What are the Access Modifiers in Java? What is Java Arraylist?

1. Access modifiers in Java help to restrict the scope of a 1. The ArrayList class is a resizable array, which can be
class, constructor, variable, method, or data member. found in the [Link] package.
2. Types of Access Modifiers: Default, Private, Protected 2. ArrayList<String> cars = new ArrayList<String>();
and Public. 3. Sort an arraylist: [Link](arraylist name);

What are the various types of Classes in Java? What is a Java Constructor?

1. Static, Final, Abstract, Concrete and Singleton Class. 1. A constructor in Java is a special method that is used to
initialize objects.
What is Singleton Class in Java? 2. The constructor’s name must match the class name and
1. In object-oriented programming, a singleton class is a class cannot have a return type (like void).
that can have only one object (an instance of the class) at a 3. The constructor is called when the object is created.
time. 4. Types of Constructors: Default and Parameterized.

A
Java OOPs Concepts: What is Java Super Keyword?

1. Inheritance: it is a mechanism in java by which one class 1. The super keyword refers to superclass (parent) objects.
is allowed to inherit the features (fields and methods) of 2. It is used to call superclass methods, and to access the
another class. superclass constructor.
2. Encapsulation: it is a process of wrapping code and data What is Java this Keyword?
together into a single unit, for example, a capsule which is
mixed of several medicines. The public setXXX() and 1. This keyword refers to the current object in a method or
getXXX() methods are the access points of the instance constructor.
V 3.
variables of the EncapTest class.
Abstraction: it is the process of hiding certain details and
showing only essential information to the users. In java,
abstraction is achieved by interfaces and abstract
classes.
2. The most common use of this keyword is to eliminate the
confusion between class attributes and parameters with the
same name (because a class attribute is shadowed by a
method or constructor parameter).

4. Polymorphism: it means having many forms. Using What is the Final Keyword in Java?
polymorphism, we can perform a single action in different 1. The final keyword in java is used to restrict the user. The
ways. It could be achieved by method overloading and java final keyword can be used in many contexts. The
overriding (Runtime Polymorphism). Final can be:
a. Variable: If you make any variable as final, you
JA

What is a static keyword in Java?

cannot change the value of final variable (It will
1. In Java, if we want to access class members, we must first be constant).
create an instance of the class. But there will be situations b. Method: If you make any method as final, you
where we want to access class members without creating cannot override it.
any object. c. Class: If you make any class as final, you cannot
2. In those situations, we can use the static keyword in Java. extend it.
3. The static can be:
a. Variable (also known as a class variable): if we What is Exception Handling in Java?
declare a variable static, all objects of the class 1. The Exception Handling in Java is one of the powerful
share the same static variable. mechanism to handle the runtime errors so that the normal
b. Method (also known as a class method): we can flow of the application can be maintained.
invoke static methods directly using the class 2. Java Exception Keywords:
name. a. Try: The "try" keyword is used to specify a block
c. Block: static blocks are used to initialize the static where we should place an exception code.
variables. b. Catch: The "catch" block is used to handle the
i. // static variable: static int age; exception.
ii. // static block: static {age = 23; } c. finally: The "finally" block is used to execute the
d. Nested class necessary code of the program. It is executed
What is an Array in Java? whether an exception is handled or not.

1. Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar What is the difference between Throw and Throws keywords in
data type. Java?
2. int Array = new int[20];
3. int[][] intArray = new int[10][20];
 1. Throw: Java throw keyword is used throw an exception 2. Here, keys are unique identifiers used to associate each
explicitly in the code, inside the function or the block of value on a map.
code. Throw is used within the method. 3. It allows one null for key and multiple nulls for values.
4. It uses put method to insert a new element.
2. Throws: Java throws keyword is used in the method
signature to declare an exception which might be thrown What is Hash Table?
by the function while the execution of the code. Throws is 5. It stores elements in key/value pairs, and it uses put
used with the method signature. method to insert a new element.
1. It does not allow null for key as well as for value.
What is finalize() method in Java?
What is Hash Set?
1. The finalize() method is used just before object is
destroyed and can be called just prior to object creation. 1. It does not allow duplicates.
2. It can have a single null value. It uses add method.

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What are Java Wrapper Classes? What is the difference between [Link]() and
1. Wrapper classes provide a way to use primitive data types [Link]()?
(int, boolean, etc..) as objects. 1. parseInt(): will be returning the primitive type int.
2. ArrayList<Integer> myNumbers = new 2. valueOf(): will be returning the Integer wrapper Object.
ArrayList<Integer>();
Java Program to “Sort an Array”:
Can We Override Static Method in Java? If not, Why?
1. public class Main {
1. No, we cannot override static methods because methods 2. public static void main(String[] args) {
overriding is based on dynamic binding at runtime and the 3. //define original array
V static methods are bonded using static binding at compile
time. So, we cannot override static methods.

What are collections in Java?

4.

