. (iv) Ithelps the chest cavity to become larger. a. (W) and (lv) b. (il) ane (Iv) c (and (i) (i) and (i Q2. The Liver secretes bile, needed to digest fats in ‘our food. The pancreas secretes several enzymes needed to breakdown food. Which of the following is true of the food that we eat? a, It passes only through our Uver b. It passes only through aur pancreas C. It passes through both our liver and pancreas d. Itpasses neither through our liver nor pancreas Q3. Which of these flowcharts correctly shows the circulation of blood in the human body? Upp Farts Upper Parts of the Body of the Boay Tongs 4 ngs a b Wear eae Tower Pars Tawer Pare af the Bosy af the Boay Upper Pars of the Body Tpper Parte of the Body Tower Parts af the Bosy Tower Pars of me B06 Q4. Observe the image of a single nephron. ‘Glomenutus Tubular part ofrepien aranen b renal vel, S$ +—cattecung Capilaes out ‘The amount of liquid passing through in the form of glomerular filtrate is approximately 150-180 litres per day whereas the amount of urine flowing out of all the nephrons is only 1.5 to 1.8 litres per day. Water is getting reabsorbed. In which part of the nephron could the water be getting reabsorbed? a. Inthe Bowman's cup [Link] the tong tubular part € Inthe collecting duct d.n the glomerulus Assertion and Reason Type Questions Directions (Q. Nos. 5-6): Each of the following questions consists of two statements, one is Assertion (A) and the other is Reason (R). Give onswer: a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. 4d. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) Is true. Assertion (A): Transpiration is a necessary evil Reason (R): It causes water loss but helps in absorption and upward movement of water and minerals. Assertion (A): Excretion Is the biological process by which harmful wastes are removed from an organism's body. Reason (R): The mode of excretion is same in both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Qs. Q6. Case Study Based Question Q7. An organism A which cannot move from one place to another, makes a simple food B from the substances C and D available in the environment. This food is made in the presence of a green coloured substance £ present in organs F in the presence of light energy in a process called G Some of the simple food B also gets converted into a complex food H for storage purposes. The food H gives a blue-black colour with dilute iodine solution. Read the above passage carefully and give the answer of the following questions ‘What is (a) organism A, (b) food 8, and (c) food H? What are C and 0? Name (a) green coloured substance & and (0) organ F. (iv) In each of the following situations, what happens to the rate of process 6? {a) Cloudy days {b) Stomata get blocked due to dust Very Short Answer Type Questions 8. What is the role of cartilaginous rings on trachea? Q9. Write the correct path of urine in our body. Short Answer Type-I Questions Q10. What are the strategies of plants to get rid of their wastes? Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis. (ii) Which digestive secretion does not contain any enzyme but is important? Discuss. Q12. How does nutrition take place in Amoeba? How is it different in Paramecium? Short Answer Type-lI Questions Q13. Design an activity to show that CO, is produced during breathing. Name the intermediate and the end products of glucose breakdown in aerobic respiration. Q14. What are the main events occurring in the small. intestine? i) What is lymph? Give two functions of blood. Fishes show single circutatio qu. * Explain. Long Answer Type Questions Q16. (i) Draw a diagram of excretory system in human beings and label on it: Aorta, vena cava, urinary bladder and urethra. (ii) List two vital functions of the kidney. (ii) Where are kidneys located in our body? () Draw a schematic representation of transport ‘and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during transportation of blood in human beings and label on it: Lung capillaries, Pulmonary artery to lungs, Aorta to body, Pulmonary veins from lungs. (ji) What is the advantage of separate channels in mammals and birds for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood? Qu.

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