Experiment -1

AIM : To prepare Starch sols ( Lyophilic)

Theory

A colloid is not a substance, but it depicts a particular state of a substance that depends upon the size of
its particles. The size of a particle in a colloidal system is between 1-100 nm. A colloidal system is a two
phase heterogeneous system in which one phase is called the dispersed phase and the other is called the
dispersion medium. In sols, the dispersed phase is solid and dispersion medium is liquid. Depending upon
the nature of the interaction between the dispersed phase and dispersion medium sols can be classified
into two types.

Materials Required : Soluble starch, Distilled water, 250 ml beaker, 50 ml beaker , Glass rod ,
Funnel , Filter-paper , Pestle and mortar , Tripod stand, Wire-gauze,
Bunsen burner

Procedure

> Weigh a small quantity (500mg or 1 g) of soluble starch on an electronic balance.

> Transfer the weighed quantity of starch into a mortar and add few drops of distilled water.

> Grind the starch using the pestle to make a thin paste and transfer the paste into a 50 ml beaker.

> Take about 100 ml of distilled water in a 250 ml beaker and heat the beaker till the water starts
to boil.

> Pour the starch paste slowly into the boiling water while stirring using a glass rod.

> Continue boiling for about 10 minutes and then allow the beaker to cool.

> Filter the contents of the beaker, through a filter paper fixed in a funnel and collect the filtrate.

> Label the filtrate as Starch Sol.

jksahu74@[Link] Page 1 of 25
 Experiment - 2
AIM: To prepare ferric hydroxide sol ( Lyophobic)
Theory: Ferric hydroxide forms lyophobic sols on treatment with water. Ferric hydroxide sol is prepared by
the hydrolysis of ferric chloride with boiling distilled water. The reaction takes place is as follows.
Boiled
FeCl3 (aq)
+ 3 H 2O Fe(OH) 3 (s) + 3 HCl (aq)
Red sol

The hydrolysis reaction produces insoluble ferric hydroxide particles which undergo agglomerisation to
yield bigger particles of colloidal dimensions. These particles absorb Fe3+ ions preferentially from the
solution to give positive charge to the sol particles. Stability of sol is due to the charge on the sol particles.
Hydrochloric acid produced during hydrolysis must be removed from the sol because it destabilizes the
sol. HCl can be removed from the sol by dialysis process otherwise sol will not be stable.

Materials Required : 2% solution of ferric chloride , Distilled water , 250 ml conical flask , 250 ml
beaker , Glass tube , Funnel , Dropper , RB flask , Iron stand with clamp ,
Wire gauze , Tripod stand , Bunsen burner
Procedure
> Take a 250 ml conical flask and clean it using the steaming out process.
> To this cleaned conical flask, add 100 ml of distilled water using a measuring cylinder.
> Bring the water to boil by placing the flask over a Bunsen burner.
> Add ferric chloride solution dropwise to the boiling water using a dropper.
> Continue heating until a deep red or brown solution of ferric hydroxide is obtained.
> Note: Replace the water lost by evaporation during boiling at regular intervals.
> Keep the contents of the conical flask undisturbed for some time at room temperature.
> Label the solution as Ferric Hydroxide Sol.

jksahu74@[Link] Page 2 of 25
 Experiment - 3
AIM: To prepare:a pure sample of ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt) [FeSO 4. (NH4)2SO4. 6H2O]

Theory

Inorganic compounds are substances that do not come from living things. They are formed by non-living
natural processes or by laboratory preparation methods. The branch of chemistry that deals with the
behaviour and properties of inorganic compounds is called Inorganic Chemistry. Inorganic compounds are
found in nature in the form of minerals.

Materials Required : Ferrous sulphate, Ammonium sulphate , Dil. Sulphuric acid , Ethyl alcohol ,
Distilled water , Beakers , China dish , Funnel , Glass rod , Tripod stand ,
Wire gauze , Burner , Wash bottle , Measuring jar , Electronic balance
Procedure
> We’ll first take 7g ferrous sulphate 3.5g ammonium sulphate in a clean 250ml beaker.

> To this add about 2-3ml of [Link] acid to prevent the hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate.

> In another beaker, boil about 20ml of water for 5 minutes.

> Add the boiling hot water to the contents in the first beaker in small quantities at a time.

> Stir the contents of the beaker with a glass rod until the salts have completely dissolved.

> Filter the solution into a china dish.

> Now heat the solution in the china dish until its crystallisation point is reached. Then transfer the
solution into a crystallising dish and keep it undisturbed.

> On cooling, crystals of Mohr’s salt separate.

> Decant the mother liquor and wash the crystals with a small quantity of alcohol and then dry the
crystals by placing them between filter paper pads.

> Find the weight of the crystals.

Observations

1. Weight of the crystals obtained = ....g

2. Colour of the crystals = ....

3. Shape of the crystals = ....

jksahu74@[Link] Page 3 of 25
 Experiment - 4
AIM: To Separate the coloured components present in the extract of spinach leaves by ascending paper
chromatography and find their Rf values.

Theory

In the chromatographic technique, the mixture of substances is applied onto a phase called the stationary
phase. The stationary phase may be solid or liquid. A moving phase that can be a pure solvent or a
mixture of solvents, or a gas is allowed to move slowly over the stationary phase. This moving phase is
called the mobile phase. When the mobile phase is moved over the mixture on the stationary phase, the
components of the mixture gradually separates from one another.

Materials Required : Chromatographic chamber with lid , Measuring jar, whatman filter paper strip,
isopropyl alcohol, glass rod, fine capillary tube, distilled water , extract of spinach leaves, pencil , scale.