5.
6.
int [] intArray = new int []
{52,45,32,64,12,87,78,98,23,7};
int temp = 0;
//print original array
1. The Collection in Java is a framework that provides an 7. [Link]("Original array: ");
architecture to store and manipulate the group of objects. 8. for (int i = 0; i <[Link]; i++) {
2. Java Collection means a single unit of objects. Java 9. [Link](intArray[i] + " ");
Collection framework provides many interfaces (Set, List, 10. }
Queue, Deque) and classes (ArrayList, Vector, LinkedList, 11. //Sort the array in ascending order using two for loops
JA

PriorityQueue, HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet). 12. for (int i = 0; i <[Link]; i++) {

13. for (int j = i+1; j <[Link]; j++) {
What is the difference between Collection and Collections?
14. if(intArray[i] >intArray[j]) { //swap elements if
1. Collection: It is an interface. not in order
2. Collections: It is a utility class. 15. temp = intArray[i];
16. intArray[i] = intArray[j];
What is the difference between Set and List in Java? 17. intArray[j] = temp;
18. }
1. The list implementation allows us to add the same or
19. }
duplicate elements.
20. }
2. The set implementation does not allow us to add the same
21. //print sorted array
or duplicate elements.
22. [Link]("\nArray sorted in ascending
What is Hashing in Java? order: ");
23. for (int i = 0; i <[Link]; i++) {
1. Hashing is the process of mapping the data to some 24. [Link](intArray[i] + " ");
representative integer value using the concept of hashing 25. }
algorithms. 26. }
2. In Java, a hash code is an integer value that is linked with
each object. Java Program to “Split a String”:
3. Hashing finds its data structure implementation in
1. public class SplitExample{
HashTables and HashMaps.
2. public static void main(String args[]){
What is Hash Map? 3. String s1="java string split method by javatpoint";
4. String[] words=[Link]("\\s");//splits the string based on
1. It stores elements in key/value pairs. whitespace
5. //using java foreach loop to print elements of string array
 6. for(String w:words){ 8. for(int i=0;i<size;i++) //Use to hold an element
7. [Link](w); 9. {
8. }}} 10. for(int j=i+1;j<size;j++) //Use to check for rest of
the elements
Java Program to “Reverse a String”: 11. {
1. import [Link].*; 12. if(arr[i]<arr[j]) //Compare and swap
2. import [Link]; 13. {
3. class GFG { 14. int temp=arr[i];
4. public static void main (String[] args) { 15. arr[i]=arr[j];
5. String str= "Geeks", nstr=""; 16. arr[j]=temp;
6. char ch; 17. }}}
7. [Link]("Original word: "); 18. [Link]("Largest element is
8. [Link]("Geeks"); //Example word "+arrayname[size-1]); //Display Largest
9. for (int i=0; i<[Link](); i++) 19. }}

A
10. { Java program to “Extract a word from a string”:
11. ch= [Link](i); //extracts each character
12. nstr= ch+nstr; //adds each character in front of the 1. import [Link];
existing string 2. public class string {
13. } 3. public static void main(String args[]){
14. [Link]("Reversed word: "+ nstr); 4. Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
15. }} 5. String sentence = "This is a bird";
6. [Link]("Enter a word to extract from the
Java Program to “Reverse any String”: string: ");
7. String wordToextract = [Link]();
V 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
class ReverseString {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String input = "Geeks for Geeks";
StringBuilder input1 = new StringBuilder();
8.
9.
10.
11.
if([Link](wordToextract)){
int y = [Link](wordToextract);
[Link](y);
String u = [Link](y ,
6. [Link](input); y+([Link]()));
7. [Link](); 12. [Link](u);
8. [Link](input1); }} 13. } }}

What is StringBuilder? Java Program to illustrate a Set and Iterator:

JA

1. StringBuilder in Java is a class used to create a mutable, or 1. import [Link].*;

in other words, a modifiable succession of characters. 2. public class SetDemo {
3. public static void main(String args[])
What is StringBuffer? 4. {
5. Set<String> set = new HashSet<String>();
1. The StringBuffer class is used to create mutable string. It is
6. [Link]("Welcome");
same as String class except it is mutable and thread safe.
7. [Link]("To");
What is the difference between String, StringBuilder and 8. [Link]("Geeks");
StringBuffer? 9. [Link]("4");
10. [Link]("Geeks");
1. If a string can change and will be accessed from multiple 11. [Link]("Set: " + set);
threads, use a StringBuffer because StringBuffer is 12. Iterator value = [Link]();
synchronous, so you have thread-safety. 13. [Link]("The iterator values are: ");
2. If you don’t want thread-safety than you can also go with 14. while ([Link]()) {
StringBuilder class as it is not synchronized. 15. [Link]([Link]());
16. }}}
Java Program to “Find the Largest and Second Largest
Number in a given Array”: Java program to “Find Duplicate elements in an Array”:
1. public class findElement 1. public class DuplicateElement {
2. { 2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. public static void main(String []args) 3. //Initialize array
4. { 4. int [] arr = new int [] {1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 7, 8, 8, 3};
5. int [] arrayname = new int [] {1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 7, 8, 8, 3}; 5. [Link]("Duplicate elements in given
6. int temp, size; array: ");
7. size = [Link];
 6. //Searches for duplicate element
7. for(int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {
8. for(int j = i + 1; j < [Link]; j++) {
9. if(arr[i] == arr[j])
10. [Link](arr[j]);
11. }
12. }}}

