`kg †kÖwY (gva¨wgK) ● Rxeb weÁvb ● Aa¨vqwfwËK cÖ‡kœi DËi I cixÿv cÖ¯‘wZ

2q Aa¨vq: Rxe‡bi cÖegvbZv

k~b¨¯’vb c~iY K‡iv DËi : A¨vbv‡dR `kvq
1. -------- †Kvk wefvRb c×wZ‡Z cªRvwZi 19. µwms Ifvi N‡U wg‡qvwm‡mi Dc`kvq --------|
†µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v aªæeK _v‡K| DËi : c¨vKvBwUb
DËi : wg‡qvwmm 20. B›Uvi‡dR `kvq †Kvk‡K -------- †KvkI e‡j|
2. gvby‡li †`n‡Kv‡k cªvq -------- j¤^v DNA _v‡K| DËi : †gUvewjK
DËi : `yB wgUvi 21. †KvkP‡µi -------- DNA wØZ¡KiY N‡U|
3. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †h wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b wRb _v‡K Zv‡K wR‡bi DËi : S `kvq
-------- e‡j| 22. A‡hŠb Rb‡bi GKK --------|
DËi : †jvKvm DËi : †iYy
4. -------- †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g ˆiwLKfv‡e Ae¯’vb K‡i| 23. A‡hŠb Rb‡b -------- Drcbœ nq bv|
DËi : wRb DËi : M¨v‡gU
5. -------- M¨v‡gU‡K e‡j †nv‡gvM¨v‡gU| 24. †R‡bvM¨vwg -------- civM‡hv‡Mi AšÍM©Z|
DËi : ¯¿x DËi : BZi
6. -------- M¨v‡gU‡K †n‡U‡ivM¨v‡gU e‡j| 25. dyj nj Dw™¢‡`i -------- A½|
DËi : cys DËi : Rbb
7. GKB †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi `ywU †µvgvwUW‡K -------- 26. -------- Ry‡¯úv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ eskwe¯Ívi K‡i|
†µvgvwUW e‡j| DËi : dvB‡Uvc‡_viv
DËi : wm÷vi 27. Dw™¢‡`i †h Ask cvjb gva¨‡g cªwZcvjb Kiv nq,
8. †Kvk wefvR‡bi mgq -------- m‡½ wbDwK¬Ijvm Zv‡K -------- e‡j|
mshy³ _v‡K| DËi : G·cø¨v›U
DËi : †MŠY Lvu‡Ri 28. ÷K A‡c¶v -------- DbœZ|
9. -------- As‡k µwmsIfvi N‡U| DËi : wmqb
DËi : BD‡µvgvwUb 29. cªwZwU cys‡Kki cys`Ð I -------- wb‡q MwVZ|
10. -------- †Kvk wefvRb‡K nªvm wefvRb e‡j| DËi : civMavbx
DËi : wg‡qvwmm 30. -------- Rbyµg †`Lv hvq|
11. -------- †Kvk wefvR‡b PviwU AcZ¨ †Kvk m…wó nq| DËi : dv‡b©
DËi : wg‡qvwmm
12. -------- †cªvwUb ms‡kølY N‡U| eûweKíwfwËK cª‡kœvËi
DËi : G1 `kvq 1. cªwZwU †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g †µvgvwU‡Wi msL¨v n‡jv-
13. -------- nj †KvkwefvR‡bi `xN©¯’vqx `kv| K. 2 L. 4 M. 6 N. 8
DËi : cª‡dR DËi : K. 2
14. -------- `kvq †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸wj †e‡gi wbi¶xq Z‡j 2. bx‡Pi †Kvb cªvYxi †Kvi‡KvMg †`Lv hvq?
mw¾Z _v‡K| K. nvBWªv L. A¨vwgev
DËi : †gUv‡dR M. P¨vÞv K…wgO N. c¨viv‡gwmqvg
15. -------- †KvkP‡µi me‡P‡q `xN©¯’vqx `kv| DËi : K. nvBWªv
DËi : B›Uvi‡dR 3. DNA- Gi MVbMZ GKK n‡jv-
16. M¨v‡gU MV‡bi c×wZ‡K -------- e‡j| K. wbDwK¬ImvBW L. wbDwK¬IUvBW
DËi : M¨v‡g‡Uv‡R‡bwmm M. wbDwK¬Ijvm N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq
17. µwms Ifv‡ii ¯’v‡b ÔXÕ AvK…wZi †h Ask ˆZwi nq DËi : L. wbDwK¬IUvBW
Zv‡K e‡j --------| 4. †Kvk wefvR‡bi †h `kvq wbDwK¬q c`©v wejyß nq †mwU
DËi : KvqvRgv n‡jv-
18. †µv‡gv‡Rvgxq Pjb †`Lv hvq --------| K. †cªv‡dR L. †gUv‡dR
 M. A¨vbv‡dR N. †U‡jv‡dR M. A¨vbv‡dR N. †U‡jv‡dR
DËi : K. †cªv‡dR DËi : M. A¨vbv‡dR
5. cøvR‡gvwWqv‡gi Rbb c×wZ n‡jv 16. `ywU M¨v‡g‡Ui wgjb‡K e‡j-
K. wØwefvRb L. eûwefvRb K. ms‡køl L. wb‡lK
M. †Kvi‡KvMg N. LÐxfeb M. AcysRwb N. A‡hŠb Rbb
DËi : L. eûwefvRb DËi : L. wb‡lK
