10) LEARNING OUTCOMES

Training and Doping

in Sports

» Meaning and Concept of Sports Training

P Principles of Sports Training
Training load: Overload, Adaptation and Recovery
» Concept and Classification of Doping
Prohibited substances and their Side-effects
» Dealing with alcohol and substance abuse

Training to achieve something or for competition is not a new idea. It was

out even during the Anciernt Olympic Games, when the carried
the games were expected to train for one year in the theirathletes participating in
own countries as well
as for a month before the contests at the venue of the
games.
With the passage of time, more time and efforts are being
devoted to training
and preparing for competitions. Nowadays, new techniques and training
methods are being established in the field of athletics. Employment of circuit
training, fartlek training, interval training and weight training methods has
shown very encouraging results. By employing these techniques, athletes hare
shown excellent performances in many events. For exanmple, with the help of
techniques of weight training, the renowned Australian runner Herb Elliot was
able to break the 4-minute barrier by finishing the mile race in 3minutes and
54.5 seconds.

I. MEANING AND CONCEPT OF SPORTS TRAINING

Training has been referred to as a systematic exercise of efforts for a conside
period of time in order to develop the ability to face greater load, spectay
competitions. In simple words, we can say that training is a preparato
preparation may be for a specialised work or competition. anditis
preparationis cnly
Sports training preparation is a systematically planned
exercise. Exercise
quite diferent from a short-term or a simple heart rate, respiratoryrat
short-term activity of our body which increases our

A154 Introductlon to Physical Education-XI

od lactate levels, perspiration, fatigue, etc. Whereas training is a long schedule
evercises to make the body fit to face the expected stressed situations. As a
Olt of training, the body progressively adapts itself to overload and gets ready
resthe expected stress situations. On this account, it has been said that
taining provides the athlete with the basic means to adapt his particular
ssors through controlled exercises." This adaptation on the part of an athlete's
ody ensures, that his body is prepared for a greater load.
pefnitions of Sports Training
ceorts training is the basic form of preparation of sportsmen. -Matwejew
coods tralning is a planned and controlled process in which, for achieving a goal, changes
complex sports motor performance, ability to act and behaviour are made through
measures of content, methods and organisation. -Martin
Sports training is based on scientific knowledge and a pedagogical process of sports
erfection, which through systematic effect on psycho-physical performance ability and
performance readiness, aims at leading a sportsman to top level of performance.-Harre
Sports training is a targeted approach to training focused on your sport of choice.
-Todd Townes
Sports training is training designed specifically to increase performance and minimise
injury for general sports performance as well as specialised sports performance.
-P. Garrison

Thus, sports training is a systematic process based on scientific facts and

guidelines. The main aim and objective of sports training is to improve the
performance of sportspersons. It makes sportspersons psychologically and
physiologically fit to exhibit their best performance during competitions.
II. PRINCIPLES OF SPORTS TRAINING
On account of the technicalities involved in present day coaching, the need of
a trainer or coach has assumed great importance. It is the coach who has to
decide about the best methods to be employed in order to enhance the
performance of the trainee and work out a training schedule by taking into
account his/her:
" need
" capacity
previous training background and
"previous performance

Training and Doping in SportsA

 Certain principles are followed by trainers while designing the sports
programmes for athletes. These are as follows: training
1. Principle of Specificity
Training for any sport has become very technical and a
scientific
needed to get the desired results. This is due to the fact that the approach
developed for training have very specific etects. Therefore, a specific vnet
training is needed for techniques
a specific effect. For example, weight training hel
increasing muscular strength but the endurance is not affected., Similarl.e
train for endurance improvement, then strength and
afected. Therefore, selection of a method of trainingspeed are not significanile
the specific objective of training. Special training has to take into account
develop the following components of physical fitness:
methods are emploved to
() Strength (ii) Endurance (ii) Speed
(iv) Skills (v) Flexibility
The principle of specificity also focuses on how an athlete's body adapts te
stress.