Java program to “find the duplicate characters in a string”:

1. public class DuplicateCharacters {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. String string1 = "Great responsibility";
4. int count;
5. //Converts given string into character array

A
6. char string[] = [Link]();
7. [Link]("Duplicate characters in a given
string: ");
8. //Counts each character present in the string
9. for(int i = 0; i <[Link]; i++) {
10. count = 1;
11. for(int j = i+1; j <[Link]; j++) {
12. if(string[i] == string[j] && string[i] != ' ') {
13. count++;
14. //Set string[j] to 0 to avoid printing visited
V 15.
16.
17.
character

}}
string[j] = '0';

//A character is considered as duplicate if count is

greater than 1
18. if(count > 1 && string[i] != '0')
19. [Link](string[i]);
20. }}}
17.
JA
What are the various stages of the Automation Testing Life
Cycle? How to find Xpath using “contains” keyword?
1. Deciding the scope of Test Automation 1. //input[contains(@id, “test_”]
2. Choosing the right Automation Tool 2. //div[@id=””]//a[contains(text(), “”)]
3. Plan, Design, and Strategy
4. Set-Up Test Environment How to handle static dropdown in Selenium?
5. Test Script & Execution 1. Select s = new Select([Link]([Link]("<< id
6. Examine and Maintenance Approach exp>>")));
2. [Link]("Selenium");
When Should a Test Case Be Automated? 3. [Link](1);
1. The task is going to be repeated. 4. [Link](“Testing”);
2. It’s going to save time.
3. The requirements, the test, or the task are low risk, stable, How to handle dyanamic dropdown in Selenium?
and unlikely to change often. 1. List <WebElements> Elements = [Link]
4. The test is subject to human error. ([Link] =””)
5. The test is time consuming. 2. for (WebElements e:elements) {
6. The test has significant downtime between steps. a. if ([Link](). equalsIgnoreCase (“India”) {
7. The test is repetitive. b. [Link]();
c. break }}
How to launch chrome browser in Selenium?
1. WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); What is JavaScriptExecutor in Selenium?
2. [Link]("[Link]","D:\\Chrom
eDriver\\[Link]"); 1. JavaScriptExecutor is an interface provided by Selenium
3. WebDriver is an interface. Webdriver, which presents a way to execute JavaScript
4. Why we wont prefer ChromeDriver driver = new from Webdriver.
ChromeDriver()? 2. Click using JavaScriptExecutor
a. The ChromeDriver instance which gets created a. JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)
based on above statement will be only able to driver;
invoke and act on the methods implemented by b. [Link]("[Link]('ente
ChromeDriver and supported by Chrome Browser r element id').click();");
only. 3. Enter Data using JavaScriptExecutor
a. [Link]("[Link](id').
What are the various types of Locators in Selenium? value='someValue';");
1. ID, Class Name, Name, Xpath, CSS Selector, Link Text, 4. Scroll using JavaScriptExecutor
Partial Link Text, and HTML Tag Name. a. [Link](“[Link](0,500)”);

XPath Axes for Dynamic XPath In Selenium: How to perform double click in Selenium?
1. ancestor 1. Actions act = new Actions(driver);
2. ancestor-or-self 2. WebElement ele = [Link]([Link]("XPath of
3. descendant the element"));
4. descendant-or-self 3. [Link](ele).perform();
5. preceding sibling
6. following-sibling How to click on an element which is not clickable in Selenium?
7. parent
8. child 1. WebElement element =
9. following [Link]([Link]("Login"));
10. preceding 2. Actions act = new Actions(driver);
11. Examples: 3. [Link](element).click().build().perform();
a. //label[text()='Email']/following-sibling::input[1]
How to perform SHIFT+CTRL+S in Selenium?
b. //td[text()='Maria
Anders']/preceding-sibling::td/child::input 1. Actions act = new Actions(driver);
c. //label[text()='Email']/following-sibling::input[1]/ 2. [Link]([Link]).keyDown([Link]).s
parent::div endKeys("s").build().perform();
d. //div[@class='container']/child::input[@type='text
'] How to Drag and Drop in Selenium?
e. //div[@class='container']/descendant::button
1. Actions act = new Actions(driver);
f. //div[@class='buttons']/ancestor-or-self::div
g. //label[text()='Password']/following::input[1]
 2. Action dragAndDrop = 1. TakesScreenshot scrShot =((TakesScreenshot)webdriver);
[Link](fromElement).moveToElement(toEleme 2. File SrcFile=[Link]([Link]);
nt).release(toElement).build(); 3. File DestFile=new File(fileWithPath);
3. [Link](); 4. [Link](SrcFile, DestFile);

How to handle Sliders in Selenium? How to handle multiple windows/multiple popups in Selenium?

1. WebElement Slider = 1. String parent=[Link]();

[Link]([Link]("//*[@id='slider-range']/a[1]" 2. Set<String>s=[Link]();
)); 3. Iterator<String> I1= [Link]();
2. [Link](3000); 4. while([Link]()) {
3. Actions moveSlider = new Actions(driver); 5. String child_window=[Link]();
4. Action action = [Link](Slider, 30, 6. if() {
0).build(); // 30 and 0 are coordinates. 7. [Link]().window(child_window);
5. [Link](); 8. [Link](); }}
9. [Link]().window(parent);
How to handle Checkbox and Radio Button in Selenium?

