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Lipids[6]
:*
Faty lipids Thes
ae *
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phasphatephasphoric
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s difes base t HydoxyL which
a
acid Choang Porti on derivatie
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genealbobt alyic group taty Gycenol
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ses tbwitotaty actunhydnophobic
te esterufied tty
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bial
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by The SphiPhosphate
ngomyehs Thg amide
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lipid self- contau sphngolipids
molpolaencules fattiinkage
bilayen diredis.
OPposite 9

haure sphene samby heads and acid ,

aby corande
phophasphgosi
h an des
which
ts
portat wl poindigin aign has form hae
shapa - oo no
tae
> close Phaspholipido Remselres , phasphorgraicoinp.d a a otie
gene e attacha
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Sugalphasphate,
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cations isalf direction
-cramide.
ajode bng
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e n
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anino
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 *LipoPROTEIN
* S:
Casidiatin T Lipoproten
transport
homao These
Cb] ChylomiCrONa] [b] Ca
’ t * *Vey * * PrstunLipid dynamic
slasù
Origun Zuncin: igin
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: cavis ido
and lipcamplux
bion :
ersita
:
TissucsteProdueed
yliver : Peuphenal Syntesid
to
Transport : i anu
Gay the y
Rich Sacilatk Gmped Primaniy
esential play moleculan
stend Ligoprotepeipeul
un dietany in
in ndogensusly in protensstabilize
halestenol Linen the intenactins of pirotal a
envitonment Tirgyarde sor choleatd
stractuw
to pida
(vLDU: tisuesliintestinal various rol
tissues syntsizd with
fran o f initkin
, muCASal cell the pyslgial
mauntanng crucl
lug e tie choestol tlacdatreaa
tiglycenudes neceptstorxsuctwe
indestint cell Hoalotraan fix
estes. ouo ipil the
and
C High Density pogroteus CuDc
Compesitian : Hqh toleun cordend , Lo ipid cayrtert
* Rras
Role Rewese Choestenol transport , sumoVing
choestenol fiom tìssue to Linen.

Lipoprotein metaboism :
Apra ten desenbg: Telicalua
Assemby & lipoprduns in Endoplamc
* Iabacallulan : Groai arpanatub modisie ipoprdein stracla
crucha
* Maturation :
LbJipoproteun Cleasanca :
* Trtenachion with teastors : sal ssfat renptors.
sacilitade binding to
’ Apolipo prolew andad ale ia liyopden caenana
a
* Hepalic uptake : Lien play
T-clini caSigniicanu
a] AtReos clas ib: wita atAerosclond
levels aociated
)LDL Role : Hiah
Playue sormation .
agaunt adero sclaroiu thraugh
HDL Rol: Protecti e
Cu) choastol nemoval

candiorascul uuk.
Ci) Elayated LDL : Linkad to
increabed
Associated witR impanad reneue
i) Low HDL :
Choestonol Tansport
[] Coniva
atad Asen:
Combinations of proteun rtR a non -protein pat , aled Rrestfdtiegra
* Gycoproteins : Protins combind wita Gnbohybotas .
Lipoprleins : hdins lacsely combirad with Lipl d eamporands.
Nucleopoteund : Protens attachd to Nuclait acid Eg . istones
t
graups
Chromoproteins : Psten witR Colo uJLad PrasttAtic
* taarnoglobin Cteme- Rud)
* Flavoprotein (Ribod lawin - Yelle)
purpla)
* Visual funyle Cvitalsnin A-
phesphoras
* Phasphaprde:foteins ohich contan''addad to tre hydroylgrou
’ The phos phorie acid is rbides protein
of' Seina and Thuohin
euns which contan metall ians.
* Metalopesteins ; Rot anhydane Czinc
CIron), anbone
Eg: Haoncqlbin
[c] Douved Roteus;

ne
They ae deqradatin produds o Ndive preteurs

o3· Clasifi cation baed on Nuritioal Vale

’ contan all eential amno acds in

te naqud peporta
’ Er! Casoin of k.
lack one esential amno
acid.
CLI Incmpete frotens mt'ionune
’ Ex Proteins d Pulses lack
Protein d Careas lacks Lusue
esential armno acils
foteins : Lackin man
Poor
acks Trgptophan and Lyse
’Ex: Zin Srom orn
o Watson- critk model o DNA sructwy :
CT Right Handed ouble Helia :
consista Awo poladeoxy ribonuclaotide chain
DNA
one anotAon in
twisted anound ught handed doule halix.

