MA5158 ENGINEERING

MATHEMATICS-I
Unit V MULTIPLE INTEGRALS/

MA6151 Mathematics-I
Modules VII & VIII (RUSA)

Faculty, Department of Mathematics

Anna University, Chennai
 Section 4 – Change of Variables

• Change of Variables in Double Integrals

• Change of Variables in Triple Integrals
• Examples
• Practice Problems and MCQs

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 Change of Variables in Double Integral

Consider the integral 𝐼 = ‫𝑥 𝑓 𝑅׭‬, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 . Let the

𝑋𝑌
variables 𝑥, 𝑦 be changed to the new variables 𝑢, 𝑣 by the
transformation 𝑥 = 𝜙 𝑢, 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝜓 𝑢, 𝑣 where 𝜙 𝑢, 𝑣 and
𝜓 𝑢, 𝑣 are continuous and have continuous first order
derivatives in some region 𝑅′𝑈𝑉 in the UV – plane,
corresponding to the region 𝑅𝑋𝑌 in the XY – plane.

Then
ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ඵ 𝑓 𝜙 𝑢, 𝑣 . 𝜓 𝑢, 𝑣 𝐽 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
𝑅𝑋𝑌 𝑅′ 𝑈𝑉
𝜕 𝑥,𝑦
where 𝐽 = ≠ 0, the Jacobian of transformation from
𝜕 𝑢,𝑣
𝑥, 𝑦 to 𝑢, 𝑣 co-ordinates.
3
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Particular Case: The Cartesian co – ordinates
𝑥, 𝑦 are changed to the polar co-ordinates 𝑟, 𝜃
by the transformation 𝑥 = 𝑟cos𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜃, here
𝜕 𝑥,𝑦
𝐽= = 𝑟.
𝜕 𝑟,𝜃

∴ ඵ 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ඵ 𝑓 𝑟cos𝜃, 𝑟sin𝜃 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

𝑅𝑋𝑌 𝑅′𝑟,𝜃

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 Examples
2
Example 1: Evaluate ‫ 𝑥 𝑅׭‬+ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 where R is
the parallelogram in the xy – plane with vertices
1,0 , 3,1 , 2,2 , 0,1 using the transformation
𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 and 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦.
Solution:
The given transformation is
𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 ;

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 ⇒𝑦 =𝑢−𝑥
∴ 𝑣 =𝑥−2 𝑢−𝑥
= 𝑥 − 2𝑢 + 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑣 = 3𝑥 − 2𝑢
⇒ 𝑣 + 2𝑢 = 3𝑥
1
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑣 + 2𝑢
3
1 1
∴ 𝑥 = 2𝑢 + 𝑣 , 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑣
3 3
The region of integration in the XY – plane is
𝑅𝑋𝑌 : the parallelogram ABCD with vertices
𝐴 1,0 , 𝐵 3,1 , 𝐶 2,2 , 𝐷 0,1 .

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To find the region 𝑅′ 𝑈𝑉 in the UV – plane :

Vertices in 𝑅𝑋𝑌 and their images in the UV – plane

by the transformation 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 , 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 are:
𝑢=𝑥+𝑦
A 1,0 → 𝐴′ 1,1
𝑣=𝑥−2𝑦

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 𝑢=𝑥+𝑦
B 3,1 → 3 + 1,3 − 2 = 𝐵′ 4,1
𝑣=𝑥−2𝑦

𝑢=𝑥+𝑦
C 2,2 → 2 + 2, 2 − 4 = 𝐶 ′ 4, −2
𝑣=𝑥−2𝑦

𝑢=𝑥+𝑦
D 0,1 → 1,0 − 2 = 𝐷′ 1, −2
𝑣=𝑥−2𝑦

Since 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 , 𝑣 = 𝑥 − 2𝑦 are linear transformations

straight lines are mapped onto straight lines. ∴ The
region 𝑅′𝑈𝑉 is as in the figure:
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Image is a square bounded by
𝑢 = 1, 𝑢 = 4, 𝑣 = 1, 𝑣 = −2.
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 𝜕 𝑥, 𝑦 1
𝐽= =
𝜕 𝑢, 𝑣 𝑢, 𝑣
𝐽
𝑥, 𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝑢,𝑣 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 1 1
Now 𝐽 = 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
= = −3 ≠ 0
𝑥,𝑦 1 −2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑥, 𝑦 1 1
∴𝐽 =− ⇒ 𝐽 =
𝑢, 𝑣 3 3
Thus the given integral is
2 2
1
𝐼 = ඵ(𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ඵ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
3
𝑅𝑋𝑌 𝑅′𝑈𝑉