Procedure

> Take a Whatman filter paper strip and using a pencil draw a horizontal line 4cm from one end of
the paper. Then draw another line lengthwise (verticallly) from the centre of the paper. Name the
point at which the two lines intersect as P.

> Using a fine capillary tube, put a drop of the extract of spinach leaves at the point P.
Let it dry in air.

> Put another drop on the same spot and dry again, so that the spot is rich in the leaf extract.

> Pour equal amounts of isopropyl alcohol and distilled water into a chromatographic chamber and
mix it well using a glass rod. This is used as the solvent.

> Suspend the filter paper vertically in the chromatographic chamber containing the solvent in such
a way that the pencil line remains about 2cm above the solvent level.

> Close the jar with its lid and keep it undisturbed.

> Notice the rising solvent along with the coloured components of the leaf extract.

> After the solvent has risen to about 15 cm you will notice two different spots of coloured
components on the filter paper.

> Take the filter paper out of the jar and using a pencil mark the distance that the solvent has risen
on the paper. This is called the solvent front.

> Dry the filter paper and put pencil marks at the centre of each spot.

> Measure the distance of each spot from the original line and the distance of the solvent front
from the original line.

> Calculate the Rf values of different components of leaf extract by using the formula :

jksahu74@[Link] Page 4 of 25
 Distance travelled by the component from the original line
Distance travelled by the solvent from the original line

Observation

Observations can be recorded as shown.

Distance travelled Distance travelled

by the component by the solvent
[Link] Component Rfvalue
from the original line from the original
(cm) line (cm)
Orange
1. 5.2 5.6 0.93
(Carotene)
Yellow
2. 4.9 5.6 0.87
(Xanthophyll)
Light green
3. 2.5 5.6 0.45
(Chlorophyll a)
Dark green
4. 1.2 5.6 0.21
(Xanthophyll)

Inference

 Rf value of orange (Carotene) = ……………

 Rf value of Yellow (Xanthophyll) = …………..

 Rf value of Light green (Chlorophyll a) = …………..

 Rf value of Dark green (Xhlorophyll b) = …………

jksahu74@[Link] Page 5 of 25
 Experiment - 5
AIM : Variation of cell potential in Zn | Zn2+ || Cu2+ | Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes at room
temperature.
Theory: The potential varies with concentration of electrolytic solution as given by Nernst
equation.

0.0591 [anodic conc. ]

E = E − log
2 [cathodic conc. ]
Materials required : Salt bridge, Copper strip, Zinc strip, Connecting wire, sand paper, Voltmeter , Zinc
sulphate solution, Copper sulphate solution.
Procedure
> Take two clean beakers.
> In one beaker take 1 M copper sulphate solution and in the other take 1 M zinc sulphate solution.
> Take a copper strip and clean it using a sand paper.
> Dip the copper strip into the beaker containing the 1 M copper sulphate solution.
> Similarly, take a zinc strip and clean it using a sand paper.
> Then dip it into the beaker containing 1 M zinc sulphate solution.
> Take a salt bridge and connect the two solutions using the salt bridge.
> Take a voltmeter and connect the copper strip to the positive terminal and the zinc strip to the
negative terminal using connecting wires.
> Note the position of the pointer in the voltmeter and record the reading.
> Repeat the experiment by taking different concentrations of zinc sulphate and copper sulphate
solutions.
Observations

S.N (Anode ) Concentration of ( Cathode ) Concentration of EMF of the cell ( in Volt )

ZnSO4 solution in M CuSO4 solution in M

1 1 1 1.1
DECREASES

INCREASES
2 0.5 1 1.108
3 0.025 1 1.147

4 0.0125 1 1.156

5 1 1 1.1
DECREASE

DECREASE

6 1 0.5 1.091
7 1 0.025 1.052
8 1 0.0125 1.043

Conclusion : EMF of the cell

1. Increases with decrease in concentration of the electrolyte around the anode. i.e Anode Conc ∝

2. Increase with increase in concentration of the electrolyte around cathode. i.e Cathode Conc∝ EMF

jksahu74@[Link] Page 6 of 25
 Experiment - 6
AIM : Kinetics Study on the Reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid

Theory :

The effect of concentration of the reactant on the rate of a reaction can be studied easily by the reaction
between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.
Na 2SO 3
+ 2 HCl S (s) + 2 NaCl (s) + SO 2
+ H2O

Sodium thiosulphate reacts with dilute acid to produce sulphur dioxide, sulphur and water. Sulphur dioxide

is a soluble gas and dissolves completely in aqueous solution. The sulphur formed however is insoluble

and exist in the mixture as a white or pale yellow precipitate or a colloid that gives a milky appearance and

makes the solution opaque. Therefore the rate of the reaction can be studied by monitoring the

opaqueness of the reaction. This can be easily done by measuring the time taken (t) for forming a certain

amount of sulphur.

Materials Required : Burettes , Conical flasks , Stop-watch , 0.1M sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3)

solution , 1M HCl , Distilled water.

Procedure
> Take five clean conical flasks and label them as A, B, C, D and E respectively.

> Add 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ml of 0.1M sodium thiosulphate solution to the flasks A, B, C, D and E
respectively.

> Then add 40, 30, 20 and 10ml of distilled water to the flask A, B, C and D respectively so that
volume of solution in each flask is 50ml.

> Add 10ml of 1M HCl to the conical flask A.

> When half of the HCl solution has been added to the conical flask, start the stop- watch
immediately.

> Shake the contents of the conical flask and place it on a white tile that has a cross mark at the
centre.