1. driver. How to Handle iFrames in Selenium?

findElement([Link]("label[for='hobbies-checkbox- 1. <iframe src = “URL”></iframe>
1']")).click(); 2. [Link]().frame(String Name);
2. Validations on Checkboxes: 3. [Link]().frame(String ID);
a. isSelected(): Checks whether a checkbox is
selected or not. How to use Log4j in Selenium?
b. isDisplayed(): Checks whether a checkbox It provides an Information about what goes over during test
displays on the web page or not. execution on every step.
c. isEnabled(): Checks whether a checkbox is 1. public class Myclass {
enabled or not. 2. static Logger log = [Link]([Link]);
3. The same methods apply to radio buttons as well and we 3. public static void main(String[] args) {
can verify them using same methods. 4. [Link]("path\\to\\[Link]"
How to print the text of all the links present on the webpage );
using Selenium? 5. [Link]("[Link]
6. [Link]("Open browserstack");
1. List<WebElement> links = 7. [Link]().window().maximize();
[Link]([Link](“a”)); 8. [Link]("Maximize window size");
2. [Link]([Link]()); 9. [Link]();
3. For(int=0;i<[Link]();i++){ 10. }}
4. String linktext = [Link](i).getText(); The above program will run an automation script, and
5. [Link](linktext);}} simultaneously create a log file at the specified location with the
name given in the [Link] file.
Types of Waits:

1. Implicit Wait (Entire Duration) What are Listeners in Selenium?

a. [Link]().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, 1. Listeners are basically the ones who have the ability to
[Link]); listen to a particular event.
2. Explicit Wait (Specific Element) 2. It is defined as an interface that modifies the behavior of
a. WebDriverWait wait = new the system.
WebDriverWait(driver,30); 3. Listeners allow customization of reports and logs.
b. [Link]([Link] 4. Methods of ITestListners: OnTestStart(),
tLocated([Link](“”))); OnTestSuccess(), OnTestFailure(), OnTestSkipped(),
3. Fluent Wait (Wait and Frequency) OnStart(), OnFinish(), etc.
a. FluentWait wait = new FluentWait(driver);
b. [Link](5000, How to refresh a page in Selenium?
[Link]); 1. [Link]().refresh();
c. [Link](250, 2. [Link](By
[Link]); textboxLocator).sendKeys(Keys.F5);
d. [Link]([Link]) 3. [Link](By
textboxLocator).sendKeys("\uE035");
How to take Screenshots in Selenium?
How to handle Alerts and Popups in Selenium?
 1. Alert alert = [Link]().alert(); // switch to alert 1. It gives the ability to produce HTML Reports of
2. [Link]().alert().dismiss(); execution.
3. [Link]().alert().accept(); 2. Annotations made testers life easy.
4. [Link]().alert().getText(); 3. Test cases can be Grouped & Prioritized more easily.
5. [Link]().alert().sendKeys("Text"); 4. Parallel testing is possible.
5. Generates Logs.
How to verify color of a web element in Selenium Webdriver? 6. Data Parameterization is possible.
1. We can verify the color of a webelement in Selenium 7. Exclusion and Inclusion of Test Cases.
webdriver using the getCssValue method and then pass
color as a parameter to it. This returnsthe color in rgba() How to run the TestNG script?
format. 1. Right-click on the class in Eclipse, click on “Run as” and
2. Next, we have to use the class Color to convert the rgba() select “TestNG test”.
format to Hex. Let us obtain the color an element
highlighted in the below image. What are the annotations used in TestNG?
3. Code: 1. Precondition annotations: These are the TestNG
a. // identify text annotations that are executed before the test.
b. WebElement t = a. @BeforeSuite, @BeforeClass, @BeforeTest,
[Link]([Link]("h1")); @BeforeMethod are the precondition annotations.
c. //obtain color in rgba 2. Test annotation: This is the annotation which is only
d. String s = [Link]("color"); mentioned before the test case (Before the method written
e. // convert rgba to hex to execute the test case).
f. String c = [Link](s).asHex(); a. @Test is the test annotation.
g. [Link]("Color is :" + s); 3. Postcondition annotation: These are the annotations that
are executed after the test case. (After the method is
What are the various types of Exceptions in Selenium? written to execute the test case).
1. #1) [Link] a. @AfterSuite, @AfterClass, @AfterTest,
2. #2) [Link] @AfterMethod are the postcondition annotations.
3. #3) [Link]
4. #4) [Link] What is the sequence of execution of the annotations in TestNG?
5. #5) [Link] 1. @BeforeSuite
6. #6) [Link] 2. @BeforeTest
7. #7) [Link] 3. @BeforeClass
8. #8) [Link] 4. @BeforeMethod
9. #9) [Link] 5. @Test
10. #10) 6. @AfterMethod
[Link] 7. @AfterClass
8. @Aftertest
How to Read Excel Files Using Apache POI in Selenium? 9. @AfterSuite
1. Download Apache POI jar file.
2. Add download jar files. How to set priorities in TestNG?
3. Create an xlsx file and save it at particular location. 1. @Test (priority=2)
4. FileInputStream fis = new
FileInputStream("D:\\[Link]"); How will you define grouping in TestNG?
5. XSSFWorkbook workbook = new XSSFWorkbook(fis); 1. @Test(groups=”title”)
6. XSSFSheet sheet = [Link](0);
7. Row row = [Link](0); What is a dependency on TestNG?
8. Cell cell = [Link](0); 1. If we want to test any application, and if the login page of
9. [Link]([Link](0).getCell(0)); the application is not working then we won’t be able to test
the rest of the scenarios.
What is TestNG in Selenium? 2. @Test(dependsOnMethods=”LoginTest”)
1. TestNG is an open-source testing framework where NG
stands for ‘Next Generation.’ What is timeOut in TestNG?
2. It is inspired from JUnit and NUnit but introducing some 1. If any method in the script takes a long time to execute,
new functionalities that make it more powerful and easier then we can terminate that method using “timeout” in
to use. TestNG.
2. @Test(timeout = 5000)
What are the advantages of TestNG?
How to disable a test in TestNG?
 1. @Test(enabled=”false”)
How to execute failed test cases in TestNG?
TestNG Parallel Execution: 1. Right click on the project and choose Refresh. On
1. <suite name = "Parallel Testing Suite"> refreshing, the tester will see a test-output.
2. <test name = "Parallel Tests" parallel = "methods"> 2. In the [Link] file, the suite name is Suite. Therefore, in
3. <classes> the above snapshot, there is a folder called Suite. Expand
4. <class name = "ParallelTest" /> that to get a file called [Link].
5. </classes> 3. Re-run [Link].
6. </test>
7. </suite> How to achieve cross browser testing using selenium?
1. Step1: Test cases can be automated using Internet
What is Soft and Hart assert in TestNG? Explorer, Firefox, Chrome, Safari browsers with the help
1. Soft Assert: if the test case fails, the execution is not of Selenium WebDriver.
terminated when we use soft assert. 2. Step 2: To execute test cases with different browsers in the
a. softAssert sassert = new softAssert(); same machine at the same time a TestNG framework can
b. [Link](); be integrated with Selenium WebDriver.
2. Hard Assert: If the hard assert fails, then none of the code 3. Step3: Write the test cases. The article features code that
gets executed after the assert statement. will test the Browserstack home page on three different
a. [Link](actual value, expected value); browsers – Chrome, Edge, and Firefox.
Defining Browser
What are the common TestNG assertions? 1. @BeforeTest
1. [Link](String actual, String expected); 2. @Parameters("browser")
2. [Link](<condition(t/f)>) 3. public void setup(String browser) throws Exception{
3. [Link](<condition(t/f)>) 4. //Check if parameter passed from TestNG is 'firefox'
5. if([Link]("firefox")){
How to pass parameter in the test case through the [Link] 6. //create firefox instance
file? OR how do you set parameters in your Project? 7. [Link]("Path of your gecko driver");
1. We will have to use the “@parameters” annotation as 8. driver = new FirefoxDriver();
follows: 9. }
a. @Parameters({"user_name","password"}) 10. //Check if parameter passed as 'chrome'
b. @Test 11. else if([Link]("chrome")){
c. public void loginapp() 12. //set path to [Link]
d. { 13. [Link]("Path of your chrome driver");
e. driverget(“appname”); 14. driver = new ChromeDriver();
f. [Link]([Link](“login”)).sendkeys(user 15. }
_name); 16. else if([Link]("Edge")){
g. [Link]([Link](“password”)).sendkeys( 17. //set path to [Link]
password); 18. [Link]("Path of edge driver”);
h. } 19. driver = new EdgeDriver();
2. Now, go to the [Link] file and enter the parameters 20. }
there as follows: Defining TestNG file
1. <parameter name =”user_name” value=”user1”/> 1. <suite name="TestSuite" thread-count="2" parallel="tests"
2. <parameter password =”password” value =”pass1”/> >
2. <test name="ChromeTest">
What is the need to create a [Link] file? 3. <parameter name="browser" value="Chrome"/>
1. When we test a project using Selenium Webdriver, it has a 4. <classes>
lot of classes on it. We cannot choose these classes one by 5. <class name="[Link]">
one and put them for automation. Hence we need to create 6. </class>
a suite so that all the classes run in a single test suite. 7. </classes>
a. <suite name="Testing Google Apps"> 8. </test>
b. <test name="Regression"> 9. </suite>
c. <classes>
d. <class name="[Link]"/> What is the difference between Page Object Model and Page
e. <class name="[Link]"/> Factory?
f. <class name="[Link]"/> 1. Page Object Model
g. </classes> a. POM is a design pattern.
h. </test> <!-- Test --> b. In POM, one needs to initialize every page object
i. </suite> <!-- Suite --> individually.
 c. POM = Page Class (Locators) + Test Class (Test
Scripts)
2. Page Factory
a. Page Factory is a class that provides the
implantation of the POM design patter.
b. In Page Factory, all page objects are initialize by
using the initElements() method.

Why POM?