6. †`‡ni †Kv‡bv KvUv Ask †_‡K AcZ¨ Rxe m…wó n‡j 17. A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm †Kvk wefvR‡bi mwVK ˆewkó¨wU
Zv‡K e‡j- kbv³ K‡iv
K. †iYy Drcv`b L. cybiærcv`b K. †hŠb RbbKvix Rx‡ei Rbb gvZ…‡Kv‡k N‡U
M. wØwefvRb N. LÐxfeb L. GwU‡K c‡iv¶ wefvRb ejv nq|
DËi : N. LÐxfeb M. †µv‡gv‡Rvg I †egZË¡ MwVZ nq bv
7. †Kvb Dw™¢‡` ¯^civM‡hvM j¶ Kiv hvq? N. †µv‡gv‡Rvg I †egZË¡ MwVZ nq bv|
K. †cu‡c L. jvD M. wkg N. Zvj DËi : N. †µv‡gv‡Rvg I †egZË¡ MwVZ nq bv|
DËi : M. wkg 18. wg‡qvwm‡mi Zvrch© msµvšÍ bx‡Pi †Kvb e³e¨wU
8. gvby‡li weKvk‡K KwU `kvq fvM Kiv hvq?- mwVK Zv mwVKfv‡e wbiƒcY K‡iv-
K. 4 wU L. 5 wU M. 6 wU N. 7 wU K. †`‡ni mvwe©K e…w× I cwiùyUb NUvq
DËi : L. 5wU L. Rx‡ei Rbb A‡½i I åy‡Yi e…w× NUvq
9. †Kvb mgqKvj‡K eqtmwÜ ejv nq?- M. eskMZ cªKiYevnx n¨vcø‡qW M¨v‡gU Drcv`b K‡i
K. 12-20 eQi L. 7-14 eQi| N. †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cªvYxi †`‡n †Kv‡bv A½nvwb NU‡j
M. 20-30 eQi N. 30-60 eQi †mwU cybiærcv`b K‡i|
DËi : K. 12-20 eQi DËi : M. eskMZ cªKiYevnx n¨vcø‡qW M¨v‡gU
10. m‡`¨vRvZ wkïi IRb nq mvaviYZ- Drcv`b K‡i
K. 2.5-3 kg L. 1.5-2 kg 19. mwVK †RvowU wbe©vPb K‡iv Ges †j‡Lv
M. 3-3.5 kg N. 1-2 kg K. eûwefvRb- nvBWªv
DËi : K. 2.5-3kg L. LÛxfeb ¯úvB‡ivMvBiv
11. gvbe‡`‡n A‡Uv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v nj- M. cybiærcv`b dvb©
K. 40wU L. 42wU M. 44wU N. 45wU N. †Kvi‡KvMg cø¨v‡bwiqv|
DËi : M. 44 wU DËi : L. LÛxfeb ¯úvB‡ivMvBiv
12. †Kvb cªKvi Rb‡b gvB‡Uvwmm Ges wg‡qvwmm `yB 20. bx‡Pi †Kvb Dw™¢` Aaevqe Kv‡Ði mvnv‡h¨ Rbb
cªKvi †Kvk wefvRbB †`Lv hvq? m¤úbœ K‡i?
K. A‡hŠb Rbb L. †hŠb Rbb K. KPywicvbv L. Av`v
M. A½R Rbb N. †Kv‡bvwUB bq M. cv_iKywP N. Rev
DËi : L. †hŠb Rb‡b DËi : K. KPywicvbv
13. †Kvb Dw™¢` f~-wbgœ¯’ Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g A½R Rbb m¤úbœ 21. †KvkP‡µi †h `kvq DNA AYyi ms‡køl N‡U †mwU
K‡i? n‡jv-
K. †gš’ L. cv_iKywP K. G L. S M. G2 N. M
M. weMMvwbqv N. Ij DËi : L. S
DËi : N. Ij 22. †m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii Ae¯’vb Abymv‡i †µv‡gv‡Rvg cªavbZ
14. †Kvb Dw™¢‡` cZ‡½i gva¨‡g BZi civM‡hvM N‡U? K. `yB cªKvi L. wZb cªKvi
K. cvZvk¨vIjv L. wkg~j M. Pvi cªKvi N. †Kv‡bv cªKvi‡f` †bB|
M. cjvk N. Avg DËi : M. Pvi cªKvi
DËi : N. Avg 23. †h bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †emwU DNA- †Z _v‡K bv wKš‘
15. †Kvb `kvq †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸wj †e‡gi `yB wecixZ RNA- †Z _v‡K †mwU n‡jv-
†giæi w`‡K avegvb nq? K. A¨v‡Wwbb L. ¸qvwbb
K. cª‡dR L. †gUv‡dR M. _vBwgb N. BDivwmj
 DËi : N. BDivwmj 5. G2 `kvq †Kvkxq A½vYyi msL¨v wظb nq| [mZ¨]
24. gvbe‡`‡n e…w×i 12 †_‡K 20 eQi eqm ch©šÍ `kv‡K 6. A‡hŠb Rb‡b `ywU RwbZ… Rx‡ei cª‡qvRb| [wg_¨v]
ejv nq- 7. †hŠb Rb‡b M¨v‡gU Drcbœ nq bv| [wg_¨v]
K. ˆkke `kv L. eqtmwÜ `kv 8. ¯úvB‡ivMvBiv m~ÎvKvi QÎvK| [wg_¨v]
M. cwiYZ `kv N. eva©K¨ `kv 9. mܨvgvjZx dy‡j BZi civM‡hvM N‡U| [wg_¨v]
DËi : L. eqtmwÜ `kv 10. †RvoKjg A‡hŠb Rbb c×wZ| [wg_¨v]
25. †hŠb Rb‡bi GKK n‡jv- 11. †hŠb wØiƒcZv †`Lv hvq Avi‡kvjv‡Z| [mZ¨]
K. †iYy L. M¨v‡gU 12. †hŠb, A‡hŠb I A½R GB wZb c×wZ‡ZB Rb‡b