> Go on observing from the top of the flask and stop the stop-watch when the cross marks just
becomes invisible. Note down the time.

> Repeat the experiment by adding 10ml of 1M HCl to flasks B, C, D and E respectively and

record the time taken in each case for the cross to become just invisible.
jksahu74@[Link] Page 7 of 25
Observations

Volume of

Volume of
water (ml)

volume of

Conc. of

HCl (ml)
Flask Time (t) taken for

Na2S2O

Volume
Na2S2O3

3solutio
solution

solution

of 1M
No. cross to become 1/t

n (M)
Total
just invisible (s) (s-1)

(ml)

(ml)
A 10 40 50 0.02 10 346 0.0028

B 20 30 50 0.04 10 182 0.0054

C 30 20 50 0.06 10 123 0.0081

D 40 10 50 0.08 10 93 0.01

E 50 0 50 0.1 10 75 0.014

Plotting the Graph

Plot a graph between 1/t (in s-1) and the conc. of Na2S2O3 by taking 1/t along ordinate axis and conc. of
Na2S2O3 along abscissa.
Conclusion
> The graph obtained is a straight line.

> is directly proportional to the concentration of Na2S2O3.

> Rate of the reaction between Na2S2O3 and HCl is directly proportional to the concentration of
Na2S2O3, which is one of the reactant.

jksahu74@[Link] Page 8 of 25
 Experiment - 7
Aim: - To prepare Mohr’s salt solution and determine the molarity of given potassium
permanganate solution.

Materials Required : Electronic balance, Distilled water, dil sulphuric acid, conc, sulphuric acid, testube,

weighing bottle, potassium permanganate, 250 ml conical flask, tripod stand, spatula, ferrous ammonium

sulphate, 250 ml beaker, 250 ml standard flask, white tile, Bunsen burner, 50 ml burette, glass rod, funnel,

10 ml pipette, wire gauze, burette stand.

𝐌
Preparation of Mohr’s salt solution
𝟐𝟎

4.9gm of Mohr’s salt was weighed accurately. In a breaker to the salt 5 ml of Sulphuric acid was added

and then dissolved in minimum amount of water. With help of 250ml measuring flask it was diluted up to

the mark. Now the solution is Mohr’s salt solution of volume 250 ml.

Procedure
> Take a burette and wash it with distilled water.

> Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution and set the initial burette reading.

> Clamp it vertically to the burette stand.

> Rinse the pipette with water and then with the given Mohr’s salt solution.

> Pipette out 10ml of the given Mohr’s salt solution into a conical flask and add one test tube

(~10ml) full of dil.H2SO4 into it.

> Titrate it against the KMnO4 solution taken in the burette till the colour of the solution in the

conical flask changes from colourless to light pink.

> Note down the final burette reading.

> Repeat the titration until concordant values are obtained.

Chemical equation
Ionic

MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e - Mn2+ + 4 H2O

Fe 2+ Fe 3+ + e - ] x 5
_______________________________________________________________________
MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 Fe 2+ Mn2+ + 5 Fe 3++ 4 H2O
jksahu74@[Link] Page 9 of 25
Molecular

2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5 [ O ]

2 FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2SO4 + [O] Fe2(SO4)3 + 2(NH4)2SO4 +13 H2O } x 5

______________________________________________________________________________
2 KMnO4 + 8 H2SO4 +10 FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 5 Fe2(SO4)3

+10 (NH 4)2SO4 + 68 H2O

INDICATOR:-KMnO4 is a self-indicator

END POINT :- Colourless to permanent pink colour[KMnO4 in burette ]

OBSERVATION
Molarity of Mohr’s salt solution =

Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken for each titration = 10 ml

Sl. Initial burette Final burette Volume of KMnO4 Remarks

No. reading reading used
1 0 10.7 10.7 Rough

2 10.7 21.2 10.5

3 21.2 31.7 10.5 Three Concordant reading

4 31.7 42.2 10.5

Volume of KMnO4 used = ---10.5------ ml

CALCULATION

Mohr’s salt solution Potassium permanganate solution

M1 = M2 = ?

V1 =10 ml V2 = ……10.5…… ml

M2 = …0.009 M……….
.
RESULT: The given KMnO4 having molarity = ……0.009 M

jksahu74@[Link] Page 10 of 25
 Experiment - 8
Aim: - To prepare oxalic acid solution and determine the molarity and strength of given potassium

permanganate solution

Materials Required : Electronic balance, Distilled water, dil sulphuric acid, conc, sulphuric acid, testube,
weighing bottle, potassium permanganate, 250 ml conical flask, tripod stand, spatula, Oxalic acid , 250 ml
beaker, 250 ml standard flask, white tile, Bunsen burner, 50 ml burette, glass rod, funnel, 10 ml pipette,
wire gauze, burette stand.
𝐌
Preparation of oxalic acid salt solution
𝟓𝟎

0.63 gm of oxalic acid was weighed accurately. In a beaker the acid was dissolved in minimum amount of
distilled water and transferred to a 250 ml measuring flask with help of a funnel. It was diluted up to the
graduated mark on the flask.
Determination of strength of given KMnO4

> Take a burette and wash it with distilled water.

> Rinse and fill the burette with the given KMnO4 solution and set the initial burette reading .

> Clamp it vertically to the burette stand.

> Rinse the pipette with water and then with the given oxalic acid solution.

> Then pipette out 20ml of the given oxalic acid solution into a conical flask and add one test tube

(~20ml) full of dil.H2SO4 into it.

> Heat the contents of the conical flask to 60-70°C.