2. Principle of Overload
This principle states that it is essential to progressively increase the load in order
to allow the body to adapt itself to that load.
This may be done by following methods:
(i) Keeping the load constant and increasing the number of repetitions, and
(i) Increasing the load and keeping the number of repetitions constant.
While applying this principle, it should be kept in mind that training loads
should not be increased too abruptly or with too much intensity. The intensty
of training loads should be controlled and monitored.
3. Principle of Individuality
While selecting exercises for training, it should be remembered that every trainte
is different with respect to age, gender, fitness levels, experience, etc. e e
exercises should be selected according to the need and characteristics o
trainee.
The aim of this principle is to capitalise athletes' strength, exploit ther
potential and strengthen their weaknesses.

A156 Introduction to Physical Education-X

4, Principle of Reversibility
This principle is also known as the law of disuse. It states that as a result of
raining, the degree of adaptation achieved will gradually decrease if training is
iecontinued. Therefore, one has to be cautious about prolonged dration of
intervals between training sessions. It has also been generally observed that
rovements that result from quicker methods of training are lost
hose achieved gradually by adopting slower methods. In faster than
alates-If you dont use it, you lose it'. short, this principle

5. Principle of Progression
This principle states that the load in training should be
hat the muscles in the body of trainee do not increased gradually so
experience any problem or injury.
The principle of progression also emphasises on
proper rest and
Continuous stress on body may lead to exhaustion and injury. Thus, to recovery.
improve
ihe ftness levels, there mnust be a continuous and steady
increase in the intensity
of the workout. If the training load is increased too quickly, the athlete will be
unable to adapt and may break down.
6. Principle of Continuity
This principle is arn extension of the principle of reversibility. According to this,
if training is speeded up or slowed down, then the physical fitness of an
individual and his adaptation to load will go down. For this reason, training
should be continued regularly without long intervals or breaks.
7. Principle of Recovery
The principle of recovery states that athletes need sufficient time to recover
during training and competitions. The ability to recover is as important as the
workout. During recovery periods, the athlete's body adapts to the stress placed
on it during intense training activities. Adequate rest also refreshes athletes
physically and mentally.
8. Principle of Balance
This principle states that all training activities must be properly proportioned
in order to achieve the desired goal. Thus, there should be a right mix of training
activities, diet, healthy lifestyle, etc. Overtraining can lead to poor performance,
llness or injuries. This principle is based on the rule that al things should be
in moderation.

Training and Doping in Sports A

 9. Principle of Transfer of Training
The principle ot transter of training in sports suggests that
Pertomnng one ativity aftects the performance of related skills
These ettects may be positive, negative or zero, This
as it saves principle
le
and
is
aring and
activities
redessentresuliatls. forTo
designng practice strategies time and accelerates
apply this principle while designing, the coach ofthe trainee
similarities between previously learnedsskills and new skills
desishould
develop tirdaientniifnyg
programmes aconingly. and