1. Easy to Maintain
2. Easy Readability of Scripts
3. Reduce duplicacy
4. Re-usability
5. Reliability

What is the use of different OOPs concepts in POM Model?

1. Abstraction: we write locators (such as id, name, xpath

etc.,) in a Page Class. We utilize these locators in tests, but
we can't see these locators in the tests.
2. Interface: WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
WebDriver itself is an Interface.
3. Inheritance: Base Class to initialize WebDriver interface,
WebDriver waits, Property files, Excels, etc., in the Base
Class. We extend the Base Class in other classes such as
Tests and Utility Class.
4. Encapsulation: we declare the data members using
@FindBy and initialization of data members will be done
using Constructor to utilize those in methods.
5. Method Overloading: Implicit Wait, Action class in
TestNG is also an example of overloading.
6. Method Overriding: Declaring a method in child class
which is already present in the parent class is called
Method Overriding. Examples are get and navigate
methods of different drivers in Selenium.

What is Maven Lifecycle?

1. Validate: This step validates if the project structure is

correct. For example – It checks if all the dependencies
have been downloaded and are available in the local
repository.
2. Compile: It compiles the source code, converts the .java
files to .class and stores the classes in target/classes folder.
3. Test: It runs unit tests for the project.
4. Package: This step packages the compiled code in
distributable format like JAR or WAR.
5. Integration test: It runs the integration tests for the
project.
6. Verify: This step runs checks to verify that the project is
valid and meets the quality standards.
7. Install: This step installs the packaged code to the local
Maven repository.
8. Deploy: It copies the packaged code to the remote
repository for sharing it with other developers.
What is Behaviour-Driven Development (BDD)? What are the Main Options available in Cucumber?

1. BDD is a way for software teams to work that closes the

gap between business people and technical people.

What is Cucumber?

1. Cucumber is a tool that supports Behaviour-Driven

Development (BDD). 1.
When is Cucumber used in real-time? What is the name of the plugin that is used to integrate Eclipse
1. Cucumber tool is generally used in real-time to write with Cucumber?
acceptance tests for an application. 1. Cucumber Natural Plugin
What is Gherkin? What is the difference between Scenario and Scenario Outline?
1. Gherkin is a set of grammar rules that makes plain text 1. The scenario outline is exactly similar to the scenario
structured enough for Cucumber to understand. The structure, but the only difference is the provision of
scenario above is written in Gherkin. multiple inputs.
2. Gherkin Language/Annotations in Cucumber: Feature,
Scenario, Given, When, Then, But, And, Background, etc. What is the difference between Scenario Outline & Data Table?

What is the file extension of all the Gherkin files? 1. Scenario Outline uses the Example Keyword to define the
test data for the Scenario. This works for the whole test.
1. .feature a. Examples:
In Cucumber, comments are denoted by b. | username | password |
c. | testuser_1 | Test@153 |
1. # 2. Data Table does not use the Example Keyword. This works
only for a single step.
Enlist the files needed in the Cucumber framework. a. And User enters Credentials to LogIn
1. Feature File (.feature): It has plain text descriptions of b. | testuser_1 | Test@153 |
single or numerous test situations. What are Maps in Data Tables?
2. Step Definition File (.java): It has the extension .java. It
essentially acts as a translator between the test scenario 1. Maps in Data Tables can be used in different ways.
steps provided in the feature file and the automation code. Headers can also be defined for the data tables. The same
3. TestRunner (.java): .java is the file extension for this file. step can be executed multiple times with a different set of
It connects the feature file and the step definition file. No test data using Maps.
code should be written under the TestRunner class.
a. @RunWith([Link]) What are the tags in Cucumber?
b. @CucumberOptions(features="Features",glue={" 1. In Cucumber, tags are used to associate a test like smoke,
StepDefinition"}) regression etc. with a particular scenario.
c. public class Runner {} a. @SmokeTest
In a feature file, what is the maximum number of scenarios? b. Scenario: Search contact
c. Given: The desired contact will be displayed
1. A feature file in Cucumber can include a maximum of 10 2. Test Runner File: tags = {"@SmokeTest"}) // RUN all
scenarios. SmokeTest Cases.

How to run multiple feature files using the Cucumber runner How to ignore the test cases of a particular tag in Cucumber?
class?
1. tags = {"~@SmokeTest"} // ignores the SmokeTest Cases
1. features="src/test/resources/FeatureFiles",tags="@feature1
scenariogroup1,@feature2cenariogroup2" What are hooks in Cucumber?

How can Cucumber be integrated with Selenium WebDriver? 1. Hooks are code blocks that execute before or after each
Cucumber scenario in the execution cycle. Hooks are
1. [Link] defined in the step definition file.
2. [Link]
3. [Link] What is the Background Keyword in Cucumber?
4. [Link] 1. Background in Cucumber is used to define a step or series
5. [Link] of steps that are common to all the tests in the feature file.
6. [Link] 2. It is defined in the feature file.
What is a Web Service? 1. Free
2. Easy
1. It is a service offered by an electronic device to another 3. APIs Support
electronic device, communicating with each other via the 4. Extensible
World Wide Web. Or
2. It is a server running on a computer device, listening for What is a collection in Postman?
requests at a particular port over a network, serving web
documents (HTML, JSON, XML, images). 1. A collection in Postman helps to group similar requests. It
helps in systematically arranging the requests into folders.
What are the types of API Testing?
How can we stop executing requests or stop the collection run?
1. Unit Testing
2. Functional Testing 1. [Link](null);
3. Load Testing What are Variables in Postman?
4. Security Testing
5. Penetration Testing 1. Variables enable you to store and reuse values in Postman.