> Titrate it against the KMnO4 solution taken in the burette till the colour of the solution in the

conical flask changes from colourless to light pink.

> Note down the final burette reading.

> Repeat the titration until concordant values are obtained

Chemical equation
Ionic

MnO4– + 8 H+ + 5 e - Mn2+ + 4 H2O ] x 2

C 2O 42 – 2CO2+ 2 e – ] x 5
_______________________________________________________________________
2 MnO4– + 16 H+ + 5 C2O42 – 2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O + 10 CO2

jksahu74@[Link] Page 11 of 25
Molecular
2 KMnO4 + 3 H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 3H2O + 5 [ O ]

( COOH )2 .2 H2O + [O] 2 CO2 + 3 H2O ] x 5

______________________________________________________________________________

2 KMnO4+ 3 H2SO4 + 5 ( COOH )2 .2 H2O K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 18 H2O + 10 CO2

INDICATOR:- KMnO4 is a self indicator

END POINT :- colourless to permanent pink colour [KMnO4 in burette ]

OBSERVATION:Molarity of Oxalic acid solution =

Volume of Oxalic acid solution taken for each titration = 10 ml

Sl. Initial burette Final burette Volume of KMnO4 Remarks

No. reading reading used
1 0 10.7 10.7 Rough

2 10.7 21.2 10.5

Three concordant reading
3 21.2 31.7 10.5

4 31.7 42.2 10.5

Volume of KMnO4 used =……10.5………. ml

CALCULATION

Oxalic acid solution Potassium permanganate solution

M1 = M2 = ?

V1 = 10 ml V2 = .....10.5...... ml

.
= M2 = 0.008 M

The given KMnO4 having molarity = …0.008………… M

STRENGTH OF THE GIVEN KMnO4 SOLUTION

Strength = Molarity X Molecular mass = 0.008 X 158 = 1.264 gm/ litre

RESULT:

The given potassium permanganate solution having the molarity 0.008..M and strength 1.264 g / L
jksahu74@[Link] Page 12 of 25
AIM : To identify the acidic and basic radicals of the given salt.

1. Salt number ----1---

2. Structure of the salt --Crystalline-------
3. Solubility ---Soluble in Cold water--
Preliminary Tests

Experiment Observation Inference

4 Colour White NH4+ , Pb2+ , Al3+ , Zn2+ , Ba2+ ,
Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Mg2+ May be present

5 Odour Smell of ammonia NH4+ May be present

6 Dry Heating No effervescence CO32-, SO32-, S2-, Cl- May be absent

A pinch of salt was heated
in a dry test tube
7 Flame Test No characteristic colour Cu2+ , Ba2+ Ca2+ Sr2+
Flame test was performed May be absent
with a paste of salt and
concentrated HCl

Test for Cations ( Basic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

8 O.S + NaOH + Heat White fumes with HCl NH4+ May be present

9 O.S + Nessler’s Reagent Brown ppt. NH4+ confirmed

Test for Anions ( Acidic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

10 Salt + dilute H2SO4 No Gas evolved CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- May be absent

11 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 No Gas evolved Cl- , Br-, I- , NO3- May be absent

12 O.S + BaCl2 No ppt SO42- may be absent

13 O.S + Conc HNO3 + Heat + (NH4)2MoO4 Yellow ppt PO43- May be present

14 O.S + Co (NO3)2 Violet ppt PO43-

15 Violet ppt + CH3COOH Violet ppt dissolves PO43- Confirmed

Result: The given salt contains (i) Acidic radical PO43- (ii) Basic radical NH4+

jksahu74@[Link] Page 13 of 25
AIM : To identify the acidic and basic radicals of the given salt.
1. Salt number ----2---
2. Structure of the salt --Crystalline-------
3. Solubility ---Soluble in Cold water--
Preliminary Tests

Experiment Observation Inference

4 Colour White NH4+ , Pb2+ , Al3+ , Zn2+ , Ba2+ ,

Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Mg2+ May be present

5 Odour Smell of ammonia NH4+ May be present

6 Dry Heating Colourless gas evolved CO32-, SO32-, S2-, Cl- May be present
A pinch of salt was heated
in a dry test tube

7 Flame Test No characteristic colour Cu2+ , Ba2+ Ca2+ Sr2+

Flame test was performed May be absent
with a paste of salt and
concentrated HCl

Test for Cations ( Basic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

8 O.S + NaOH + Heat White fumes with HCl NH4+ May be present

9 O.S + Nessler’s Reagent Brown ppt. NH4+ confirmed

Test for Anions ( Acidic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

10 Salt + dilute H2SO4 Colourless , odourless gas CO32- May be present

with effervescence

11 The evolved gas was passed Changes lime water milky CO32- May be present
through lime water

12 O.S + MgSO4 White ppt CO32- confirmed

Result: The given salt contains (i) Acidic radical CO32- (ii) Basic radical NH4+

jksahu74@[Link] Page 14 of 25
AIM : To identify the acidic and basic radicals of the given salt.
1. Salt number ----3---
2. Structure of the salt --Crystalline-------
3. Solubility ---Soluble in Cold water--
Preliminary Tests

Experiment Observation Inference

4 Colour White NH4+ , Pb2+ , Al3+ , Zn2+ , Ba2+ ,
Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Mg2+ May be present