10. Principle of Variety

The sane training routine every time can lead to
Hence,. it is important to include a variety of boredom and
and mix things by
breaking the same routine. The
training suggests variations in intensity,
activities in
principle
duration, volume
training
of
variation
demotivation.
programmes
in: Sports
during practice. The variations in training and other
perfomance. programmes ernhance learningaspectands
Il1. TRAINING LOAD:
OVERLOAD, ADAPTATION AND RECOVERY
Overloading
When any training exceeds the ability and
overloading. This results in decrease in capacity ofof a sportsman, it is called
as over training. performance athlete. It is also known
Overloading is one of the most inmportant principles of sports
can be attained mainly by three methods: training.
This
Increasing the training load or volume of training
" Increasing the intensity or speed of repetitions or amount of weight in
weight training.
" Increasing the number of repetitions or reducing sports
intervals of rest.
Some of the symptoms of overloading shown by a person are:
" Not able to eat well
" Soreness, strain and body pain
" Feeling of tiredness
" Overuse injuries
" Irritable behaviour
" Loss of body weight
" Decreased performance
" Change in sleep pattern
158 Introduction to Physical Education-XI
 Progressive overloading is used in sports training which is helpful in gradually
inmproving the capacity of an athlete. Al the components of physical fitness can
eimproved by using methods of progressive overloading.
Training load
sining load is defined as a weight or pressure. It can also be explained as the
Aunt of work to be done by a person or a machine. It is generally called an
pxternal stressor. In the training of an athlete, it refers to the total amount of
work done by him/her on a daily. weekly or monthly basis. In the training of
thletes, scientific loading in their work schedules plays a very important role
in improving their capability and efficiency.
Loading in training can be done in the following three ways:
. By increasing the content (more kilometres, more kilograms, etc.)
" By increasing intensity (repetitions or faster runs)
" By increasing frequency (reducing intervals of rest).
Adaptation
Continued exposure to an extra load during the training of an athlete leads to
adjustment in his body functions that enable him to bear the extra load without
feeling uneasiness. This adjustment is termed as adaptation. To obtain a higher
degree of adaptation, the load or stressor should be increased gradually. It should
be noted that there is a relationship between loading and adaptation. Overloading
certainly leads to adaptation, still some points should be taken into consideration
during training. These points are as follows:
(a) A high degree of load without necessary minimum intensity fails to
produce adaptation.
(b) Loading must be systematically and progressively increased to get benefits
of adaptation.
(c) Loading of optimal value provided to the capabilities of an athlete
produces adaptation more rapidly.
(d) Loading more than the capacity of an athlete impairs his/her capacity for
adjustment.
(e) Incorrect structure of loading also stagnates or reduces the performance
of an athlete.
() Avoid lengthy transitional periods without training or loading. If the
interval between training units is too long, the effect of loading is lost.

Training and Doping in Sports

 Recovery
Recovery means the restoration of the body to a normal state after a period or
intense training or competition. This period is als0 referred to a period ot
regeneration or recuperation during which stressor related effects are gradasalt
eliminated. After a short period of exercise or workout since heart rate
respiratory rate are increased, these are restored to resting levels during recovo
and
The increase in heart rate and respiratory rate
workout. Recovery refers to the normalisation otdepends on the intensity of the
these rates after the stopDage
of that activity. An estimate of the
the maximum pulse rate/heart rate recovery period can be made by noting down
of an individual immediately after a workot
This may be sonmetimes around 160 to 180
an individual's pulse rate to come beats per minute. The time taken b
down to 80-85 beats per minute after rest.
would be considered the recovery period. As a
period should be of such a duration that the general principle, the recovery
starting the next workout. individual should feel fresh for
During the recovery period, (a) the resting state of
products generated during workout are removed body is restored (b) the waste
and (c) other stressor related
effects are gradually eliminated.

IV. CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION OF DOPING

Doping refers to the use of drugs such as anabolic steroids by
enhance their performance. This practice refers especially to thosesportspersons to
banned by the organisations which control competitions. Inspite drugs that are
imposed on athletes/sportspersons regarding the misuse of suchofdrugs, restrictions
drugs are often used by some sportspersons. These drugs are used to these
build
muscular strength during training and reduce
the effects of fatigue during
competitions, thereby
enhancing the athlete's performance. Doping in
sports is prompted by the desire to win medals
in national and international competitions. This
desire is heightened because winning in such
competitions brings not only fame and recognition
to the competitors but also a lot of money.
Fig. 10.1: Drugs used in doping
Doping was first reported at the 1904 Olvmpics when Thomas Hickshim.o The
USA collapsed after winning the marathon and it took hours to revive
International Association of Athletics Federation was the first interadoping in
in
who indulged in
governing body of sports that banned participants
A l60 Introduction to Physical Education-XI
1928. However, the use of anabolic steroids became widespread in 1970s. In 1999
ibe World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) was formed as an initiative of the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) to check the menance of doping
Definitions of Doping
Doging is the use of any method or substance that might harm the athlete in a quest to
Pain an unfair advantage over his fellow competitors.
International Olympic Committee (10C)
Doping is dehned as the occurrence of one or more of the anti-doping rule violations set
forth in Article 2.1 through Article 2.8 of the code. WADA