M. ïµvkq N. wW¤^vkq m¶g cªvYx nj nvBWªv| [mZ¨]
DËi : L. M¨v‡gU 13. cvwLi mvnv‡h¨ civM‡hvM nq †h dy‡j, Zv‡K
mvB‡Kvwdwj e‡j| [wg_¨v]
GKK_vq DËi `vI 14. Dfwj½ dy‡ji ¯^civM‡hvM‡K †R‡bvM¨vwg e‡j|
1. †hŠb Rb‡bi GKK‡K e‡j- M¨v‡gU| [wg_¨v]
2. †Kvk wefvR‡b †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v nªvm N‡U- 15. wbY©xZ wbDwK¬qvm wWcø‡qW cªK…wZi| [mZ¨]
wg‡qvwmm †Kvk wefvRb| 16. I‡ewjqvq my¯úó Rbyµg †`Lv hvq| [mZ¨]
3. gvby‡li ˆ`wnK ˆewkó¨ wba©viYKvix †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K 17. Avjy KvÐR gyKy‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i| [mZ¨]
e‡j- A‡Uv‡Rvg| 18. gvB‡Uvwmm †KvkwefvRb cª_g ch©‡e¶Y K‡ib
5. DNA- Gi wØZš¿x bKkv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib- weÁvbx weÁvbx Iqvëvi †d¬wgs| [mZ¨]
IqvUmb I wµK| 19. †µv‡gv‡Rvg kãwU cª_g e¨envi K‡ib weÁvbx
6. DNA- Gi cy‡iv bvg- deoxyribonucleic Iqvj‡Wqvi| [mZ¨]
acid. 20. wn‡÷vb †cªvwUb Pvi cªKvi| [wg_¨v]
7. †Kvk wefvRb‡K mgwefvRb e‡j- gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvk 21. gvby‡li GKevi †Kvk wefvR‡b mgq jv‡M 14 N›Uv|
wefvRb ৷ [wg_¨v]
8. wg‡qvwmm c×wZ‡Z Drcbœ AcZ¨ †Kv‡ki msL¨v- 22. weÁvbx †evfvwi e‡jb †µv‡gv‡RvgB eskMZ
Pvi| ˆewk‡ó¨i aviK I evnK| [mZ¨]
9. A‡hŠb Rb‡bi GKK‡K e‡j- †iYy (Spore)| 23. GKwU †KvkP‡µi Rb¨ †h mgq jv‡M Zv‡K RbyKvj
e‡j| [mZ¨]
10. LÐxfeb †`Lv hvq Ggb GKwU Dw™¢‡`i D`vniY-
¯úvB‡ivMvBiv| 24. Avgv‡`i †`n †Kv‡k A‡Uv‡Rvg msL¨v 44wU| [mZ¨]
11. eûwefvR‡bi GKwU D`vniY- cøvm‡gvwWqvg| 25. DNA nj GKwU e…nr ˆRe AYy‡Z| [mZ¨]
12. †Kvk wefvR‡b †eg ev w¯úwÛj MwVZ nq bv- 26. gvby‡li ïµvYy‡Z A‡Uv‡Rvg msL¨v 23 wU| [wg_¨v]
A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm †Kvk wefvR‡b| 27. DNA RxeRM‡Zi me‡P‡q ¯’vqx AYy| [mZ¨]
13. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †kl cªvšÍ‡K e‡j- †U‡jvwgqvi| 28. RNA †Kv‡l me‡P‡q †ewk _v‡K| [wg_¨v]
14. gy‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cªvK…wZK A½R Rb‡bi GKwU 9. wg‡qvwmm-II †K †n‡U‡ivUvBwcK wefvRb e‡j|
D`vniY- ivOv Avjy ev jvj| [mZ¨]
15. GKwU Aa©evqexq Kv‡Ði D`vniY- KPywicvbv| 9. †KvkP‡µ wZbwU †PK c‡q›U _v‡K| [mZ¨]
16. Rbb c×wZ cªKiY m…wó K‡i Ges weeZ©‡b mvnvh¨
K‡i- †hŠbRbb| mswÿß cÖ‡kœvËi
1. µwms Ifvi Kv‡K e‡j?
wee…wZ¸‡jvi mZ¨-wg_¨v hvPvB K‡iv DËi : wg‡qvwm‡mi -1 Gi †cªv‡dR 1- Gi
1. †Kvk wefvRb `kvi `xN©¯’vqx `kv nj †U‡jv‡dR| c¨vKvBwUb Dc`kvq mgms¯’ †µv‡gv‡Rvg؇qi bb-
[wg_¨v] wm÷vi †µvgvwUW `yÕwUi g‡a¨ KvqvRgv (X- Gi
2. gvby‡li 21 I 22 Zg †µv‡gv‡Rvg SAT g‡Zv MVb) MwVZ nq Ges †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †`nvs‡ki
†µv‡gv‡Rvg| [mZ¨] wewbgq m¤úbœ nq| G‡K µwms Ifvi e‡j|
3. K¨vbmvi †Kv‡ki G0 `kv _v‡K| [wg_¨v] 2. gvB‡µvwUweDjm Kx? Gi KvR Kx?
4. B›Uvi‡d‡Ri ¶Y¯’vqx `kv G1 `kv| [wg_¨v]
 DËi : Dw™¢` I cªvYx‡Kv‡ki mvB‡UvcøvR‡g Aew¯’Z DËi : 12-20 eQi ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K eqtmwÜKvj
my² bvwjKv¸wj‡K gvB‡µvwUweDjm e‡j| e‡j| GBmgq †‡Qj I †g‡‡q`i †MŠY †hŠb ˆewkó¨
KvR : Rj, Avqb cwienY K‡i| I‡Kvk wefvR‡bi cªKvk cvq I †hŠb ni‡gvb ¶iY nq|
mgq †egZË¡ I A¨v÷vi MVb K‡i| 12. gvB‡µv‡cªvcv‡Mkb Kv‡K e‡j?