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Over 𝑹′ 𝑼𝑽 , 𝑢 limits are 𝑢 = 1, 𝑢 = 4;
𝑣 limits are 𝑣 = −2, 𝑣 = 1

1
1
4 4
1 1 𝑢 3
2
𝐼 = ඳ න 𝑢 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣 = ඲ 𝑑𝑣
3 3 3 1
1
−2
−2
1
11 3 63
= 4 − 1 න 𝑑𝑣 = 1+2
33 9
−2
∴ I = 21

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Example 2: By using the transformation 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
1
1−𝑥 𝑦
1
𝑢, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, show that ඲ න 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒−1 .
2
0
0
Solution: The given integral is
1
1−𝑥
𝑦
𝐼=ඳන 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
0
0
𝑦 limits : 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 (⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1)
𝑥 limits : 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1
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Strictly for University Departments only 13
The region of integration is the triangle OAB with
vertices 𝑂 0,0 , 𝐴 1,0 , 𝐵 0,1 .
The given transformation is 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑢, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣

Note that since 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, this is not a linear

transformation.

To find the region 𝑹′ 𝑼𝑽 in the UV – plane :

We find the image of the boundary curves for 𝑅𝑋𝑌 .

𝑢=𝑥+𝑦
𝐿1 : 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑢𝑣 = 0 ⇒ either 𝑢 = 0 or 𝑣 = 0
𝑦=𝑢𝑣
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 𝑢=𝑥+𝑦
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 → 𝑢=1
𝑦=𝑢𝑣

𝑢=𝑥+𝑦
𝐿3 : 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑢 = 𝑦 or 𝑣 = 1
𝑦=𝑢𝑣

∴ Image of 𝑅𝑋𝑌 in the UV – plane is :

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Now 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑣 and 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣 .

𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑥, 𝑦 1−𝑣 −𝑢
𝐽 = 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 =
𝑢, 𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑣 𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣

= 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑣 + 𝑣𝑢 = 𝑢

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 𝑦 𝑢𝑣
∴ 𝐼= ඵ 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ඵ 𝑒𝑢 𝐽 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
𝑅𝑋𝑌 𝑅′𝑈𝑉
1
1 1 1

= ඳ න 𝑒 𝑣 𝑢𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = න 𝑒 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 න 𝑢𝑑𝑢
0 0 0
0
2 1
𝑢 1
= 𝑒 𝑣 10= 𝑒−1 = 𝑒−1
2 0 2
1
∴ 𝐼 = 𝑒−1
2
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Example 3: Evaluate‫ 𝑦𝑥 𝐷׭‬1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 where
D is the region bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0 &
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 using the transformation
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑢, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣.

Solution:
The given integral is ‫ 𝑦𝑥 𝐷׭‬1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

𝑦 limits : 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 (⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1)
𝑥 limits : 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥=1

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Strictly for University Departments only 19
The region of integration is the triangle OAB with
vertices 𝑂 0,0 , 𝐴 1,0 , 𝐵 0,1 . The given
transformation is 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑢, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣
Note that since 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, this is not a linear
transformation.

To find the region 𝑹′ 𝑼𝑽 in the UV – plane :

𝑢=𝑥+𝑦
𝐿1 : 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑢𝑣 = 0 ⇒ either 𝑢 = 0 or 𝑣 = 0
𝑦=𝑢𝑣
𝑢=𝑥+𝑦
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1 → 𝑢=1
𝑦=𝑢𝑣
𝑢=𝑥+𝑦
𝐿3 : 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑢 = 𝑦 or 𝑣 = 1
𝑦=𝑢𝑣

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20
∴ Image of 𝑅𝑋𝑌 in the UV – plane is
shown as follows

21
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Now 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑦 = 𝑢 − 𝑢𝑣 and 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 1 − 𝑣 −𝑢
𝐽 = = =𝑢
𝑢, 𝑣 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑣 𝑢
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
∴ 𝐼 = ‫ 𝑦𝑥 𝑅׭‬1 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑋𝑌
1 1

= න න 𝑢 1 − 𝑣 𝑢𝑣 1 − 𝑢 𝐽 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
0 0
1 1

= න න 𝑢 1 − 𝑣 𝑢𝑣 1 − 𝑢 𝑢 𝑑𝑢𝑑𝑣
0 0 Strictly for University Departments only 22
 1 1