Classification of Doping
Doping generally happens during the training period. It can be done by using
performance enhancing substances or through physical methods. The methods
have been explained below:
Performance enhancing substances: There are different types of performance
enhancing substances used in the field of sports. Some of them are explained
below:
() Stimulants: These are steroids which increase the level of arousal or
alertness. They increase heart and breathing rate as well as the alertness
of the brain. Amphetamines, cocaine, ephedrine and adrafinil are most
commonly used stimulants.
(i) Anabolic steroids: These steroids are most commonly used by
weight lifters and throwers. These substances normally increase muscle
mass and muscle power. Hence, performance in sports increases by
using anabolic steroids. Nandrolone, Oxandrolone, stanozolol and
OXymetholone are some anabolic steroids.
the
(üi) Human Growth Hormones (HGHs): Use of HGHs increases
production of RBCs and haemoglobin. Increased percentage of
haemoglobin increases the ability of blood to transport more oxvgen,
athlete.
hence, providing more strength to the
in the
(iv) Beta-2-Agonists: Use of this substance increases the supply of air in the
airways (air passage), hence, mnore oxygen intake takes place
lungs. This substance increases the endurance of sportspersons, improves
their respiratory functions as well as their capacity for more strenuous
exercises. Beta-2-Agonists also lessen the recovery time taken by
sportspersons and arouse their will to win in competitions.
Training and Doping in Sports A161
 Narcotics: Use of narcotics reduces or eliminates pain
(v)
competitions. Morphine and heroin are common examples of
during sports
(vi) Diuretics: Diuretics are mostly used by sportspersons who narcotics.
rapidly removes fluids from the body causing overnight reduction
participate
in sports such as weightlifting, boxing, wrestling, etc. Use of hese
drugs
body weight by 2-3 kilograms. Diuretics are also taken ton
anti-doping tests byy diluting the urine.
(uin Glucocorticosteroids: These steroids are used to treat skin
These are pain killers, have anti-inflammatory effects and treat diseasos
Physical methods of doping: Blood doping and Gene doping are the allereies
physical
methods of doping. The two methods are described below:
() Blood doping: Blood doping is a method in which extra blood
into player's circulatory system. The blood injected into is iniectei
body may be his own blood stored in a blood bank or ofthe plaver's
any other
person the same blood group. In fact, this extra blood increases the
of
percentage of haemoglobin and red blood corpuscles in the blood. This
method increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the player and affects
his performance in endurance events.
(i) Gene doping: According to WADA, "Gene doping is the
non-therapeuticuse
of cells, genes, genetic elements, or of the modulator of gene expression,
having the capacity to improve athletic performance." This method of doping
is not in use presently but it can be a great threat to mankind in future.
V. PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES AND THEIR SIDE-EFFECTS
Some of the banned substances employed in doping are:
1. Testosterone and Erythropoietin
2. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS): These are complex chemical substances
derived from testosterone. The names of some of these substances are:
() Stanozolol () Modafinil
(ii) Nandrolone (iv) Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG)
3. High doses of alcohol and caffeine
4. Some diuretics

Methods of Using Prohibited Substances

These harmful substances are used in four different ways by sportsPe
These ways are:
H62 Introduction to Physical Education-XI
 pills
1. Taking oral
steroids
2 Injecting injectable
3. Using creams and gels containing testosterone
Ilsing adhesive skin patches that can deliver a steady dose of steroids through
the skin