3. RNA KZ cªKvi I Kx Kx? Gi KvR Kx? DËi : †h c×wZ‡Z Dw™¢‡`i †Kvk, Kjv ev A½
DËi : wZb cªKv‡ii, h_v- r RNA (ivB‡ev‡Rvgvj cªf…wZi ¶y`ªZg Ask Kl©Y K‡i Aí mg‡q
RNA), RNA (UªvÝdvi RNA), mRNA GKBiK‡gi Dw™¢‡`i eskwe¯Ívi NUv‡bv nq Zv‡K
(†g‡mÄvi RNA)| gvB‡µv‡cªvcv‡Mkb ev AYywe¯ÍviY e‡j|
KvR: †cªvwUb ms‡kø‡l mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv 13. AYywe¯ÍviY ev gvB‡µv‡cªvcv‡Mk‡bi `yÕwU myweav
†¶‡Î eskMZ e¯Íy wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| D‡jøL K‡iv|
4. †m‡›Uªvwgqvi Kv‡K e‡j| DËi : DbœZ ˆewkó¨hy³ AmsL¨ Dw™¢` Aí mg‡q m…wó
DËi : †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi gyL¨ Lvu‡R Aew¯’Z †h Kiv hvq| I †ivMgy³ Dw™¢` m…wó Kiv hvq ৷
†MvjvKvi MVbwU `yÕwU †µvgvwUW‡K hy³ K‡i iv‡L 14. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msÁv `vI|
Zv‡K †m‡›Uªvwgqvi e‡j| DËi : †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msÁv : BDK¨vwiIwUK †Kv‡ki
5. †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi `ywU KvR †j‡Lv| wbDwK¬q RvjK †_‡K m…ó, wbDwK¬q †cªvwUb Øviv MwVZ,
DËi : †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g eskMZ c`v_© A_©vr wRb ¯^cªRbbkxj †h m~ÎvKvi Ask wRb enb K‡i I
Ae¯’vb K‡i| I †µv‡gv‡Rvg †Kv‡ki mg¯Í eskMZ ˆewkó¨vewji we¯Ívi NUvq Ges Rx‡ei
kvixie…Ëxq KvR wbqš¿Y K‡i| cwie¨w³, cªKiY I weeZ©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv‡K
6. GKwU mcy®úK Dw™¢‡`i cvZvi †Kv‡k †µv‡gv‡Rvg †µv‡gv‡Rvg e‡j|
msL¨v 18 n‡j Zvi m‡m¨ I Rbb‡Kv‡k †µv‡gv‡Rvg 15. †KvkPµ Kv‡K e‡j? †KvkP‡µi `kv¸wji bvg
msL¨v KZ n‡e? †j‡Lv|
DËi : cvZvi †Kvk wWcø‡qW, 2n = 18 Rbb‡Kv‡k DËi : †KvkPµ : GKwU †Kv‡ki GKevi wefvRb ïiæ
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v n = 9 M m‡m¨i †µv‡gv‡Rvg †_‡K cieZ©x wefvRb| ïiæ ch©šÍ †h NUbv¸wj N‡U
msL¨v 3n = 3×9 = 27| Zvi ch©vqµwgK AveZ©b‡K †KvkPµ e‡j|
7. wd‡bvUvBc I wR‡bvUvBc Kv‡K e‡j? †KvkP‡µi `kv¸wj n‡jv- G,, S, G, I M `kv|
DËi : †Kv‡bv Rx‡ei ˆewkó¨vewji evwn¨K cªKvk‡K 16. DNA- Gi `yÕwU KvR †j‡Lv|
IB Rx‡ei wd‡bvUvBc Ges wRb mshyw³i Øviv DËi : eskMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i aviK I evnK wn‡m‡e KvR
wba©vwiZ ˆewkó¨‡K Zvi wR‡bvUvBc e‡j| K‡i| ORNA I †cªvwUb ms‡køl K‡i| cªkœ A½R
8. A¨vwjj ev A¨vwj‡jvgd© Kx? Rb‡bi msÁv `vI| †h Rbb c×wZ‡Z Rxe Zvi
DËi : mgms¯’ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi wbw`©ó we›`y‡Z Aew¯’Z †`‡ni †Kv‡bv Ask ev A½ †_‡K wbR AvK…wZwewkó
wecixZag©x wRb‡Rvov‡K G‡K Ac‡ii A¨vwjj e‡j| AcZ¨ Rxe m…wó K‡i Zv‡K A½R Rbb e‡j|
†hgb- j¤^v †eu‡U, mv`v- Kv‡jv BZ¨vw`| 17. A‡hŠb Rb‡bi GKwU myweav I GKwU Amyweav †j‡Lv|
9. wg‡qvwmm †Kvk wefvRb‡K nªvmwefvRb e‡j †Kb? DËi : myweav - Kg mg‡q †ewk Rxe m…wó nq|
DËi : GB cªKvi †Kvk wefvR‡b gvZ…‡Kv‡ki Amyweav- bZyb ˆewkó¨ m…wói m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv| I
wbDwK¬qvm I mvB‡UvcøvRg ci ci `yBevi wefvwRZ cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b n‡j Awf‡hvR‡b m¶g nq bv|
nq Ges gvZ…‡Kv‡ki A‡a©K msL¨K †µv‡gv‡Rvghy³ 18. AcysRwb ev cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm Kx? D`vniY `vI|
PviwU AcZ¨ †Kvk Drcbœ K‡i| ZvB wg‡qvwmm‡K DËi : wb‡lK QvovB Awbwl³ wW¤^vYy †_‡K AcZ¨
nªvmwefvRb e‡j| Rxe m…wó‡K AcysRwb ev cv‡_©‡bv‡R‡bwmm e‡j|
10. Rbb Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniY ¯úvB‡ivMvBiv, †evjZv, †gŠgvwQ BZ¨vw`|
DËi : †h c×wZ‡Z Rxe wbR AvK…wZ wewkó AcZ¨ 19. Rbyµg Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniY `vI|