5 Odour Smell of Vinegar CH3COO- May be present

6 Dry Heating No observation CO32-, SO32-, S2-, Cl- May be absent

A pinch of salt was heated
in a dry test tube

7 Flame Test No characteristic colour Cu2+ , Ba2+ Ca2+ Sr2+

Flame test was performed May be absent
with a paste of salt and
concentrated HCl

Test for Cations ( Basic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

+
8 O.S + NaOH + Heat No ammonia smell NH4 May be absent

9 O.S + HCl Ppt was formed Gr – I ( Pb2+ ) May be present

10 O.S + Dil. HCl White ppt Pb2+

11 O.S + K2Cr2O7 Yellow ppt Pb2+

12 O.S + KI Yellow ppt Pb2+ confirmed

Test for Anions ( Acidic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

13 Salt + dilute H2SO4 No gas evolved CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- May be
absent

14 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Smell of vinegar CH3COO - May be present

15 O.S + Neutral FeCl3 Red colour CH3COO –

16 Red soln. + Excess water + Heat Brown ppt CH3COO - confirmed

Result: The given salt contains (i) Acidic radical CH3COO - (ii) Basic radical Pb2+
jksahu74@[Link] Page 15 of 25
AIM : To identify the acidic and basic radicals of the given salt.
1. Salt number ----4---
2. Structure of the salt --Crystalline-------
3. Solubility ---Soluble in Cold water--
Preliminary Tests

Experiment Observation Inference

4 Colour White NH4+ , Pb2+ , Al3+ , Zn2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+
, Sr2+ , Mg2+ May be present
5 Odour No characteristic smell S2- , NH4+ , CH3COO- May be absent
6 Dry Heating Cracking sound Pb(NO3)2 , Ba(NO3)2 May be absent
A pinch of salt was heated
in a dry test tube
7 Flame Test No characteristic colour Cu2+ , Ba2+ Ca2+ Sr2+
Flame test was performed May be absent
with a paste of salt and
concentrated HCl

Test for Cations ( Basic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

+
8 O.S + NaOH + Heat No ammonia smell NH4 May be absent
9 O.S + HCl Ppt was formed Gr – I ( Pb2+ ) May be present

10 O.S + Dil. HCl White ppt Pb2+

11 O.S + K2Cr2O7 Yellow ppt Pb2+

12 O.S + KI Yellow ppt Pb2+ confirmed

Test for Anions ( Acidic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

13 Salt + dilute H2SO4 No gas evolved CO3 , SO32-, S2-, NO2-
2-

May be absent

14 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Brown gas with pungent Br - or NO3-

smell May be present

15 O.S + AgNO3 No ppt obtained Br - May be absent

16 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + Cu piece & Heat Brown gas with pungent NO3 - May be present
smell
17 O.S + FeSO4 + Conc. H2SO4 Brown ring NO3 –

18 O.S + Diphenyl amine Dark blue colour NO3 - confirmed

Result: The given salt contains (i) Acidic radical NO3 - (ii) Basic radical Pb2+

jksahu74@[Link] Page 16 of 25
AIM : To identify the acidic and basic radicals of the given salt.
1. Salt number ----5---
2. Structure of the salt --Crystalline-------
3. Solubility ---Soluble in Cold water--
Preliminary Tests

Experiment Observation Inference

4 Colour White NH4+ , Pb2+ , Al3+ , Zn2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+
, Sr2+ , Mg2+ May be present
5 Odour No characteristic smell S2- , NH4+ , CH3COO- May be absent

6 Dry Heating No observation CO32-, SO32-, S2-, Cl- May be absent

A pinch of salt was heated
in a dry test tube
7 Flame Test No characteristic colour Cu2+ , Ba2+ Ca2+ Sr2+
Flame test was performed May be absent
with a paste of salt and
concentrated HCl

Test for Cations ( Basic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

+
8 O.S + NaOH + Heat No ammonia smell NH4 May be absent
9 O.S + HCl No Ppt was formed Gr – I ( Pb2+ ) May be absent
10 O.S + HCl + H2S No Ppt was formed Gr – II ( Pb2+ , Cu2+ , As3+ )
May be absent
11 O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH No Ppt was formed Gr – III ( Al3+ , Fe3+ )
May be absent
12 O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + H2S Ppt was formed Gr – IV(Mn2+ , Zn2+ , Ni2+ , Co2+)
May be present
13 Dirty white ppt Zn2+ May be present
14 O.S + NaOH White ppt Zn2+
15 O.S + K4[Fe(CN)6] Yellowish white ppt Zn2+ confirmed

Test for Anions ( Acidic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

2-
16 Salt + dilute H2SO4 No gas evolved CO3 , SO32-,S , 2-
NO2-
May be absent
17 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 No gas evolved Cl- , Br , I , NO3- , CH3COO - , C2O42- May be absent
- -

Experiment Observation Inference

18 O.S + BaCl2 White ppt SO42- May be present
19 White ppt + HNO3 Ppt does not dissolve SO42-
20 O.S + (CH3COO)2Pb White ppt SO42- confirmed

Result: The given salt contains (i) Acidic radical SO42- (ii) Basic radical Zn2+

jksahu74@[Link] Page 17 of 25
AIM : To identify the acidic and basic radicals of the given salt.
1. Salt number ----6---
2. Structure of the salt --Crystalline-------
3. Solubility ---Soluble in Cold water--
Preliminary Tests

Experiment Observation Inference

4 Colour White NH4+ , Pb2+ , Al3+ , Zn2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+
, Sr2+ , Mg2+ May be present
5 Odour No characteristic smell S2- , NH4+ , CH3COO- May be absent

6 Dry Heating Colourless gas evolved CO32-, SO32-, S2-, Cl- May be present
A pinch of salt was heated
in a dry test tube
7 Flame Test Light green Ba2+ May be present
Flame test was performed
with a paste of salt and
concentrated HCl