What are the protocols used in API Testing? How will you log variable values in Postman?

1. HTTP, REST, SOAP, JMS, etc. 1. [Link]([Link]("variable_name"));

What is the difference between REST and SOAP? How do you access postman variables?

1. REST and SOAP are 2 different approaches to online 1. {{variable_name}}

data transmission.
What are the different types of API requests supported in
2. Specifically, both define how to build application
Postman?
programming interfaces (APIs), which allow data to be
communicated between web applications. 1. GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE, COPY, HEAD,
3. The main difference is that SOAP is a protocol while VIEW, TRACE, etc.
REST is not.
4. Representational state transfer (REST) HTTP response status codes:
a. It is a set of architectural principles.
1. Informational responses (100–199)
b. Because it's a set of guidelines, it leaves the
a. 100 Continue
implementation of these recommendations to
b. 101 Switching Protocols
developers.
c. 102 Processing
5. Simple object access protocol (SOAP)
2. Successful responses (200–299)
a. It is an official protocol maintained by the World
a. 200 OK
Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
b. 201 Created
b. Because it is a protocol, it imposes built-in rules
c. 202 Accepted
that increase its complexity and overhead, which
d. 204 No Content
can lead to longer page load times.
3. Redirection messages (300–399)
What exactly needs to verify in API testing? a. 300 Multiple Choice
b. 301 Moved Permanently
1. We will verify the accuracy of the data. 4. Client error responses (400–499)
2. Will see the HTTP status code. a. 400 Bad Request
3. We will see the response time. b. 401 Unauthorized
4. Error codes in case API returns any errors. c. 402 Payment Required
5. Authorization would be check. d. 403 Forbidden
6. Non-Functional testing such as performance testing, e. 404 Not Found
security testing. f. 408 Request Timeout
5. Server error responses (500–599)
What is Postman?
a. 500 Internal Server Error
1. We will verify the accuracy of the data. b. 501 Not Implemented
2. Will see the HTTP status code. c. 502 Bad Gateway
3. We will see the response time. d. 503 Service Unavailable
4. Error codes in case API returns any errors. e. 504 Gateway Timeout
5. Authorization would be check.
6. Non-Functional testing such as performance testing,
security testing.

Why Postman?
How to write Test Case in Postman? OR How response codes g. Oauth 2.0: you first retrieve an access token for
are validated in Postman? the API, then use that token to authenticate future
requests.
It can be done using assertion in Postman.
What is Client URL (cURL)?
1. [Link]("Status code is 200", function () {
2. [Link](200); 1. cURL, which stands for client URL, is a command line
3. }); tool that developers use to transfer data to and from a
a. [Link]() is a closure function that allows you to server.
write tests for a Postman request that’s being 2. It supports about 22 protocols, including HTTP.
executed. 3. This combination makes it a very good ad-hoc tool for
b. [Link](200) is the actual testing our REST services.
assertion that is trying to validate the response to
have a status code of 200. What is the Web Services Description Language (WSDL)?

1. It is an XML-based interface description language that is

used for describing the functionality offered by a web
service.
2. It provides a machine-readable description of how the
service can be called, what parameters it expects, and what
data structures it returns.

What are the various authorization methods provided by

Postman?

1. APIs use authorization to ensure that client requests access

data securely.
2. Postman won't send authorization details with a request
unless you specify an auth type.
a. API Key: With API key auth, you send a
key-value pair to the API either in the request
headers or query parameters.
b. Bearer Token: enable requests to authenticate
using an access key, such as a JSON Web Token
(JWT).
c. Basic Auth: involves sending a verified username
and password with your request.
d. Digest Auth: the client sends a first request to the
API, and the server responds with a few details,
including a number that can be used only once (a
nonce), a realm value, and a 401 unauthorized
response.
e. AWS Signature: AWS uses a custom HTTP
scheme based on a keyed-HMAC (Hash Message
Authentication Code) for authentication.
f. Oauth 1.0: enables client applications to access
data provided by a third-party API.
What is Appium? 2. Android Studio
3. Android SDK Tools
1. Appium is an open-source test automation framework for 4. Eclipse IDE
use with native, hybrid and mobile web apps. 5. Appium Desktop Client
What is the difference between Emulator and Simulator? 6. TestNG
7. Selenium Server Jar
1. Simulator: A simulator is used to simulate an environment
with all the software variables and configurations that will What are the main criteria under consideration when
be present in the actual production environment of an performing End to End Testing?
application. 1. Installation ==> Launch Activity ==> UI Orientation ==>
2. Emulator: An emulator does try to replicate all the Network Activity ==> Reponse to various Devices ==>
hardware and software aspects of a real-world Performance Testing
environment. Emulators replicate both hardware and
software features. List out the various application extensions along with their full
forms:
List Thing Which You Cannot Do with Emulators But You Can
Do With A Real Device. 1. iOS: IPA (iOS App Store Package)
2. Android: APK (Android Application Package File)
1. Phone calls & Messages
2. Battery drains out while using the application under test The minimum set of required capabilities for any Appium
3. Low battery scenarios driver should include:
4. Memory card mount/unmount scenarios
5. Actual performance of your application 1. On iOS and Android, Appium behaves differently. Because
6. Bluetooth related testing. it is a "cross-platform" tool, a method must be in place to
distinguish between the session requests of the two
Explain the architecture of Appium. operating systems.
2. JSON objects, referred to as Desired Capabilities, were
introduced to address this specific problem statement.
a. platformName: the name of the platform to
automate.
b. platformVersion: the version of the platform to
automate.
c. deviceName: the kind of device to automate.
d. app: the path to the app you want to automate
(but use the browserName capability instead in
the case of automating a web browser).
1. e. app package: the identifier of the application
package.
Explain the JSON Wire protocol used by Appium. f. app activity: the name of the main application
1. The JSON Wire Protocol is the method by which client package.
and server data are exchanged. It was created by g. automationName: the name of the driver you
WebDriver's developers. wish to use.