Rxe m…wói gva¨‡g wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ eRvq iv‡L Ges DËi : Rx‡ei RxebP‡µ n¨vcø‡qW I wWcø‡qW `kv ev
msL¨vi e…w× K‡i Zv‡K Rbb e‡j| A‡hŠb I †hŠb Rbb `kv ev †¯úv‡ivdvBU I
11. eqtmwÜKvj Kv‡K e‡j? M¨v‡g‡UvdvBU `kvi PµveZ© AveZ©b‡K Rbyµg
e‡j| D`vniY : Dw™¢`- gm, dvb© BZ¨vw`| cªvYx-
c¨viv‡gwmqvg, g‡bvwm÷ BZ¨vw`|
20. M¨v‡gU Kx? GwU KZ cªKv‡ii I Kx Kx? (i) †gUv‡mw›UªK: †m‡›Uªvwgqvi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b
DËi : †hŠb Rb‡bi GKK‡K M¨v‡gU e‡j| - GwU `yB Ae¯’vb K‡i|
cªKvi| h_v- cysM¨v‡gU ev ïµvYy Ges ¯¿xM¨v‡gU ev (ii) mve-‡gUv‡mw›UªK: †m‡›Uªvwgqvi ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡bi
wW¤^vYy| KvQvKvwQ Ae¯’vb K‡i|
21. A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniY `vI| (iii) A¨v‡·v‡mw›UªK: †m‡›Uªvwgqvi †klcªv‡šÍi wKQyUv
DËi : †h c×wZ‡Z gvZ…‡Kv‡ki wbDwK¬qvm I wfZ‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i|
mvB‡UvcøvRg mivmwi wefvwRZ (wbDwK¬I c`©v Aejywß (iv) †U‡jv‡mw›UªK: †m‡›Uªvwgqvi †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †kl
I †egZË¡ MVb Qvov) n‡q `yÕwU AcZ¨ †Kvk Drcbœ cªv‡šÍ Ae¯’vb K‡i|
K‡i Zv‡K A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm †Kvk wefvRb e‡j| 3. gvbe‡`‡n †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v KZ? n¨vcø‡qW I
D`vniY : B÷, A¨vwgev, e¨vK‡Uwiqv BZ¨vw`‡Z †`Lv wWcø‡qW †mU ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sv?
hvq| DËi : gvby‡li †`n‡Kv‡ki †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v nj
22. n¨vcø‡qW I wWcø‡qW ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? 46(2n)| Rbb‡K‡k †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v nj
DËi : A‡a©K msL¨K †µv‡gv‡Rvg †mU‡K ev n 23wU (n)|
msL¨K †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K n¨vcø‡qW e‡j Ges wظY n¨vcø‡qW I wWcø‡qW †mU: †µv‡gv‡Rvg hLb GKK
msL¨K ev 2n msL¨K †µv‡gv‡Rvg‡K wWcø‡qW †mU †m‡U Ae¯’vb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K n¨vcø‡qW †mU (n)
e‡j| D`vniY : gvby‡li M¨v‡gU n¨vcø‡qW cªK…wZi I e‡j| †hgb M¨v‡g‡U Z_v Rbb †Kv‡k †µv‡gv‡Rvg
†`n‡Kvk wWcø‡qW cªK…wZi| n¨vcø‡qW †m‡U _v‡K| †µv‡gv‡Rvg hLb wظY †m‡U
A_©vr `ywU n¨vcø‡qW †m‡U _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K wWcø‡qW
iPbvag©x cª‡kœi DËi †mU (2n) e‡j| †hgb †`n‡Kvk, RvB‡MvU, wbY©xZ
1. †Kvk wefvRb Kv‡K e‡j? †Kvk wefvR‡bi Zvrch© wbDwK¬qv‡mi †K¬v‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v wWcø‡qW, (D‡jøL¨
Kx? mm¨ wbDwK¬qv‡mi †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v wUªcø‡qW-3n)|
DËi : †h †KvkwU wefvwRZ nq Zv‡K gvZ…‡Kvk ev 4. A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm Kv‡K e‡j? A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm c×wZwU
RwbZ…‡Kvk e‡j| RwbZ…‡Kvk wefvwRZ n‡q †h †Kvk ms‡¶‡c eY©bv K‡iv|
m…wó K‡i Zv‡K AcZ¨‡Kvk e‡j| RwbZ…‡Kvk †h DËi : msÁv: †h mijZg cªwµqvq †Kv‡bv RwbZ…
c×wZ‡Z AcZ¨‡Kvk m…wó K‡i Zv‡K †Kvk wefvRb †Kvk, wbDwK¬q c`©vi Aejywß bv NwU‡q, †µv‡gv‡Rvg
e‡j| I †egZš‘ MVb e¨wZ‡i‡K wbDwK¬qvm I mvB‡UvRcøvg
†Kvk wefvR‡bi Zvrch©: †Kvk wefvR‡bi cªavb mivmwi wefvwRZ n‡q `ywU AcZ¨ †Kvk m…wó K‡i,
Zvrch© nj- Zv‡K A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm e‡j|
(1) e…w×: Rxe‡`‡ni e…w×i Rb¨ †Kvk wefvRb nq| ¯’vb: GB cªKvi †Kvk wefvRb e¨vK‡Uwiqv, B÷,
†Kvk wefvwRZ n‡q †Kv‡ki msL¨v ev‡o, d‡j A¨vwgev BZ¨vw` GK‡Kvkx Rxe‡`‡n †`Lv hvq|
Rxe‡`‡ni e…w× N‡U| ˆewkó¨: (i) GB cªKvi †Kvk wefvR‡bi mgq