Test for Cations ( Basic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

+
8 O.S + NaOH + Heat No ammonia smell NH4 May be absent
9 O.S + HCl No Ppt was formed Gr – I ( Pb2+ ) May be absent
10 O.S + HCl + H2S No Ppt was formed Gr – II ( Pb2+ , Cu2+ , As3+ )
May be absent
11 O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH No Ppt was formed Gr – III ( Al3+ , Fe3+ )
May be absent
12 O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + H2S No Ppt was formed Gr – IV(Mn2+ , Zn2+ , Ni2+ , Co2+)
May be absent
13 O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + White Ppt was formed Gr – V ( Ca2+ , Ba2+ , Sr2+ ) May
(NH4)2CO3 be present
14 O.S + K2CrO4 Yellow ppt Ba2+ confirmed
Flame test Light green flame

Test for Anions ( Acidic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

15 Salt + dilute H2SO4 No gas evolved CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- May be
absent
16 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Colourless gas with Cl- May be present
pungent smell
17 O.S + AgNO3 White ppt Cl -
18 White ppt + Excess of NH4OH White ppt dissolves Cl - confirmed

Result: The given salt contains (i) Acidic radical Cl - (ii) Basic radical Ba2+

jksahu74@[Link] Page 18 of 25
AIM : To identify the acidic and basic radicals of the given salt.
1. Salt number ----7---
2. Structure of the salt --Crystalline-------
3. Solubility ---Soluble in Cold water--
Preliminary Tests

Experiment Observation Inference

4 Colour White NH4+ , Pb2+ , Al3+ , Zn2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+
, Sr2+ , Mg2+ May be present
5 Odour No characteristic smell S2- , NH4+ , CH3COO- May be absent
6 Dry Heating No observation CO32-, SO32-, S2-, Cl- May be absent
A pinch of salt was heated
in a dry test tube
7 Flame Test No observation Cu2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+ , Sr2+
Flame test was performed May be absent
with a paste of salt and
concentrated HCl

Test for Cations ( Basic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

+
8 O.S + NaOH + Heat No Ammonia smell NH4 May be absent
9 O.S + HCl No Ppt was formed Gr – I ( Pb2+ ) May be absent
10 O.S + HCl + H2S No Ppt was formed Gr – II ( Pb2+ , Cu2+ , As3+ )
May be absent
11 O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH No Ppt was formed Gr – III ( Al3+ , Fe3+ ) May be
absent
12 O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + H2S No Ppt was formed Gr – IV(Mn2+ , Zn2+ ,Ni2+ ,Co2+)
May be absent
13 O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3 No Ppt was formed Gr – V ( Ca2+ , Ba2+ , Sr2+ )
May be absent
14 O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH + NaH2PO4 White Ppt was formed Mg2+ May be present
15 O.S + (NH4)3PO4 White ppt Mg2+
16 O.S + NaOH + Nessler’s reagent White ppt Mg2+ confirmed

Test for Anions ( Acidic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

17 Salt + dilute H2SO4 No gas evolved CO32-, SO32-, S2-, NO2- May be absent
18 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 No gas evolved Cl- , Br-, I- , NO3- , CH3COO - , C2O42- May be absent

Experiment Observation Inference

19 O.S + BaCl2 White ppt SO42- May be present
20 White ppt + HNO3 Ppt does not dissolve SO42-
21 O.S + (CH3COO)2Pb White ppt SO42- confirmed

Result: The given salt contains (i) Acidic radical SO42- (ii) Basic radical Mg2+
jksahu74@[Link] Page 19 of 25
AIM : To identify the acidic and basic radicals of the given salt.
1. Salt number ----8---
2. Structure of the salt --Crystalline-------
3. Solubility ---Soluble in Cold water--
Preliminary Tests

Experiment Observation Inference

4 Colour White NH4+ , Pb2+ , Al3+ , Zn2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+
, Sr2+ , Mg2+ May be present
5 Odour No characteristic smell S2- , NH4+ , CH3COO- May be absent
6 Dry Heating Brown gas evolved Br-, NO3- May be present
A pinch of salt was heated
in a dry test tube
7 Flame Test No observation Cu2+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+ , Sr2+
Flame test was performed May be absent
with a paste of salt and
concentrated HCl

Test for Cations ( Basic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

+
8 O.S + NaOH + Heat No Ammonia smell NH4 May be absent
9 O.S + HCl No Ppt was formed Gr – I ( Pb2+ ) May be absent
10 O.S + HCl + H2S No Ppt was formed Gr – II ( Pb2+ , Cu2+ , As3+ )
May be absent
11 O.S + NH4Cl + NH4OH Ppt was formed Gr – III ( Al3+ , Fe3+ ) May be
present
12 White gelatinous ppt Al3+ May be present
13 O.S + NaOH White ppt Al3+
14 O.S + NaOH + Dil. HCl + Blue Blue ppts Al3+ confirmed
Litmus + NH4OH (LakeTest)

Test for Anions ( Acidic Radicals )

Experiment Observation Inference

15 Salt + dilute H2SO4 No gas evolved CO3 , SO32-, S2-, NO2-
2-

May be absent
16 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 Brown gas with pungent Br - or NO3-
smell May be present
17 O.S + AgNO3 No ppt obtained Br - May be absent
18 Salt + Conc. H2SO4 + Cu piece & Heat Brown gas with pungent NO3 - May be present
smell
19 O.S + FeSO4 + Conc. H2SO4 Brown ring NO3 -
20 O.S + Diphenyl amine Dark blue colour NO3 - confirmed