side-Effects of Prohibited Substances

Although anabolic steroids are used in medicine (specially surgery) for healing,
muscle growth and developing strength, their continued use can cause serious
health problems.
The side-etfects of these substances are:
1. They increase low density cholesterol or bad cholesterol (L.D.L) and decrease
good cholesterol (H.D.L).
2. They lead to the development of High Blood Pressure.
3. They cause acne (inflammatory disease of the skin).
4. They damage liver and kidneys.
death.
5. They may cause heart attacks, tremors and even
women.
6. There is increase in the growth of facial hair in
baldness.
7. Some people may also face premature
8. There is breast enlargement in males.
9. Reduction in the size of the testicles.
The effects and side-effects of
some prohibited substances are given in
table 10.1. substances
of various prohibited
Table 10.1: Effects and side-effects
Side-effects (minor) Side-effects
S. Substances/ Effects
(major)
No, Methods " Liver and Kidney
Stimulate growth, High blood pressure
1. Anabolic bone marrow and Hair loss damage
Steroids Mood swing
appetite " Agressiveness
" Heart attack and
Increase strength and Men: Breast
enlargement and stroke
speed reduction in testicular
size
Women: Cessation of
breast development
and growth of facial hair
Training and Doping in Sports Ae
 Substances/ Effects Side-effects (minor)
No. Methods
2. Stimulants .Increase alertness of Increase in
Sid(major)
e-effects
heart ate" Ireqular bes
brain and CNS and respiratory rate
" beat
Feeling of restlessness Increase in bod
3. Narcotics Relieve pain "Feeling of nausea and temperatureand
" Induce sleep
vomiting Addiction
"Chances of worsening psychological
4 Diuretics
"Body weight reduces
injury
Drying of mouth
dependence
drastically " Dehydration Blood viscosity
Tampers the
concentration of
" Muscle cramps
" Loss of
changesbeat
.Heart
steriods in urine potassium
from body becomes
irregular
" Kidney damage
and stroke
[Link]-2 " Prevent high blood " Fatigue
Agonists pressure Nausea
" Prevent irregular "Sweating
. Cold hands
" Constipation
" Diarhoea
heart rhythm
Nervousness " Depression
"Control body tremors Headache
6. GlucocorticoTreat allergies,
"Loss of muscle mass " Hinders growth
steroids asthma and Weakening of muscles in young people
inflammation bones, tendons and
ligaments
7. Blood doping Increases Hb, RBCs Increases stress on Risk of AlDS,
Increases endurance heart hepatitis and
Blood clotting stroke

MODEL QUESTIONS
. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
A. Choose the correct answer
(MCQ): sportsmen"
1. Who wrote "Sports training is the basic form of preparation off
(d) Harre
(a) Matwejew (b) Newton (c) Freeman
Introduction to Physical Education-XI
 2. Which of the following is not a principle of sports training?
(a) Principle of specificity (b) Principle of overload
(e) Principle of continuity () Principle of rest
3. The main effect of anabolic steroids is to ...........
(a) Stimulate growth (b) Relieve pain
(c) Control blood pressure (d) Induce sleep
4. What is the main effect of Beta-2 agonists?
(a) Relieve pain (b) Increase strength
(c) Control body tremors (d) Increase supply of air
5. What is the minor side-effect of narcotics?
(a) Mood swing (b) Feeling of
(c) Feeling of nausea and vomiting (d) Sweating
restlessness
6. What is the effect of diuretics?
(a) Reduce body weight (b) Control bodv tremors
(c) Increase speed (d) Relieve pair
B. State True (T) or False (F):
1. Principle of variety is one of the
2. Human Growth
principles of sports training.
Hormone (HGH) increases the production of RBCs and
haemoglobin.
3. In blood doping,
system. deoxygenated blood is injected into player's circulatory
4. Stimulants increase alertness of cerntral nervous system.
5.
GlucOCorticosteroids are used to treat asthma.
C. Give answer in one word:
1. Name the type of doping in which cells are
planted (induced).
2. Which substance increases the supply of
air in the airways.
3. Name the steroid which increases the level
of arousal.
4. Expand WADA.
5. What is the purpose of taking banned substances by athletes during
6. What
is the other name of
training?
overloading?