(2) ¶qc~iY: AvNvZcªvß ¯’v‡bi †givgwZi Rb¨ wbDwK¬qvm I mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi GKB m‡½ wefvRb N‡U
†Kvk wefvwRZ nq| (ii) cª_‡g wbDwK¬qvmwU Wv‡¤^j AvKvi aviY K‡i|
(3) cªRbb ev eskwe¯Ívi: †Kvk wefvR‡bi Øviv ZLb mvB‡UvcøvRgmn mgMª †KvkwU Wv‡¤^j AvKvi
GK‡Kvkx Rxe‡`i eskwe¯Ívi N‡U| G Qvov †iYy
aviY K‡i (iii) wbDwK¬qvm I mvB‡UvcøvRg ci¯úi
Drcv`b I M¨v‡gU Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ I †Kvk
†_‡K wew”Qbœ n‡q `ywU AcZ¨ †Kvk MVb K‡i| (iv)
wefvwRZ nq|
wbgœ †kªwYi Rxeiv A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm c×wZ‡Z msL¨v e…w×
2. †m‡›Uªvwgqvi Kv‡K e‡j? †m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii Ae¯’vb
NUvq|
Abyqvqx †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †kªwYwefvM K‡iv| Av‡jvPbv
5. Rbb Kv‡K e‡j? Rb‡bi c×wZ ms‡¶‡c eY©bv
K‡iv|
K‡iv|
DËi : †m‡›Uªvwgqvi: †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi gyL¨ LvuR msjMœ
DËi : Rbb: †h c×wZ‡Z GKwU RwbZ… Rxe †_‡K
Nb `vbvi g‡Zv Ask‡K †m‡›Uªvwgqvi e‡j|
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK AcZ¨ Rxe m…wó nq Zv‡K Rbb
†m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx †µv‡gv‡Rvg Pvi
e‡j|
cªKvi|
Rbb c×wZ: RxeRM‡Z `y-iK‡gi Rbb c×wZ j¶
Kiv hvq, †hgb- (i) A‡hŠb Rbb, (ii) †hŠb Rbb
 A‡hŠb Rbb c×wZ‡Z GKwU Rxe †_‡K AmsL¨ DËi : A¨vbv‡dR `kvi ˆewkó¨ : GwU
AcZ¨ Rxe m…wó nq| A¨vwgevi A‡hŠb Rbb K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm ev wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvR‡bi Z…Zxq
wØwefvRb ev eûwefvRb cªwµqvq m¤úbœ nq| wgDKi `kv| GB `kvq †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸wj wef³ n‡q `ywU
†iYyi mvnv‡h¨ A‡hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i| gm I †µvgvwUW MVb K‡i Ges bZyb †m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii m‡½
dvb©‡`i A‡hŠb Rbb †iYyi mvnv‡h¨ m¤úbœ nq|GB hy³ n‡q AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg MVb K‡i|
cªKvi Rb‡b M¨v‡gU Drcv`b nq bv| †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸wji A‡a©K DËi †giæ I A‡a©K `w¶Y
†hŠb Rbb c×wZ‡Z `ywU Rxe cªavbZ cyiæl I ¯¿x †giæi w`‡K Mgb K‡i| GwU †egZš‘i ms‡KvP‡bi
ci¯ú‡ii wgjb N‡U|wgjbKv‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †hŠb d‡j m¤úbœ nq| GB `kvq †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸wj ÔVÕ
Rb‡bi GKK M¨v‡g‡Ui wewbgq N‡U| cysM¨v‡gU I (‡gUv‡mw›UªK), ÔLÕ (mve-‡gUv‡mw›UªK), ÔJÕ
¯¿x M¨v‡g‡Ui wgj‡b (wb‡lK) RvB‡MvU m…wó nq| (A¨v‡·v‡mw›UªK) I ÔIÕ †U‡jv‡mw›UªK) AvK…wZi g‡Zv
RvB‡MvU †_‡K bZyb AcZ¨ Rxe m…wó nq| †`Lvq|
¯úvB‡ivMvBiv, c¨viv‡gwmqvg ms‡køl c×wZ‡Z †hŠb U †U‡jv‡dR `kvi ˆewkó¨ : †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸wj DËi
Rbb m¤úbœ K‡i| DbœZ cªvYx‡`i M¨v‡g‡Ui wgjb †giæ I `w¶Y †giæ‡Z †cŠQvq| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi KyÐjx
NwU‡q wb‡lK cªwµqvi gva¨‡g †hŠb Rbb m¤úbœ Ly‡j hvq, RjMªnY K‡i Ges wbDwK¬q RvjK MVb
nq|‡hgb- gvQ,e¨vO, c¶x, ¯Íb¨cvqx cªvYx‡`i †hŠb K‡i| wbDwK¬q c`©v I wbDwK¬Ijv‡mi Avwef©ve nq|
wgjb I wb‡lK N‡U| GB `kvi †k‡l `yÕwU AcZ¨ wbDwK¬qvm MwVZ nq|
6. DNA-Gi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb¸wj D‡jøL K‡iv| 9. Am¤ú~Y© cªKUZv Kv‡K e‡j? D`vniY `vI|
DËi : DNA-Gi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb¸wj n‡jv (1) DËi : wecixZ ˆewkó¨hy³ `yÕwU Rx‡ei msKiv‡qY
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em-(i)wcDwib, h_v- A¨v‡Wwbb I cªKU wRbwU m¤ú~Y©i~‡c cªKvk bv cvIqvq Rx‡ei cªKU