What are the basic requirements for writing Appium tests? How to initialize Appium Driver?

1. Driver Client 1. AppiumDriver driver=new AndroidDriver(new

2. Appiun Session URL("[Link]
3. Desired Capabilities How to automatically launch Android Emulator?
4. Driver Commands
1. [Link](capabilityName: “avd”, value:
Can you explain the general structure of mobile application “Pixel_3”); // get the avd name from Android Studio
testing framework? 2. [Link](“avdLaunchTimeout”, 180000);
1. Application Package What is the Maven Dependency for appium?
2. Instrumentation Test Runner
3. Test Package 1. <dependency>
2. <groupId>[Link]</groupId>
List out the prerequisites required to run tests on an android 3. <artifactId>java-client</artifactId>
application in Appium locally. 4. <version>3.4.1</version>
1. JDK 5. </dependency>
Which is the vendor provided frameworks we use in Appium 1. ((AndroidDriver) driver).lockDevice();
for Android and iOS devices? 2. [Link](((AndroidDriver)
driver).isDeviceLocked());
1. Android 4.2+: Google’s UIAutomator 3. ((AndroidDriver) driver).unlockDevice();
2. iOS 9.3 and above: Apple’s XCUITest.
What are the various step for Automating hybrid apps using
How to Tap and Long Press on an element using Appium? Appium?
1. Tap 1. Navigate to a portion of your app where a web view is
a.
TouchAction t =new TouchAction(driver); active.
WebElement expandList= 2. Retrieve the currently available contexts: This returns a list
[Link]("//[Link] of contexts we can access, like 'NATIVE_APP' or
xtView[@text='Expandable Lists']"); 'WEBVIEW_1'.
[Link](tapOptions().withElement(element(expandLi 3. Set the context with the id of the context you want to
st))).perform(); access.
[Link]("//[Link] 4. To stop automating in the web view context and go back to
xtView[@text='1. Custom Adapter']").click(); automating the native portion of the app, simply set the
2. Long_Press context again with the native context id (generally
a. WebElement pn= 'NATIVE_APP') to leave the web context and once again
[Link]("//[Link] access the native commands.
xtView[@text='People Names']"); 5. // assuming we have a set of capabilities
[Link](longPressOptions().withElement(elem 6. driver = new AppiumDriver(new
ent(pn)).withDuration(ofSeconds(2))).release().pe URL("[Link] capabilities);
rform(); 7. Set<String> contextNames = [Link]();
How to Swipe using Appium? 8. for (String contextName : contextNames) {
9. [Link](contextName); //prints out something
1. TouchAction t=new TouchAction(driver); //long press //on like NATIVE_APP \n WEBVIEW_1
element// 2 sec// move to another element and you release 10. }
WebElement 11. [Link]([Link]()[1]); // set context to
first=[Link]("//*[@content-desc='15'] WEBVIEW_1
"); WebElement 12. //do some web testing
second=[Link]("//*[@content-desc=' 13. String myText =
45']"); [Link]([Link](".green_button")).click(
[Link](longPressOptions().withElement(element(first) );
).withDuration(ofSeconds(2))).moveTo(element(second)).r 14. [Link]("NATIVE_APP");
elease().perform(); 15. // do more native testing if we want
16. [Link]();
How to scroll using Appium?
How To: Export a crash log (logcat) from an Android device.
1. [Link]("new
UiScrollable(new 1. adb logcat >/$*some-folder*/[Link]
UiSelector()).scrollIntoView(text(\"WebView\"));");

How to drag and drop using Appium?

1. TouchAction action = new TouchAction(driver);

2. [Link](source).waitAction(3000).moveTo(destin
ation).perform().release();

How to verify toast messages for error validations using

Appium?

1. String toastMessage = [Link]

2. ([Link]("//[Link][1]")).getAttribute("nam
e");
3. [Link](toastMessage);

How to dismiss the keyboard in Appium?

1. [Link]()

How to lock and unlock Android device using Appium?