Solution

REVISION

Class 10 - Social Science

Section A
1. (a) 2.5
Explanation: 96.5 percent of the total volume of world’s water is estimated to exist as oceans and only 2.5 percent as
freshwater.
2.
(b) hydel power production and irrigation
Explanation: For example, in the Sutluj-Beas river basin, the Bhakra - Nangal project water is being used both for hydel
power production and irrigation. Similarly, the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with
flood control.

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3. (a) Narmada

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Explanation: The Sardar Sarovar Dam is on the Narmada river near Navagam, Gujarat in India. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,

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Maharashtra, and Rajasthan are the four important states in India which receive water and electricity supply from the dam. This
project was laid out by Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru on April 5, 1961. The project took form in 1979 as a part of a

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development scheme to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity.
4.
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(b) groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs
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Explanation: If you look into the housing societies or colonies in the cities, you would find that most of these have their own

5.
(d) Karnataka
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groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs.
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Explanation: Karnataka
6.
(c) low rainfall or those that are drought-prone
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Explanation: The moment we speak of water shortages, we immediately associate it with regions having low rainfall or those
that are drought-prone.
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7.
(c) to achieve the purposes
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Explanation: Most of the objections to the projects arose due to their failure to achieve the purposes for which they were built.
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Ironically, the dams that were constructed to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir.
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8.
(c) the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation.
Explanation: True, the availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and
annual precipitation.
9.
(c) over- exploitation
Explanation: water scarcity in most cases is caused by over-exploitation, excessive use, and unequal access to water among
different social groups.
10.
(c) 2025
Explanation: By 2025, it is predicted that large parts of India will join countries or regions having absolute water scarcity.
11. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Dams were traditionally built to impound rivers and rainwater that could be used later to irrigate agricultural
fields. They also help in various activities like electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial use, flood
control, recreation, and fish breeding, etc. Thus, the reason justifies the assertion.

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12. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Irrigation has also changed the cropping pattern of many regions with farmers shifting to water-intensive and
commercial crops. Farmers of places having less water availability prefer commercial crops. This has great ecological
consequences like salinisation of the soil. Both the statements are correct and justified.
13.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya. It is interesting because
Cherapunjee and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55 km from Shillong receive the highest rainfall in the world, yet the
state capital Shillong faces an acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city has a rooftop rainwater harvesting
structure. Nearly 15-25 percent of the total water requirement of the household comes from rooftop water harvesting.
14.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Multi-purpose projects include dam which helps us in conserving and managing water. Floods occur due to
excessive rainfall. Building dams in most of our river basins helps in controlling floods as it helps in storing and regulating

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water resources. From ancient times we have been constructing sophisticated hydraulic structures like dams built of stone
rubble, reservoirs or lakes, embankments, and canals to conserve water for irrigation.

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Thus, both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
15. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

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Explanation: Groundwater is a highly overused resource as it is used for domestic purposes and drinking purposes. The huge

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population mainly depends upon the groundwater for basic requirements as most of the housing societies or colonies in the
cities have their own groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs. Groundwater is being overexploited and has
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caused depletion in several of these cities.

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So, both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
16.
(c) A is true but R is false.
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Explanation: Water scarcity may be an outcome of a large and growing population and consequent greater demands for water
and unequal access to it. A large population requires more water not only for domestic use but also to produce more food as
irrigation is not a major contributor. Thus, A is true but R is false.
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(c) A is true but R is false.

Explanation: Irrigation is considered to be the major source of agriculture because it increases production. The major sources
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of irrigation are canals, tanks, wells, and tubes, and dams. Dams are built not just for irrigation but for electricity generation,
water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation, and fish breeding.
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So, A is true but R is false.