= න 𝑢3 1 − 𝑢𝑑𝑢. න 𝑣 1 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
0 0
Taking 1 − 𝑢 = 𝑡 ⇒ −𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑡;
when 𝑢 = 0, 𝑡 = 1; when 𝑢 = 1, 𝑡 = 0.
0 3 1
𝐼= ‫׬‬1 1−𝑡 𝑡 −𝑑𝑡 . ‫׬‬0 𝑣 1 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
1 1

=න 1−𝑡 3 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 . න 𝑣 − 𝑣 2
0 0
1 1
1 𝑣2 𝑣 3
= න 1 − 𝑡 3 − 3𝑡 + 3𝑡 2 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡. −
2 3 0
0
Strictly for University Departments only 23
 1
1 7 3 5 1 1
=න 𝑡2 − 𝑡2 − 3𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 −
2 3
0

1 7 3 5 1
𝑡 2+1 𝑡 2+1 3𝑡 2+1 3𝑡 2+1 1
= − − +
1 7 3 5 3
2
+1 2+1 2
+1
2
+1
0

1 1 3 3 1
= − − +
3 9 5 7 3
2 2 2 2
2 2 6 6 1 32
= − − + =
3 9 5 7 3 945
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Cartesian to Polar Co – ordinates
Example 4: Evaluate the following integral by
changing to polar co – ordinates
𝑎
𝑎2 −𝑥 2
න ‫׬‬0 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
0
Solution: The given limits are
𝑦 limits : 𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 (⇒ 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 )
𝑥 limits: 𝑥 = 0; 𝑥 = 𝑎
∴ The region of integration is the part of the circle
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 in the first quadrant.

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25
Let 𝑥 = 𝑟cos𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜃.

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To cover this region , 𝑟 should vary from 0 to 𝑎 &
𝜋
𝜃 should vary from 0 to .
2

∴ 𝐼 = ඵ 𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝐽 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

𝑅′𝑟,𝜃
𝜕 𝑥, 𝑦
we know that 𝐽 = =𝑟
𝜕(𝑟, 𝜃)

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 𝜋
2
𝑎

∴ 𝐼 = ඳ න 𝑟 2 . 𝑟𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0
0
𝜋
𝑎 2
4 𝑎 𝜋
= න 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟 න 𝑑𝜃 𝑟 2
= 𝜃 0
0 0 4 0

𝑎4 𝜋 𝜋𝑎4
𝐼= . =
4 2 8

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 𝑎
𝑎
𝑥2
Example 5 : ඲ න 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑦
0
Solution:

Let 𝑥 = 𝑟cos𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜃.

Given limits are

𝑥 limits: 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑥=𝑎
𝑦 limits: 𝑦 = 0 𝑦=𝑎

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The region of integration is the shaded portion under the
transformation 𝑥 = 𝑟cos𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜃.

The straight line 𝑥 = 𝑦 becomes 𝑟cos𝜃 = 𝑟sin𝜃

𝜋
or tan𝜃 = 1 ⇒ 𝜃 = . The line 𝑥 = 𝑎 becomes
4
𝑟cos𝜃 = 𝑎 or 𝑟 = 𝑎sec𝜃. ∴ To cover this region,
𝑟 varies from 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = 𝑎sec𝜃. 𝜃 varies from
𝜋
𝜃 = 0 to 𝜃 = .
4 Strictly for University Departments only 30
 𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃 𝑥,𝑦
𝐼 = ‫𝑅׭‬′ 𝐽 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃, 𝐽 = =𝑟
𝑟,𝜃 𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃+𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 𝑟,𝜃
𝜋
4
𝑎sec𝜃
𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃
∴ 𝐼=ඳ ඲ . 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑟
0 𝜋
0
4
3 𝑎sec𝜃
𝑟
=඲ . cos2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
3 0
0
𝜋
4
1
= න 𝑎3 sec 3 𝜃cos 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
3
0

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 𝜋
3 4
𝑎
= න sec𝜃 𝑑𝜃
3
0
𝜋
𝑎3 4
= ln sec𝜃 + tan𝜃 0
3
𝑎3
𝐼= ln 2 + 1 − ln 1
3
𝑎3
= ln 2 + 1 .
3

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 ∞
∞
− 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Example 6: Evaluate න ධ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 by
0
0
changing into polar co – ordinates . Hence show that
∞
−𝑥 2 𝜋
න 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = .
2
0

Solution: The given limits are

𝑥 limits: 𝑥 = 0 𝑥=∞
𝑦 limits: 𝑦 = 0 𝑦=∞
∴ The region of integration is the first quadrant.