Training and Doping in Sports Al65

 D. Case/Source Based Questions
1, Robini, astudent of class 12, is a National Level athlete..She is
crazy to
an International Athlete but not by fair means. She wants to
by using nfair means. She wants to use prohibited drugs achieveto
her goal become
muscular strength during training andto reduce the painn during build-up he
Based on the case given above, answer the follouing questions:
(0 Which type of drug
competitions.
competitions?
Rohini might use to reduce the pain duin
(a) Stimulants (b) Narcotics
(c) Diuretics (d)
(i) What will be the side
HumanGrowth Hormone
effects anabolic steroids
of
on Rohini, if she uses them
continuously? (prohibited substances)
(a) These will cause an
increase in temperature of her body.
(b) These will lead to
depression.
(c) These will damage her
liver and kidneys.
(d) These will cause
(ii) If Rohini uses diureticsconstipation.
in training period, these will:
(a) increase her strength and
speed.
(b) reduce her body weight
drastically.
(c) temper the concentration of steroids in
urine.
(d) both (b) and (c)
E. Assertion-Reason Type Questions
1. For question numbers () to (iv), two
statements are
Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Selectgiven--one labelled
the correct answer
to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below:
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(6) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) 0s not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
) Assertion (A): Sports training is the basic form of preparation ofspors
scientificfacts
Reason (R): Sports training is asystematic process based on
and guidelines.

Introduction to Physical Education-XI

 (ü) Assertion (A): Doping is opted by some sportsperson in national and
international competitions.
Reason (K}: Doping not only brings win for sportsperson in international
and national competitions but also fame, recognition and a lot of
money.
(in) Assertion (A):Human growth hornmones increase the production of RBCS
and haemoglobin.
Reason (R): Increased percentage of haemoglobin by human growth
hormones provides more strength to the athlete.
(i0) Assertion (A): Narcotics used by athletes eliminate pain during sports
competitions.
Reason (R): Narcotics rapidly removes fluids from the body causing
reduction in weight of an athlete by 2-3 kgs.
() Assertion (A): The principle of balance states that all training activities
must be properly proportioned to achieve desired goal.
Reason (R): The principle of balance is based on the rule that all things
should be done in moderation.

[Link] Questions
1. ) Match List I with List II and select the answer from the code given below:
S. No. List List II

Substance Side effect (minor)

Anabolic steroids 1 Feeling of restlessness
Stimulants 2 Breast enlargement in males
(ii) Diuretics 3 Cold hands

(iv) Beta-2-Agonists 4 Dehydration

Code

( (ii) (iv)
2 4
(a)
1 4 3
(b) 2
1 4 2
(c) 3
4 3 2 1

Training and Doping in Sports A-167

 ANSWER KEY

A. 1.() 3. (d) 4. (4)

B. 1.T 2. T 3. F 5. (c)
4. T
C1. Gene doping 2. Beta-2-Agoinst 5. T 6. (a)
4. World Anti-Doping Agency 3. Stimulants
5. To
6. Overtraining
enhance their
D. 1. (0 (6)
E. 1 () (6)
R1.(D ()
(i) (c)
(i) (a)
(ü) ()
(iii)) (a)
performance
(iv) (c)
() (b)
L SHORT
1. ANSWER
Enlist the QUESTIONS
2. Howis thebasic principles of training.
3. How
can you principle progression applied
of
by a
4.
Define (a) estimate recovery
the trainer?
5. List any training load (b) blood period after a physical activity?
6. What arefive symptoms overloading.
of doping
the ways or
7.
What are the methods employed for using
1I. side-effects stimulants.
of
harmful substances?
LONG ANSWER
any four QUESTIONS
1.
Describe
training principles that should be followed
2. List the programme for
side-effects
(a) anabolic
athletes?
steroids(minor and major) of:
while designing spots
(b) narcotics
(c) diuretics
3. Define
4. doping. Explain the physical
5.
'Doping sports is unfair and is a methods of doping
in
Describe any four health hazard'. Explain.
6.
Explain
7. Write a adaptation in performance-enhancing
note on the terms of traning load.
substances LIsed in doping

recovery part of the training load.

Introduction to Physical Education-XI