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18.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: A is true but R is false because water is stored mostly in regions having low rainfall or those that are drought-
prone. The availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual
precipitation, but water scarcity in most cases is caused by over-exploitation, excessive use, and unequal access to water among
different social groups.
19.
(d) The picture shows a hole through which rainwater flows down into an underground tanka.
Explanation: Rooftop harvesting was common across the towns and villages of the Thar. Rainwater that falls on the sloping
roofs of houses is taken through a pipe into an underground tanka (circular holes in the ground). built in the main house or in
the courtyard. The picture above shows water being taken from a neighbour’s roof through a long pipe. Here the neighbour’s
rooftop has been used for collection of rainwater. The picture shows a hole through which rainwater flows down into an
underground tanka.
20.
(b) Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting
Explanation: Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting done and recharge through Hand Pump

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21.
(b) Hirakud dam
Explanation: The given picture is of Hirakud Dam built across the Mahanadi River
22.
(c) Bamboo Drip Irrigation System
Explanation: In Meghalaya, a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipes, is prevalent.
About 18-20 litres of water enters the bamboo pipe system, gets transported over hundreds of metres, and finally reduces to 20-
80 drops per minute at the site of the plant.
23.
(c) Kuls
Explanation: A kul leads to a circular village tank, as the above in the Kaza village, from which water is released as and when
required
24. (a) - (iii), (b) - (i), (c) - (iv), (d) - (ii)
25. (a) - (ii), (b) - (iii), (c) - (iv), (d) - (i)

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26. (a) - (iii), (b) - (iv), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)
27. (a) - (iv), (b) - (i), (c) - (ii), (d) - (iii)

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28. (a) - (iv), (b) - (iii), (c) - (i), (d) - (ii)
29. Antarctica and Greenland are the two places. Nearly 70 per cent of this freshwater occurs as ice sheets and glaciers in Antarctica,
Greenland.

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30. The bamboo-drip irrigation system is prevalent in Meghalaya.
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31. By the method of bamboo drip irrigation in Meghalaya, the spring water reaches the fields. Since olden times, traditional farmers
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of Meghalaya have been utilizing an indigenous method of the bamboo drip irrigation system to water their plantation crops.

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32. In the 14th Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area.
33. Nagarjuna Sagar dam is built on river Krishna.
Section B
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34. i. Rajasthan (Bikaner, Phalodi and Banner districts)

ii. Meghalaya
iii. Himachal Pradesh (Kaza village)
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35. The locations of dams are marked below

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36.
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37. Hydraulic Structure in Ancient India. In the first century B.C. During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams lakes and irrigation
systems were extensively built. Evidence of sophisticated irrigation works has also been found in Kalinga, Nagarjuna Konda,
Bennur, Kohlapur etc.
Three examples of hydraulic structures of ancient India are as under:
a. The tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by lltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area in the 14th century.
b. During the times of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.
c. Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of that time, was built in the 11th century.
38. Rooftop rainwater harvesting involves a number of steps as under:
a. The first step is to determine how much water would be generated from your roof area. Average monsoon rainfall is used for
this purpose.
b. Rooftop rainwater is collected using a PVC pipe.
c. Water is filtered by using sand and bricks.

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 d. Water is taken to the sump through underground pipes for immediate use.
e. Excess water is taken from the sump to the well.
f. Water in the well recharges the underground water.
g. Water is taken from the wells or is recharged through hand pumps.
39. Water scarcity in India is increading due to following reasons-
A. There is a rapid growth of population.
B. Area is rising under agriculture and there is a rise in the demand of food and cash crops.
C. Water resources are being exploited to expand irrigated areas in dry seasons.
D. Due to excessive industrialization.
40. A. The dams have created conflicts between people wanting different uses and benefits from the same water resources.
B. Inter-state water disputes are becoming common with regard to sharing the costs and benefits of the projects.
C. The landowners, the rich farmers. Industrialists and urban centers are benefitting at the cost of local communities.
41. Bamboo Drip Irrigation system is a 200 years old system of tapping stream and spring water by using bamboo pipe and
transporting water from higher to lower regions through gravity. Bamboo drip irrigation system is practiced in Meghalaya.

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Features:

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a. 18-20 liters of water enters the bamboo pipe system, get transported over hundreds of meters and finally reduces to 20-80

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drops per minute at the site of the plant.
b. The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipe positions. The channel sections, made of bamboo,
divert water to the plant site where it is distributed into branches.

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42. Water is a very important and critical resource in India because:
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i. Water resources are a significant part of the ecological cycle, which enables the existence of all living beings on the earth.