Let 𝑥 = 𝑟cos𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜃.

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To cover this region r varies from 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = ∞.
𝜋
𝜃 varies from 𝜃 = 0 to 𝜃 = .
2
𝜋
2 ∞
−𝑟 2
𝐼=න ධ 𝑒 𝐽 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
0
0
𝑥,𝑦
Here 𝐽 = 𝐽 =𝑟 =/2
𝑟,𝜃
𝜋
2 ∞
−𝑟 2
∴ 𝐼=න ධ 𝑒 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃. =0
0
0
Let 𝑟 2 = 𝑡 ⇒ 2𝑟𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑡 ;
𝑟 varies from 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = ∞ ;
𝑡 varies from 𝑡 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑡 = ∞.
Strictly for University Departments only 34
 𝜋 𝜋
∞ −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1 2 ∞
𝐼= 2
ධ ‫׬‬0 𝑒 𝑑𝜃 = −𝑒 −𝑡
‫׬‬ 0 𝑑𝜃
0 2 2 0
1 𝜋 𝜋
= . = . → 1
2 2 4
∞
∞ 2 +𝑦 2 ∞ 2 ∞ 2
𝐼= න ධ 𝑒 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ධ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ධ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0 0 0
0
∞ 2 ∞ ∞
−𝑥 2 𝜋 −𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
= න 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ; ∵න 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑒 𝑑𝑦
4
0 0 0
∞
−𝑥 2
𝜋 𝜋
∴ න𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = = .
4 2
0

Strictly for University Departments only 35

Example 7 : Transform the equation to Cartesian form and
𝜋 𝑎
hence evaluate ධ ‫׬‬0 𝑟 3 sin𝜃cos𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃.
0
Solution: 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 = 𝜋 ; 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = 𝑎
−1
𝑦
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑟 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝜃 = tan
𝑥
2 2
𝑦
∴ 𝑟 =𝑥 +𝑦 tan𝜃 =
𝑥
𝑟 cos𝜃 = 𝑥 & 𝑟 sin𝜃 = 𝑦
𝑟, 𝜃 1 1 1
∴ 𝐽 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = =
𝑥, 𝑦 𝐽 𝑟 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑟, 𝜃

36
Strictly for University Departments only
The region is the part of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 in the upper
half plane.

To find the x, y limits: Suppose we integrate with respect to y

first, along a vertical strip PQ where P lies on 𝑦 = 0, Q
lies on 𝑦 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 . 𝑥 varies from 𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 𝑎.

37
Strictly for University Departments only
 𝑎
𝑎2 −𝑥 2
write 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
1
𝐼= ඳ 𝑟sin𝜃. 𝑟cos𝜃. 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 here 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
𝑟
= 𝐽 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
0
−𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑎2 −𝑥 2
= න ‫׬‬0 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 =න ‫׬‬0 𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑑𝑥
−𝑎 −𝑎

𝑎
𝑎2 −𝑥 2
𝑦2 1 𝑎
=඲ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬−𝑎 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
2 0 2
−𝑎
as 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 is an odd function.

Strictly for University Departments only 38

Change of Variables in Triple Integrals
Change of Co-ordinate systems:

(i) Rectangular Co-ordinates to Spherical Polar

Co-ordinates (that is 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑡𝑜 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 ):

𝑥 = 𝑟sin𝜃cos𝜙
Let 𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜃sin𝜙
𝑧 = 𝑟cos𝜃

so that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2
𝜕 𝑥,𝑦,𝑧
We know that 𝐽 = = 𝑟 2 sin𝜃
𝜕 𝑟,𝜃,𝜙
Strictly for University Departments only 39
 ම 𝑓 𝑟sin𝜃cos𝜙, 𝑟sin𝜃sin𝜙, 𝑟cos𝜃 𝑟 2 sin𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
𝑅′𝑟,𝜃,𝜙

Note : To cover the entire sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2

𝑟 varies from 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = 𝑎
𝜃 varies from 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 = 𝜋
𝜙 varies from 𝜙 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜙 = 2𝜋

Strictly for University Departments only 40

(ii) Changing Cartesian co – ordinates 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 to
cylindrical co – ordinates 𝝆, 𝝓, 𝒛 :

𝑥 = 𝜌 cos𝜙
Let 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin𝜙 so that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝜌2 .
𝑧=𝑧
𝑥,𝑦,𝑧
We know that 𝐽 =𝜌
𝜌,𝜙,𝑧

∴ ම 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑅𝑥𝑦𝑧

= ම 𝑓 𝜌cos𝜙, 𝜌sin𝜙 𝜌𝑑𝜌𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧

𝑅′𝜌,𝜙,𝑧
Strictly for University Departments only 41
Example 8: Find the volume of the sphere 𝑥 2 +
𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 , by changing into spherical polar co –
ordinates.

