Course name: Research and Analysis Skills Course code: MNU 101
Topic: Sampling
Prepared by
Dr. Asmaa Ibrahem
Contact: hyn_asmaa@[Link]
Sampling
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOS):
At the end of this lecture, each student will be
able to:
•Identification of a research Sampling
•Identify Characteristics of a Good Sample
•Enumerate Advantages of Sampling
Sampling
Sampling means selection of individuals from the
population in such a way that every individual has
equal chance to be taken into the sample. It is
fundamental to all statistical methodology of
behavioral and social research. It makes research
findings economical and accurate.
Sampling
Definition of sampling
A sample is a small proportion of a population
selected for observation and analysis.
Inclusion criteria
Definition of inclusion criteria: are characteristics
that the prospective subjects must have if they are
to be included in the study, or the key features of
the target population that the investigators will use
to answer their research question.
Inclusion criteria
• Typical inclusion criteria include demographic,
clinical, and geographic characteristics such as
age, gender, race, marital status, educational
experience, language, type of occupation,
physical activity, and the presence of medical,
psychosocial, or emotional conditions.
Exclusion criteria
Definition of exclusion criteria:
features of the potential study participants who
meet the inclusion criteria but present with
additional characteristics that could interfere with
the success of the study or increase their risk for an
unfavorable outcome. Common exclusion criteria
include characteristics of eligible individuals that
make them highly likely to be lost to follow-up.
Need of Sampling
1. Economy of time.
2. Economy of money.
3. True detailed knowledge.
4. Utility in experimental study.
5. It has reliability because it is based on probability
theory
Advantages of Sampling
1. It has a greater adaptability.
2. It is an economical technique.
3. It has high speed for generalization.
[Link] technique has great accuracy.
[Link] has a greater speed in conducting a
research work.
6. It has a greater scope in the field of research.
7. It reduces the cost of observation or data
collection.
Disadvantages or Limitations of Sampling:
1. Scope of biasness. (Less accuracy)
2. Problem of representative sample-Difficulty in
selecting a truly representative sample.
3. Need of eligible researchers.
4. Instability of sample subjects or changeability of
units i.e. in heterogeneous population.
5. There are certain situations where sampling is
possible.
Characteristics of a Good Sample
1.A good sample is the true
representative of the population
corresponding to its properties.
2. A good sample is free from bias.
3. A good sample is an objective one
4. A good sample maintains accuracy.
5. A good sample is comprehensive in
nature.
Question
• Which of the following is good criteria of
sampling.?
A. free from bias
B. Limited
C. Contain research skills
D. All the above
Reference
• Wood, G. L, and Haber, J (2018). Nursing
Research Methods and Critical Appraisal for
Evidence-Based Practice.9th ed. China, Elsevier
Co.
2. Gerrish, K. and Lathlean, J (2015). The
Research Processin Nursing. 7th ed. USA, Wiley-
Blackwell