Unit 4

LESSON 2 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Define the following:

1. Hydrocarbons: They are organic compounds that contains only hydrogen and carbon atom.

E.g: methane CH4, it has one carbon and 4 hydrogen. Other examples are ethane C2H6,

propane C3H8 etc.

2. Organic Chemistry: Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that involves study of

properties, structure, reactions and composition of compounds containing carbon and

hydrogen.

Answer the following

1. Why valence electrons are important in an atom and how can be determined?

Ans: Valence electrons indicates an element’s bonding behavior, stability, and reactivity.

The number of valence electrons can be determined by the group number (or column) of the

element in the periodic table.

2. Why Carbon can make long chains or rings?

Ans: Each Carbon atom has four valence electrons and can share all valence electrons to make

four different bonds with other elements as well as with itself to form long chains or rings.

Carbon can also share more than one electron with other atom to form multiple bonds.

3. Mention the types of covalent bonds that a carbon can form.

Ans: Carbons can form three kinds of covalent bonds; single, double and triple covalent bond.

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4. What is difference between chemical formulas and structural formulas?

Ans:

Chemical Formulas Structural Formulas

Chemical formulas show the types and Structural formulas show the

number of atoms in a molecule but not show arrangements of atoms and the covalent

how they are bonded. bond between them.

E.g: Chemical formula for propane is For example: Structural formula for

C3H8 propane is,

5. a. How full structural formulas are different from simplified structural formulas?

Ans: Full structural formulas, show all of the bonds present between the atoms of a molecule

while the simplified structure formulas only show how atoms are related to each other in a

molecule

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b. Show the full structural formula of propanoic acid.

Ans:

c. Write down the simplified structural formula of propanol.

Ans: H3CCH2CH2OH

6. What are the organic compounds?

Ans: Organic compounds are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen and possibly other

elements such as Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus(P) and Sulphur(S).

7. What is an organic acid? Give examples.

Ans: An organic acid is an organic compound that has acidic properties. All organic acids

contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes other atoms. They are identified by a group

of atoms called carboxyl group (COOH).

Examples are citric acid, malic acid, formic acid, acetic acid etc.

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8. Use the chemical structure of Cinnamaldehyde to answer the following questions.

a. What types of covalent bonds are present in this molecule?

Ans: Single and double bonds.

b. What elements are present in this molecule?

Ans: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

c. What is the chemical formula for this organic compound?

Ans: C9H8O

9. Nylon 6, a polymer is made up of monomer known as caprolactam.

a. What are monomers?

Ans: Monomers are the small repeating units that make up the polymers.

b. List some uses of Nylon 6.

Ans: Nylon 6 used to make clothes and other materials such as fishing nets, ropes, tyres,

Carpets, waterproof packs etc.

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10. What is an aromatic compound? Give examples.

Ans: An aromatic compound consists of one or more rings formed from six carbon atoms that

are connected by alternating single and double bonds. Many organic compounds have

distinctive odors.

Examples:

Benzene,

Phenol

Naphthalene

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Analyze the Text
1. Poly ethylene or polyethene is the most common plastic, that results from the

polymerization of ethene.

a. Write down the structural and chemical formula for ethene.

C2H4

b. Show a portion of this polymer with three monomers units (ethene).

c. Name some of the polymers that you encounter everyday.

Ans: Sandwich bags, carpets, nylon stockings, stackable chains, milk cartons, etc

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Complete the following

1. Carbon atoms form bonds by sharing their valence electrons with the other atoms.

2. A(n) double bond is formed by sharing of two pairs of electrons between each combining

atoms.

3. The number of each type of atom in chemical formulas, is represented by a number written

at the bottom right of the chemical symbol. This is called a subscript number.

4. Organic compounds provide energy and structure for living things to grow and change.

5. Plastic pipes, used for plumbing are made up of an organic compound that includes chlorine.

6. Non-stick surfaces on cookware are made up of organic compound that includes Fluorine.

7. A full structural formula shows all the bonds in a compound, but a simplified structural

formula does not.

8. The double bond in a carboxyl group is located between carbon and (n) oxygen atom

9. Organic acids are identified by a group of atoms, called a carboxyl group.

10. Carbon can form straight chains, branched chains or rings because carbon has

4 valence electrons.

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Write true or false

1. Organic compounds typically have high boiling points. [False]

2. Mostly organic compounds are not soluble in water. [True]

3. Organic compounds are typically liquids or gases at room temperature. [True]

4. Many organic compounds are ionic. [False]

5. Ethene, a hydrocarbon has one double bond between carbon-carbon atoms. [True]

6. Most of the compounds are of carbon because it can form multiple bonds. [True]

7. Valence electrons of element do not take part in chemical bonding. [False]

8. The simplified structural formula for methanol is H3COH. [True]

9. A triple covalent bond is made of two pairs of electrons. [False]

10. In aromatic rings, the six carbons are connected by alternating double and

Single bonds. [True]

Choose the best answer

1. The four most abundant elements of life are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

a) sulfur b) nitrogen c) phosphorus d) sodium

2. What type of organic molecules includes sugars and starches?

a) carbohydrates b) lipids number c) proteins d) nucleic acid

3. Which is the synthetic polymer?

a) starch b) cellulose c) proteins d) nylon

4. What are small units that make up polymers?

a) crystals b) monomers c) chain d) unit cell

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 5. Which of the following organic compounds is the main fuel supply for cellular work?

a) lipids b) glucose c) proteins d) nucleic acids

6. The hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consists of only carbon and hydrogen.

a) carboxyl b) alcohol c) hydrocarbons d) esters

7. Which one of the following is the molecular formula for glucose?

a) C6H12O6 b) CH3COOH c) C12H22O11 d) C6H22O6

8. What is the molecular formula of benzene?

a) C6H12 b) C2H6 c) C6H6 d) CH

9. What is the molecular formula of ethyne?

a) C3H6 b) C2H6 c) C2H2 d) CH4

10. The chemical formula of ethanol is, ______________.

a) CH4OH b) C2H5OH c) C2H4OH d) CH3O

Match the column A with column B

A C

1. Carbohydrates molecular formula of hexene. 6

2. Aromatic Compounds is made up of three pairs of electrons. 4

3. Polymer is the chemical formula of acetic acid. 5

4. Triple bond molecular formula of decane. 7

5. CH3COOH contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 1

6. C6H12 contain one or more benzene rings. 2

7. C10H22 a large molecule composed of smaller repeating units. 3

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