Solution: First Let us change the rectangular

co – ordinates 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 into spherical polar co –
ordinates𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙 as

𝑥 = 𝑟sin𝜃cos𝜙
𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜃sin𝜙
𝑧 = 𝑟cos𝜃

So that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2

Strictly for University Departments only 42

Volume of the Sphere = 8 × volume of the sphere
in the positive octant .
r varies from 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = 𝑎
𝜋
𝜃 varies from 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃=
2
𝜋
𝜙 varies from 𝜙 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜙=
2
𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
∴ 𝐽 = 𝑟 2 sin𝜃
𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙

Strictly for University Departments only 43

∴ Volume of the sphere = ම 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑅:𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 ≤𝑎2
𝜋
𝜋
2 𝑎 2
2
= 8න ධ ‫׬‬0 𝑟 sin𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
0
0
𝜋
2 𝜋
𝑎
= 8 ‫׬‬0 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 න sin𝜃𝑑𝜃 ‫׬‬0 𝑑𝜙 2
0
𝑎 𝜋
𝑟3 𝜋 8 3 𝜋 4
=8 −cos𝜃 2
0. 2 = 𝑎 . .1 = 𝜋𝑎3
3 0 3 2 3

Strictly for University Departments only 44

Example 9: Evaluate the integral through the
volume of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1 by
changing into spherical polar co – ordinates :
‫ 𝑧 ׮‬2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
Solution:
2
Given integral is ‫𝑅׮‬ :𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2 ≤1
𝑧 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
𝑋𝑌𝑍

Strictly for University Departments only 45

Change of rectangular co – ordinates 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 into
spherical polar co – ordinates 𝒓, 𝜽, 𝝓 :
𝑥 = 𝑟 sin𝜃 cos𝜙
Let 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin𝜃 sin𝜙 so that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2
𝑧 = 𝑟 cos𝜃
𝑥,𝑦,𝑧
We know that 𝐽 = 𝑟 2 sin𝜃.
𝑟,𝜃,𝜙

∴ 𝐼 = ම 𝑧 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = ම 𝑟 2 cos2 𝜃𝑟 2 sin𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙

𝑅𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝑅′𝑟,𝜃,𝜙

𝑟 varies from 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = 1;
𝜃 varies from 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 = 𝜋;
𝜙 varies from 𝜙 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜙 = 2𝜋
46
Strictly for University Departments only
 2𝜋
𝜋
1

I= ඳ න 𝑟 4 cos 2 𝜃sin𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
0
0
0
1
𝜋 2𝜋

= ඲ 𝑟 4 𝑑𝑟. න cos 2 𝜃sin𝜃𝑑𝜃. න 𝑑𝜙

0 0
0
1 𝜋
𝑟5
= . 2𝜋 න cos 2 𝜃sin𝜃 𝑑𝜃
5 0 0
𝜋
1
= . 2𝜋. න cos 2 𝜃sin𝜃𝑑𝜃
5
0

Strictly for University Departments only 47

 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = cos𝜃 ⇒ −sin𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑡

𝜃 varies from 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 = 𝜋
𝑡 varies from 𝑡 = 1 𝑡𝑜 𝑡 = −1

2𝜋 −1 2 2𝜋 1 2
𝐼= ‫𝑡 ׬‬ −𝑑𝑡 = ‫𝑡𝑑 𝑡 ׬‬
5 1 5 −1
1
4𝜋
= න 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 ∵ 𝑡 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
5
0
1
4𝜋 𝑡 3 4𝜋 4𝜋
𝐼 = = = .
5 3 0 5×3 15

Strictly for University Departments only 48

Example 10: Evaluate
1
1−𝑥 2
1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
ඳ ඲ න by changing
0 1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 −𝑧 2
0
0
into spherical polar co – ordinates.
Solution: Given 𝑧 = 0 to 𝑧 = 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2
𝑧 2 = 1 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 or 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 1;
𝑦 = 0 to 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑥 2 or 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 ;
𝑥=0 to 𝑥=1