Result: The given salt contains (i) Acidic radical NO3 - (ii) Basic radical Al3+

jksahu74@[Link] Page 20 of 25
AIM: To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

S.N Experiment Observation Inference

1 With 0.2ml of organic compound in 2 ml Brown colour of Br2 Unsaturation
CCl4, bromine water was added drop wise. Remain unchanged is absent
2 A pinch of NaHCO3 was added to 0.2ml of Effervescence occured Carboxylic group is
organic compound present
3 0.2ml of organic compound was added to No Violet colouration Phenolic group
2-3 ml of FeCl3 solution. was obtained is absent

4 A small piece of sodium metal was added No effervescence Alcoholic group

to the liquid organic compound occured is absent
5 2-3ml of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine was No orange yellow ppt. Carbonyl group
added to 0.2ml of oganic compound was formed is absent
6 1ml of organic compound with 1ml of No silver mirror was Aldehyde group
Tollen's reagent in a test tube was warmed formed is absent
in a water bath.
7. To 1 ml of sodium nitroprusside , a few ml No red colouration Ketonic group
of given organic compound was added, is absent
flollowed by the addition of sodium
hydroxide solution drop wise.
8. 1 ml conc. HCl, a few drops of CHCl3 and2 No offensive smelling Amino group
ml of KOH was added to the organic gas was evolved is absent
compound and warmed.
Result : The given organic compound contain functional group …Carboxylic group

AIM:To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

S.N Experiment Observation Inference

1 With 0.2ml of organic compound in 2 ml Brown colour of Br2 Unsaturation
CCl4, bromine water was added drop wise. Remain unchanged is absent
2 A pinch of NaHCO3 was added to 0.2ml of No effervescence Carboxylic group
organic compound occured is absent
3 0.2ml of organic compound was added to No Violet colouration Phenolic group
2-3 ml of FeCl3 solution. was obtained is absent

4 A small piece of sodium metal was added No effervescence Alcoholic group

to the liquid organic compound occured is absent

5 2-3ml of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine was Orange yellow ppt. Carbonyl group

added to 0.2ml of oganic compound was formed is present

6 1ml of organic compound with 1ml of No silver mirror was Aldehyde group
Tollen's reagent in a test tube was warmed formed is absent
in a water bath.
7. To 1 ml of sodium nitroprusside , a few ml Red colouration Ketonic group
of given organic compound was added, is present
flollowed by the addition of sodium
hydroxide solution drop wise.
8. 1 ml conc. HCl, a few drops of CHCl3 and2 No offensive smelling gas Amino group
ml of KOH was added to the organic was evolved is absent
compound and warmed.
Result : The given organic compound contain functional group …Ketonic Group…………..

jksahu74@[Link] Page 21 of 25
AIM:To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound

S.N Experiment Observation Inference

1 With 0.2ml of organic compound in 2 ml Brown colour of Br2 Unsaturation
CCl4, bromine water was added drop wise. Remain unchanged is absent
2 A pinch of NaHCO3 was added to 0.2ml of No effervescence Carboxylic group
organic compound occured is absent
3 0.2ml of organic compound was added to 2- No Violet colouration Phenolic group
3 ml of FeCl3 solution. was obtained is absent
4 A small piece of sodium metal was added to No effervescence Alcoholic group
the liquid organic compound occured is absent
5 2-3ml of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine was Orange yellow ppt. Carbonyl group
added to 0.2ml of oganic compound was formed is present
6 1ml of organic compound with 1ml of Silver mirror was Aldehyde group
Tollen's reagent in a test tube was warmed formed is present
in a water bath.
7. To 1 ml of sodium nitroprusside , a few ml of No red colouration Ketonic group
given organic compound was added, is absent
flollowed by the addition of sodium
hydroxide solution drop wise.
8. 1 ml conc. HCl, a few drops of CHCl3 and2 No offensive smelling Amino group
ml of KOH was added to the organic gas was evolved is absent
compound and warmed.
Result : The given organic compound contain functional group ……Aldehyde………..

AIM:To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

S.N Experiment Observation Inference

1 With 0.2ml of organic compound in 2 ml CCl4, Brown colour of Br2 Unsaturation
bromine water was added drop wise. Remain unchanged is absent
2 A pinch of NaHCO3 was added to 0.2ml of No effervescence Carboxylic group
organic compound occured is absent
3 0.2ml of organic compound was added to 2-3 ml No Violet colouration Phenolic group
of FeCl3 solution. was obtained is absent
4 A small piece of sodium metal was added to the No effervescence Alcoholic group
liquid organic compound occured is absent
5 2-3ml of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine was added No orange yellow Carbonyl group
to 0.2ml of oganic compound ppt. was formed is absent
6 1ml of organic compound with 1ml of Tollen's No silver mirror was Aldehyde group
reagent in a test tube was warmed in a water formed is absent
bath.
7. To 1 ml of sodium nitroprusside , a few ml of No red colouration Ketonic group
given organic compound was added, flollowed is absent
by the addition of sodium hydroxide solution
drop wise.
8. 1 ml conc. HCl, a few drops of CHCl3 and 2 ml Offensive smelling Amino group
of KOH was added to the organic compound gas was evolved is present
and warmed.

Result : The given organic compound contain functional group …Amino group……….