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ii. Water resources help to carry out several agricultural and agriculture-related activities, thus playing a major role in the
development of agricultural production.
iii. The erratic rainfall has added to its critical nature.
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iv. Water is needed not only for a domestic purpose but also for agriculture, industries, power generation, navigation and disposal
of municipal sewage.
v. It also contributes significantly to the development of the industry as it supplies water to various water-based industries and
electricity to several industries.
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43. A. The dams did create conflicts between people wanting different uses and benefits from the same water resources.
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B. In Gujarat, the Sabarmati-basin farmers were agitated and almost caused a riot when the higher priority was given to water
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supply in the urban areas, particularly during droughts.

44. i. Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the
bottom of the reservoir.
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ii. It leads to rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers’ aquatic life.
iii. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquati fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.
iv. The reservoirs that are created on the floodplains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition
over a period of time.
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45. Many of our cities are such examples. Thus, water scarcity may be an outcome of a large and growing population and consequent
greater demands for water and unequal access to it.
For examples:
i. After a heavy downpour, a boy collects drinking water in Kolkata.
ii. A Kashmiri earthquake survivor carries water in the snow in a devastated village.
iii. We instantaneously visualise the deserts of Rajasthan and women balancing many ‘Matkas’ (earthen pots) used for collecting
and storing water and travelling long distances to get water.
46. Conservation and management of our water resources are essential due to the following reasons:
i. To ensure food security so that irrigation for agricultural crops can take place.
ii. Failing to conserve water can eventually lead to a lack of an adequate water supply, which can have drastic consequences.
These include rising costs, reduced food supplies, health hazards and political conflict.
iii. To control the over-exploitation of water resources so that their depletion can be prevented.
Section D

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47. A. India receives 114 cm rainfall annually and it is far less than Israel, which receives only 25 cm rainfall annually.
B. Israel does not face the problem of water scarcity, but our country is facing this problem every year. The reason is that we are
unable to manage and conserve rainwater.
C. The availability of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual
precipitation, but water scarcity is most cases is caused by over exploitation, excessive use and unequal access to water among
different social groups.
D. Once Cherrapunji was famous because it received the highest rainfall in world. Today this area faces an acute water shortage.
This is a consequence of extensive deforestation and no efforts towards rainwater harvesting.
48. Inter-state water disputes are disagreements on the sharing of water and other resources of rivers and other water bodies among
State Governments.
After independence, demand for water had been increasing at an accelerated rate due to the rapid growth of population,
agricultural development, urbanisation, industrialisation, etc. These developments have led to several inter-state disputes about
sharing of water of these rivers. They also arise due to unresolved problems regarding sharing of the costs and benefits of multi-
purpose projects on these rivers.
Examples of such disputes are:

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i. The Kaveri river water dispute is among Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Puducherry.

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ii. The Godavari river water dispute between Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Karnataka.

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iii. The Krishna water dispute between Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
iv. The Ravi - Beas rivers water dispute is between Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jammu and Kashmir and

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Delhi.

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v. The Yamuna river water dispute between Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and
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Delhi.

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49. Keeping in view the disadvantages and rising resistance against the multi-purpose projects, water harvesting system is considered
a viable alternative both socio-economically and environmentally.
i. In ancient India also along with the sophisticated hydraulic structures, there existed an extraordinary tradition of various water
harvesting systems.
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ii. People adopted different techniques in different areas. In hilly regions, people built diversion channels like the 'Guls' or 'Kuls'
for agriculture.
iii. Roof-top rain-water harvesting was commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan. In the flood plains
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of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. Khadins, Johads, and Tanks are the forms of rain-
water harvesting practiced in Rajasthan.
Further water harvesting is a very cheap and affordable method of conservation of water. Indian people have in-depth knowledge
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of rainfall regime and soil type. Rainwater harvesting techniques are more environmental friendly as compare to multipurpose
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river projects.
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Therefore, the water harvesting system is considered a viable alternative both socio-economically and environmentally.
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50. The advantages of multi-purpose river projects are as follows:

a. Water can be stored in the form of reservoirs, which can be used for irrigation purposes.
b. They control or eliminate floods.
c. They help in the generation of electricity which is very much important for the development of the industry.
d. They can improve transportation as part of a canal system.
e. They are excellent for fish breeding and other aquatic species.
f. They also help in inland navigation. Such projects can create navigation facility in the country by developing ferrying services
for transportation, raise fleet capacity and thereby can reduce the traffic load on rail and road transport.
g. The water can be used for domestic and industrial purpose.
h. Multi-purpose projects can also facilitate to develop recreation facilities in the form of picnic resorts, holiday resorts etc.
which are having much commercial viability nowadays.
The disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects are as follows:
i. They cause large-scale displacement of local communities and submergence of trees and vegetation.
ii. Regulating and damming of rivers affect their natural flow, causing excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoirs,
adding to the problem of land degradation.
iii. Dams fragment rivers, making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate.
iv. Dams were constructed to control floods but they have triggered floods, devastating life and property and causing soil erosion.

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 v. Big dams have been unsuccessful in controlling floods at the time of excessive rainfall.
vi. They have induced earthquakes, caused waterborne diseases and pollution due to excessive use of water.
51. A. Rooftop rainwater is collected through a pipe into the underground tanks. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is practiced in
Shillong and Meghalaya where nearly 15 to 25 percent of actual water requirement is met from rooftop water harvesting.
B. In Many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is successfully adopted to conserve and store water.
C. In Gandathur a village in Karnataka and nearly 200 households has installed this system. From 20 houses, the net amount of
rainwater harvested amounts to 1,00,000 liters annually.
D. In Meghalaya, Bamboo drip is practiced to transport stream and spring water by using Bamboo pipes.
E. Several low cost techniques are now available to recharge groundwater and harvest the rainwater like, construction of
proclamation ponds, refilling of dug wells and collection of rainwater and storing it in tanks or ground.
52. The conservation and proper management of water is necessary because of the following reasons:
i. Growing population: As the population is growing its need for water is also growing, so it is necessary to manage the
availability of water properly. Large growing population causes greater demand of water and unequal access of people to
water resources. Greater demand means demand for food and a rise in food grain production needs more water.

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ii. Increasing Urbanization: More and more people are moving to cities where the need for water is growing. On the other
hand, cities are over-exploiting and polluting water resources, so there is a need to conserve water.

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iii. Due to industrialization: Due to extensive industrialization also, water is being over-exploited. In the industry for various
purposes, water is heavily used. To run industries, power is required and 22% of it comes from hydroelectricity. So, without
proper conservation, it would be difficult to survive.

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53. Multipurpose river valley projects are meant to tackle various problems associated with river valleys in an integrated manner.
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Following are the objectives of Multi-purpose river valley projects:
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A. To control floods.

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B. Check soil erosion.
C. Generate electricity
D. Provide inland navigation
E. Encourage tourism and recreation
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F. Conservation of water.
54. We know that three-fourth of the earth’s surface is covered with water, but only a small proportion of its accounts for freshwater
that can be put to use. This freshwater mainly obtained from surface run off and ground water that is continually being renewed
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and recharged through the hydrological cycle ensuring that water is a renewable resource. 96.5 percent of the total volume of
world’s water is estimated to exist in oceans and only 2.5 per cent as fresh water. Nearly 70% of this fresh water occurs as ice
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sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Greenland and the mountainous regions of the world, while a little less than 30 percent is stored
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as groundwater in world’s aquifers.

55. In ancient India there existed the sophisticated hydraulic structures. In the first century B.C., Sringaverapura near Allahabad had
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sophisticated water harvesting system channeling the flood water of the river Ganga. During the time of Chandragupta Maurya,
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dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built. Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in
Kalinga (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka), Kohlapur (maharashtra), etc. In the eleventh century,
Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time was built. In the fourteenth century the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was
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constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort Area.

56. Five measures adopted for the conservation of water resources are:
a. Construction of multipurpose projects and canals.
b. Solving river water disputes quickly.
c. Ground and surface waters are connected and overuse of groundwater can reduce and, in extreme examples, diminish the
water supply of lakes, rivers, and streams. Sustainable use of groundwater is essential in water conservation.
d. Contamination of groundwater decreases the replenishment of available freshwater so taking preventative measures by
protecting groundwater resources from contamination is an important aspect of water conservation
e. Rainwater harvesting and watershed development. Digging ponds, lakes, canals, expanding the water reservoir, and installing
rainwater catching ducts and filtration systems on homes are different methods of harvesting rainwater.

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