Strictly for University Departments only 49

∴ The region of integration is the part of the sphere
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 =1 in the positive octant.
Change of rectangular co – ordinates into
spherical polar co – ordinates
𝑥 = 𝑟 sin𝜃 cos𝜙
Let 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin𝜃 sin𝜙 so that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑟 2
𝑧 = 𝑟 cos𝜃

𝑥,𝑦,𝑧
We know that 𝐽 = 𝑟 2 sin𝜃.
𝑟,𝜃,𝜙

Strictly for University Departments only 50

For the part of the sphere 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 =1 in the
positive octant, r varies from 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 =1;
𝜋
𝜃 varies from 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃= ;
2
𝜋
𝜙 varies from 𝜙 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜙= .
2

Strictly for University Departments only 51

 𝜋
2 𝜋
2 1 2
𝑟 sin𝜃𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
∴ The given integral 𝐼 = ඳ ඲ න
1−𝑟 2
0
0
0

𝜋
2 𝜋
2 1
𝑟2
= ඳ ඲ sin𝜃 න 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙
1−𝑟 2
0
0
0
𝜋 1
𝜋 2 −1+𝑟 2 +1
=
2
. −cos𝜃 0න 1−𝑟 2
𝑑r
0
1
𝜋 − 1−𝑟 2 1
= . 1. න + 𝑑𝑟
2 1−𝑟 2 1−𝑟 2
0
52
Strictly for University Departments only
 1
1
𝜋 2
𝑑𝑟
= − ඳ 1 − 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 + න
2 1 − 𝑟2
0
0

1
𝜋 𝑟 1 −1 1
= − 2
1 − 𝑟 + sin 𝑟 + sin−1 𝑟 0
2 2 2 0

𝜋 −1 −1
= sin 1 + sin−1 1
2 2

𝜋 −1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋2
= . + = . = .
2 2 2 2 2 4 8
53
Strictly for University Departments only
Example 11: Find the volume bounded by the
paraboloid 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑧, and the cylinder
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑦 and the plane 𝑧 = 0.

Solution: The given equations are

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎𝑧 → 1
and 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 2𝑎𝑦 → 2
∴ 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = ම 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑅

Strictly for University Departments only 54

To convert from Cartesian to cylindrical polar
coordinates system, we have the following
transformation:

𝑥 = 𝑟cos𝜃 𝜕 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
𝑦 = 𝑟sin𝜃 ൡ ⇒ 𝐽= =𝑟
𝜕 𝑟, 𝜃, 𝑧
𝑧=𝑧

∴ 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃𝑑𝑧

Strictly for University Departments only 55

After changing into polar co – ordinates the
equations (1) and (2) becomes

𝑟 2 = 𝑎𝑧 & 𝑟 = 2𝑎sin𝜃
Now the limits are

r varies from 𝑟 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑟 = 2𝑎sin𝜃

𝜃 varies from 𝜃 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜃 = 𝜋

𝑟2
𝜙 varies from 𝜙 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝜙 =
𝑎
Strictly for University Departments only
56
 𝜋
2𝑎sin𝜃
𝑟2
The required volume is V = ඳ ඲ ‫׬‬0 𝑟𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑎

0
0
Strictly for University Departments only 57
 𝜋
2𝑎sin𝜃
𝑟2
𝑎
=ඳ ඲ 𝑧 0 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

0
0

𝜋
2𝑎sin𝜃
1
= ඳ න 𝑟 3 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑎
0
0

𝜋 2𝑎sin𝜃

1 𝑟4
= ඲ 𝑑𝜃
𝑎 4
0 0
Strictly for University Departments only 58
 16𝑎4 𝜋 4
I= ‫׬‬ sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃
4𝑎 0
𝜋
2
3 4
= 4𝑎 × 2 × න sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃
0
3 3 1 𝜋 3𝜋𝑎3
= 8𝑎 × × × = .
4 2 2 2

Strictly for University Departments only 59

 Practice Problems
1. Evaluate by changing to polar
4𝑎
𝑦
𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
coordinates: ඲ න 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝑦 2 /4𝑎
0
2. Find the volume bounded by the xy-
plane, the cylinder 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 and the
plane 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 by changing to
cylindrical polar coordinates.
Strictly for University Departments only 60