¸qvwbb| (ii) wcwiwgwWb, h_v- mvB‡Uvwmb I I cª”Qbœ ˆewk‡ó¨i ga¨eZ©x GKwU ˆewkó¨ cªKvk cvq|
_vBwgb| GB NUbv‡K Am¤ú~Y© cªKUZv e‡j|
(2) kK©iv = DNA-‡Z kK©iv wW-Aw·ivB‡evR iƒ‡c D`vniY- mܨvgvjZx Dw™¢‡` jvj I mv`v dyjhy³
Ae¯’vb K‡i| Mv‡Qi wgj‡b cª_g Rby‡Z mg¯Í (‡Mvjvwc) dyj Drcbœ
(3) dm‡dU- dm‡dvwiK A¨vwmW iƒ‡c Ae¯’vb K‡i| nq| GwU Am¤ú~Y© cªKUZvi D`vniY|
7. gvB‡Uvwmm Kv‡K e‡j? gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvk wefvR‡bi
†cªv‡dR I †gUv‡dR `kvi ˆewkó¨¸wj †j‡Lv| AwZwi³ iPbvag©x cª‡kœi DËi
DËi : gvB‡Uvwmm : †h avivevwnK c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ 1. civM‡hvM Kv‡K e‡j? ¯^civM‡hvM I BZi
†Kv‡bv †`n gvZ…‡Kv‡ki wbDwK¬qvm I mvB‡UvcøvRg civM‡hv‡Mi myweav I Amyweav †j‡Lv|
GKevi wefvwRZ n‡q mgAvK…wZ, mg¸Ym¤úbœ Ges DËi : civM‡hvM : †h cªwµqvq dy‡ji civM‡iYy
mgvb msL¨K †µv‡gv‡Rvghy³ `yÕwU AcZ¨ †Kvk m…wó GKB dy‡j ev GKB Mv‡Qi Ab¨ dy‡j ev GKwU
K‡i Zv‡K gvB‡Uvwmm e‡j| cªRvwZi Ab¨ Mv‡Qi dy‡ji Mf©gy‡Ð ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq,
†cªv‡dR `kvi ˆewkó¨ : wbDwK¬q RvwjKv †_‡K Drcbœ Zv‡K civM‡hvM (Pollination) e‡j| GwU `yB
†µvgvwUb m~θwj Rj Z¨vM K‡i (Rj we‡qvRb) cªKvi
¯úó n‡Z _v‡K| †µvgvwUW¸wj KyÐjxK…Z n‡q †Qv‡Uv ¯^civM‡hvM : †Kv‡bv dy‡ji civM‡iYy †mB dy‡j ev
I †gvUv nq Ges wbw`©ó msL¨K †µv‡gv‡Rvg m…wó nq| †mB Mv‡Qi Ab¨ dy‡ji Mf©gy‡Ð ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j Zv‡K
wbDwK¬Ijvm µgk †Qv‡Uv n‡Z n‡Z GB `kvi †k‡li ¯^civM‡hvM e‡j|
w`‡K m¤ú~Y© wejyß nq| i) evn‡Ki `iKvi nq bv|
†gUv‡dR `kvi ˆewkó¨ : wbDK¬xq c`©v I wbDwK¬Ijvm ii) AcZ¨ Rx‡e bZyb ˆewkó¨ Drcbœ nq bv, myweav
m¤ú~Y© iƒ‡c wejyß nq|‡µv‡gv‡Rvg¸wj welye A‡j GKB ˆewkó¨ eRvq _v‡K|
ev wbi¶xq Z‡j Ae¯’vb K‡i| †egZš‘ MwVZ nq| Amyweav : 1) DbœZ cªRvwZ m…wói m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|
Awew”Qbœ †egZš‘ DËi †giæ †_‡K `w¶Y †giæ ch©šÍ BZi civM‡hvM : †Kv‡bv dy‡ji civM‡iYy GKB
we¯Í…Z| †µv‡gv‡Rvgxq ZšÍ DËi ev `w¶Y †giæ Ges cªRvwZi Ab¨ Mv‡Qi dy‡ji Mf©gy‡Ð ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡j
†µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii m‡½ hy³ _v‡K| Zv‡K BZi civM‡hvM e‡j|
8. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvk wefvR‡bi A¨vbv‡dR I †U‡jv‡dR myweav : 1) Ac‡Z¨ bZyb ˆewkó¨ Drcbœ nq| 2)
`kvi ˆewkó¨ †j‡Lv| Ac‡Z¨i †ivM cªwZ‡iva ¶gZv †ewk nq|
 Amyweav : 1) evn‡Ki Dci wbf©ikxj e‡j civM‡hvM m…wó K‡i| Gi åyYg~j Ask †_‡K g~j Ges åyYgyKyj
AwbwðZ nq| 2) †iYyi AcPq nq| Ask †_‡K KvÐ MwVZ|
2. DNA- Gi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb¸wj D‡jøL K‡iv| 4. gvB‡Uvwmm Kv‡K e‡j? gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvk wefvR‡bi
DËi : DNA- Gi ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb¸wj n‡jv- †cªv‡dR| †gUv‡dR `kvi ˆewkó¨¸wj †j‡Lv|
1) bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em- wcDwib, h_v- A¨v‡Wwbb I DËi : gvB‡Uvwmm : †h avivevwnK c×wZi mvnv‡h¨
¸qvwbb| †Kv‡bv †`n gvZ…‡Kv‡ki wbDwK¬qvm I mvB‡UvcøvRg
2) wcwiwgwWb, h_v- mvB‡Uvwmb I _vBwgb| kK©iv GKevi wefvwRZ n‡q mgAvK…wZ, mg¸Ym¤úbœ Ges
DNA- †Z kK©iv wW- Aw·ivB‡evR iƒ‡c Ae¯’vb mgvb msL¨K †µv‡gv‡Rvghy³ `yÕwU AcZ¨ †Kvk m…wó
K‡i| K‡i Zv‡K gvB‡Uvwmm e‡j|
3. wb‡lK Kv‡K e‡j? mcy®úK Dw™¢‡`i wb‡lK c×wZ †cªv‡dR `kvi ˆewkó¨ : 1) wbDwK¬q RvwjKv †_‡K
Ges bZyb Dw™¢` MVb ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv K‡iv| Drcbœ †µvgvwUb m~θwj Rj Z¨vM K‡i Rj
DËi : wb‡lK : †h c×wZ‡Z cysM¨v‡gU Ges ¯¿xM¨v‡gU we‡qvRb) ¯úó n‡Z _v‡K| 2) †µvgvwUW¸wj