(C) Bose -Pavun Rule: Changa & s hae

trands cae alway complmantary to each dten
oton.
* The a
wil þan' with Cytosine f Oppobita Shaud
* Guanine ¢ ane stand

* Adenig
Guanin

ana held togdfe' mauny y Hageagen

bondo betwtan Pasun and Pyumidi
Thse a 2 2 Hydragn bonds betuseen
Aand T,
Hydnan bordo betweon C and G.
3

(i Anti- Panallel
he t o strands in a DNA molecue un antù-parallal
One stand runs in s'e direction , Lohile the ot t
strand uns in ' to s' diecti on
 3
cVD Helis:
The Spiral has a pitch & 3.4 nm pon tun.
turn, base poss
* wikun a Sinale tun
Adjacond bases ane seponated yo34 nrm
I:4-2-o nm.
* The Diaten or) width f helis s
minor grore
groort (o-b
o nm)
nm) and a
A major groore (l· b paalla to ig l
ind alona the molecule
A Phaspho diester back bone.
aHistorctamn
( igh Orsani abiond DNA
agabi nely chaged H, Histee
molecule:
DNA ib woud posi bively
O
hangd Histone otens t
callad Nucleasos.

Hoton protei
chmdy
Chroman i Suntten Condond to sorm

Cru) DNA is a
* The human dip loid genone consists about nx 1o'boat pin
when placed end to end) t wil be about 2 metena.

lo,000 dold to gunute Re chromosomes

 kI2)

STRVCTURE AND FUNCTION OF

OF tRNA 3
The t- RNA transfey amino acid srom the cutoplan o
tRe ibasomal prot eun mchinay, eretore. t is tonsio ANA
Smale moleues
2asty and eady solible n aten.
So, t also callod as sduble RNA GoO sRNA
Thase a prasentt in ogboplaam
* Eabh is hngtA, ueh
moecule io only 73-43 ucleotideb io
shorten than mRNA mole cules amis
arm 3
acid A nino ad
Goay lhg
*t-RNA 'S shod eateìve ineal
base - pang and acae
clono-lead Wke strtw. Pceudouidune
* Tay contain a sgnisican DHU -shart etanra
Proportien d Unsual Bases.
Di hydnoy uwacil CoHU)
Anticodan anm

he Accaptor am at 3 ernd canis th auns ad

CLA -3

Aicodon m:
* At Re opposite sie o tie acceptor
It nacogss the tüplet uoleoid Codon preyant in mRNA.
The Specisi city t-RA
shdch has ba sequsnab Comjlennendany to ghat t
mRNA Codon .
HamogloinopatRi glebin chain lead.
* Abnormalities in tRe rimany soauence
to Haemgo binopadhis
Vasianto may
The Varuanto may be etfn. o-chaun Vasçat Ca
P-chain Wanlant.

c Hemoglobn S Csickla al Hemqlobu): HLS

Vaniety armong te Hb varüad
abnormal electro phoreic mobill
eung Cia4a) ’ Hb wi piseay
usponbible for the Sickling

Sickle cll diseae

posrtion d B chan HbA
gutamic acid in tse Btn
* he Valine in HAS
changed to to 1e Plyrontin
substitution bada
This sirge amino aiud inside the RBCS.
molaculas,
o Hasmoglobn hydnophilic Glutanic acid by to
Substitui¡n
lo calizod stickina ntie
hynohobic Valine
Valine causes a

molacule
Sun Sace f protusa
may ke daided wia a
* The decxygendted Hhs fen side, so hat
Jak
on one and a cavity
Side on the
mamg moleculos Caun adhae nd polymaria
deoxygentes sa,
* The sick ling occus unden
* The siklad, solb form small plugs un capilava
Occsin df malar vesals can laad b indractian in
organs Wka splaan
 Sickle - coL Trat
50% f Hb in ay Sickle call, trcut doent puo
RBC ib notmal
CAS) conditi cinical sqmgtomy
Hane a NOrtnal ie spun manifesttion dine
Hypoxia may cauA tea
*At highan altitude , hypoMa -irduad
alo produera
Chrorie una disordens ma
sickling n tie HbS trait
Hbs gires protecisn agaunst malana
protecisn
+

C Hamgglobin E: varuand
Hemgglebia
Re gnd most pravalent 2b Glutamie ad
due to raplatant fB-
* t ib
by Lgsine . Soutt -tat de
n orientals
Seen
avalart in West Beg
o The Vasuant is vey

comylately agmptomatic
similan molility cts of A2 on
HbE has
edectopaew
lHemoglobin Desivatives :
Oxy- Hb ’ Dak Rad * Normaly tee con certration
deoxy - Hb s < S7 te total HI
daoxy - Hb ’ Puple
mat - Hb ’ Dak Brown
Co- Hb ’ cheå RedCyan osis cws
Suls - Hb ’ Grean

La CanboxyHemglobs Caabon Managy HA) ’ co-Hb

Hb bind wita Canbon - Monoxide Cco) to dor m
'boxy - Hb.
* The afints o co to Hb is 2oo times more Han oxUgn
Traraport
Casoon monoxide Poisoung
occupational hazand fopworksb in
co poj sonng s a major
Space i tu
n cosed
BreatRurg tre auto mobile exhawst
Commorest cawse o co poisonug
Öne cigoratte ibenates lo- 20 ml co into Lung.
Clinica Manteation:
o Clinical symptom maisest hen Gaboxy-H larels
excesd 20 i

* Haadache
* Vomibirg
* Paiun in te chst
At 40-6o satusaton , deati can neswtt.