MTH-341 Applied Statistics
Chapter 8 Analysis of Variance Jamie Pace, Instructor
Section 8.1 (One-Way ANOVA) Spring 2024
~ One-Way Analysis of Variance ~
A one-way analysis of variance (or ANOVA) is a method of testing the equality of three or
more population means by analyzing sample variances. It uses samples from three or more
different populations to test a claim that the populations all have the same mean. To
perform an ANOVA test, we will use the F distribution.
One-way analysis of variance is used with data categorized with one factor (or treatment),
so there is one characteristic used to separate the sample data into the different categories.
The term treatment is used because early applications of ANOVA involved agricultural
experiments in which different plots of farmland were treated with different fertilizers, seed
types, insecticides, and so on.
~ Requirements ~
1. The populations have distributions that are approximately normal. If a population does
have a population that is far from normal, we can use what is called the Kruskal-Wallis
test.
2. The populations have the same variance 𝜎 2 (or standard deviation 𝜎).
3. The samples are simple random samples of quantitative data.
4. The samples are independent of each other.
5. The different samples are from populations that are categorized in only one way.
~ Null and Alternative Hypothesis ~
H0: 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = 𝜇3 = ⋯ = 𝜇𝑘
H1: At least one of the means is different from the others.
~ Test Statistic ~
~ Hypothesis Testing for Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with XLSTAT ~
XLSTAT >> Modeling Data >> ANOVA
Example 1: One of the factors that determines the degree of risk a pesticide poses to
human health is the rate at which the pesticide is absorbed into skin after contact. An
important question is whether the amount in the skin continues to increase with the length
of the contact, or whether it increases for only a short time before leveling off. To
investigate this, measured amounts of a certain pesticide were applied to 20 samples of rat
skin. Four skins were analyzed at each of the time intervals 1, 2, 4, 10, and 24 hours. The
amounts of the chemical (in micrograms) that were in the skin are given in the following
table.
Construct an ANOVA table. Can you conclude that the amounts of the chemical in the skin
varies with time? Use the 𝛼 = 0.05 level of significance.
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… for Example 1.
Example 2: Penicillin is produced by the Penicillium fungus, which is grown in a broth
whose sugar content must be carefully controlled. Several samples of broth were taken on
three successive days, and the amount of dissolved sugars, in milligrams per milliliter, was
measured on each sample. The results were as follows.
Construct an ANOVA table. Can you conclude that the mean sugar concentration differs
among the three days? Use the 𝛼 = 0.05 level of significance.
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… for Example 2.
Section 8.1 Homework Problems
A sample of 18 maple trees in Vermont were treated with one of three amounts of fertilizer.
The volume of sap (in mL) produced by each tree was recorded, with the following results:
Fertilizer Sap Volume
Low 76.2 80.4 74.2 79.4 87.9 86.9
Medium 87.0 95.1 93.0 98.2 94.7 96.2
High 84.2 87.5 83.1 90.3 89.9 93.2
1) Construct an ANOVA table.
2) Can you conclude that the mean amount of sap varies with the level of fertilizer? Use the
𝛼 = 0.05 level of significance.
Four different types of solar energy collectors were tested. Each was tested at five randomly
chosen times, and the power (in watts) was measured. The following table presents the
results.
3) Construct an ANOVA table.
4) Can you conclude that the mean amount of power differs for different collectors? Use the
𝛼 = 0.05 level of significance.