.
jksahu74@[Link] Page 22 of 25
AIM:To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

S.N Experiment Observation Inference

1 With 0.2ml of organic compound in 2 ml CCl4, Brown colour of Br2 Unsaturation
bromine water was added drop wise. Remain unchanged is absent
2 A pinch of NaHCO3 was added to 0.2ml of No effervescence Carboxylic group
organic compound occured is absent
3 0.2ml of organic compound was added to 2-3 ml Violet colouration Phenolic group
of FeCl3 solution. was obtained is present
4 A small piece of sodium metal was added to the No effervescence Alcoholic group
liquid organic compound occured is absent
5 2-3ml of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine was added No orange yellow Carbonyl group
to 0.2ml of oganic compound ppt. was formed is absent
6 1ml of organic compound with 1ml of Tollen's No silver mirror was Aldehyde group
reagent in a test tube was warmed in a water formed is absent
bath.
7. To 1 ml of sodium nitroprusside , a few ml of No red colouration Ketonic group
given organic compound was added, flollowed is absent
by the addition of sodium hydroxide solution
drop wise.
8. 1 ml conc. HCl, a few drops of CHCl3 and 2 ml No offensive Amino group
of KOH was added to the organic compound smelling gas was is absent
and warmed. evolved

Result : The given organic compound contain functional group …Phenolic group………..

AIM :To identify the Glucose,Sucrose and Starch from the given samples-A,B and C

S.N Test A B C
1 Solubility Soluble Soluble Insoluble

2 Few drops of Molisch's reagent was added to Purple ring Purple ring Purple ring
the organic comond and one ml of conc.
H2SO4 was slowly added along the side of test
tube.

3 1-2 ml of Fehling solution was added to the Red ppt Negative Negative
organic compound and kept in boling water
bath.

4 1-2 ml of Benedict's solution was added to the Red ppt Negative Negative
organic compound and kept in boling water
bath.

5 1-2 ml of Tollen’s reagent was added to the A shinning Negative Negative

organic compound and kept in boling water silver mirror
bath. is formed
6 1-2 ml of Iodine solution was added to the Negative Negative Blue colour
organic compound .

Result : A = Glucose , B = Sucrose , C = Starch

jksahu74@[Link] Page 23 of 25
AIM : To test the presence of oil and fat in following Samples -Desi ghee , Vanaspati ghee ,Refined oil-
Cotton seed oil & Linseed oil

Materials Required

Samples A) Desi ghee B) Vanaspati ghee C )Refined oil- Cotton seed oil & Linseed oil

Reagents : Water , Alcohol , Chloroform , Potassium bisulphate (KHSO4) crystals , Conc. HCl ,
2% furfural solution in alcohol , Huble’s reagent
Apparatus : Test tube , Dropper , Filter paper

Procedure

S.N Experiment Observation Inference

1 Solubility test : Shake a small Sample is immiscible in water. Oil or fat is present.
amount of the given sample with 5 In alcohol sample forms a lower
ml each of water, alcohol and layer which dissolves on
chloroform in three test tubes. heating.
Sample is miscible in chloroform

2 Transluscent Spot test : Place a

little of the substance on a filter Transluscent spot appears on Oil or fat is present.
paper and press it on the folds of the filter paper.
the filter paper and unfold the filter
paper.

3 Acrolein test : Heat a little of the A pungent irritating odour of Oil or fat is present.
sample with some crystals of acrolein
potassium bisulphate in a test tube
`

4 Baudouin test : Take 5 ml of Rose-red colour appears. Rose-red colour is formed

melted sample in a test tube and due to the presence of
add 5 ml of conc. HCl and 2-3 drops With Desi ghee no formation of seasame oil. Thus
of 2% furfural solution in alcohol in rose-red colour. vanaspati ghee contains
it. Shake the test tube well. Keep it seasame oil whereas pure
aside for 5-10 minutes. desi ghee does not
contain seasame oil.

5 Huble’s test : Take two test tubes With Cotton seed oil Violet Indicating that linseed oil
and label them as I and II. Put 3ml colour does not fade away. is more unsaturated than
of chloroform into each test tube. With Linseed oil Violet colour cotton seed oil.
Then add 3-4 drops of cotton seed fade away.
oil into test tube I and linseed oil in
test tube II. Shake the test tubes
well and add 3 drops of Huble’s
reagent in each test tube and
observe the fading of violet colour in
the test tubes.
Result : All the above samples are oil or fat

jksahu74@[Link] Page 24 of 25
AIM :To test the presence of protein and identify the Egg albumin dispersion and Gelatin dispersion
from the given samples-A and B

Materials Required

Samples: Egg albumin , Gelatin

Reagents NaOH solution , 1% CuSO4 solution , Conc. HNO3 , Ninhydrin solution , Millon’s reagent

Apparatus Test tube , Dropper

Procedure
S.N Test A B
1 Biuret test Bluish violet Bluish
Take a small quantity of the dispersion of the sample colour is violet
in a test tube and add 2 ml of NaOH solution into it. formed colour is
Now add 4-5 drops of 1% CuSO4 solution and warm formed
the mixture for about 5 minutes
2 Xanthoproteic test A yellow A yellow
Take about 2 ml of the sample in a test tube and add precipitate is precipitate
few drops of conc. HNO3 into it and heat the test formed. is formed.
tube.
3 Ninhydrin test Intense blue Intense
Take 2 ml of the sample in a test tube and add 3-4 colour is blue colour
drops of Ninhydrin solution and boil the contents formed is formed
4 Millon’s test White No
precipitate characteris
Take 1-2 ml of the sample in a test tube and add 2 which changes tic change
drops of Millon’s reagent. to brick red on
boiling

The above tests confirm presence of protein in both the sample. Since Gelatin does not give this test, so
sample – B is Gelatin dispersion.

Result : A = Egg albumin dispersion , B = Gelatin dispersion

jksahu74@[Link] Page 25 of 25