¯’vqxfv‡e wgwjZ n‡q wWcø‡qW †Kvk RvB‡MvU MVb KyÐjxK…Z n‡q †Qv‡Uv I †gvUv nq Ges wbw`©ó msL¨K
K‡i bZyb Rxe m…wó K‡i Zv‡K wb‡lK †µv‡gv‡Rvg m…wó nq| wbDwK¬Ijvm µgk †Qv‡Uv n‡Z
(Fertilization) e‡j| n‡Z GB `kvi †k‡li w`‡K m¤ú~Y© wejyß nq|
mcy®úK Dw™¢‡`i wb‡lK c×wZ- †gUv‡dR `kvi ˆewkó¨ : 1) wbDwK¬q c`©v I
civM‡hvM : dy‡ji cys‡Kk‡i civMavbx †_‡K wbDwK¬Ijvm m¤ú~Y©i~‡c wejyß nq| 2)
civM‡iYy (n) Drcbœ nq Ges evnK Qvov GKB dy‡ji †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸wj welye A‡j ev wbi¶xq Z‡j
ev Ab¨ dy‡ji ¯¿x¯Íe‡Ki Mf©gy‡Ð ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| Ae¯’vb K‡i| 3) †egZË¡ MwVZ nq| Awew”Qbœ
civM‡iYyi A¼y‡iv˜Mg Ges cysM¨v‡gU m…wó : Mf©gyÐ †egZË¡ DËi †giæ †_‡K `w¶Y †giæ ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|
†_‡K im †kvlY K‡i civM‡iYy ùxZ nq Ges †µv‡gv‡Rvgxq ZË¡ DËi ev `w¶Y †giæ Ges
AšÍtZ¡K †_‡K GKwU bj m…wó K‡i| G‡K civM‡iYyi †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii m‡½ hy³ _v‡K|
A¼y‡iv`&Mg e‡j| civMbvwji g‡a¨ wbDwK¬qvm 5. gvB‡Uvwmm †Kvk wefvR‡bi A¨vbv‡dR I †U‡jv‡dR
wefvwRZ n‡q GKwU bvwjKv wbDwK¬qvm Ges GKwU `kvi ˆewkó¨ †j‡Lv|
Rbb wbDwK¬qvm MVb K‡i| Rbb wbDwK¬qvmwU DËi : A¨vbv‡dR `kvi ˆewkó¨- 1) GwU
wefvwRZ n‡q `yÕwU cysM¨v‡gU MVb K‡i| K¨vwiIKvB‡bwmm ev wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvR‡bi Z…Zxq
¯¿xM¨v‡gU m…wó : dy‡ji wW¤^vk‡q GK ev GKvwaK `kv| 2) GB `kvq †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸wj wef³ n‡q `yÕwU
wW¤^K _v‡K| wW¤^‡K †iYy gvZ…‡Kvk †_‡K PviwU †µvgvwUW MVb K‡i Ges bZyb †m‡›Uªvwgqv‡ii m‡½
¯¿x‡iYy ev †gMv‡¯úvi MwVZ nq| wZbwU ¯¿x‡iYy bó nq hy³ n‡q AcZ¨ †µv‡gv‡Rvg MVb K‡i| 3)
Ges GKwU mwµq ¯¿x‡iYy å~Y¯’jx MVb K‡i Ges †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸wji A‡a©K DËi †giæ I A‡a©K `w¶Y
cici Pvievi wefvwRZ n‡q AvUwU wbDwK¬qvm MVb †giæi w`‡K Mgb K‡i| GwU †egZËyi ms‡KvP‡bi
K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ GKwU wW¤^vYy ev ¯¿xM¨v‡gU _v‡K| d‡j m¤úbœ nq| 4) GB `kvq †µv‡gv‡Rvg¸wj V
wb‡lK : civMbvwj åyY¯’jx‡Z cª‡ek Ki‡j cysM¨v‡gU (†gUv‡mw›UªK), Ô L Ô (mve- †gUv‡mw›UªK), Ô J Ô
`yÕwUi GKwU åyY¯’jx‡Z Drcbœ wW¤^vYyi (n) m‡½ (A¨v‡·v‡mw›UªK) I Ô I Ô (†U‡jv‡mw›UªK) AvK…wZi
wgwjZ n‡q RvB‡MvU (2n) MVb K‡i Ges Aci g‡Zv †`Lvq ৷
cysM¨v‡gUwU wbY©xZ wbDwK¬qv‡mi m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q km¨ †U‡jv‡dR `kvi ˆewkó¨ - 1)‡µv‡gv‡Rvg¸wj DËi
wbDwK¬qvm (3n) MVb K‡i| RvB‡MvU †_‡K c‡i åyY †giæ I `w¶Y †giæ‡Z †cŠuQvq| 2) †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi
MwVZ nq Ges km¨ wbDwK¬qvm †_‡K km¨ MwVZ nq| KyÐjx Ly‡j hvq, RjMªnY K‡i Ges wbDwK¬q RvjK
N…Y, dj I exR MVb : wWcø‡qW RvB‡MvU gvB‡Uvwmm MVb K‡i| 3) wbDwK¬q c`©v I wbDwK¬Ijv‡mi
c×wZ‡Z wefvwRZ n‡q åyY MVb K‡i| wW¤^KwU ex‡R Avwef©ve nq| 4) GB `kvi †k‡l `yÕwU AcZ¨
cwiYZ nq Ges wW¤^vkq cwiYZ n‡q dj MVb K‡i| wbDwK¬qvm MwVZ nq|
AcZ¨ Dw™¢` MVb : ex‡Ri g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z åyY AbyK~j 6. DNA- Gi †fŠZ MVb ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv K‡iv|
cwi‡e‡k A_©vr Av‡jv, DbœZv, Aw·‡R‡bi DËi : DNA- Gi †fŠZ MVb : GKcªKv‡ii ˆRe
Dcw¯’wZ‡Z A¼y‡iv`&Mg NUvq Ges bZyb AcZ¨ Dw™¢ ivmvqwbK c`v_© hv mvaviYZ †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g Ges Aí
cwigv‡Y †K¬v‡ivcøv÷ I gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡Z †`Lv hvq|
 DNA Pvi cªKv‡ii bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi †em (h_v- wR‡bi cybwe©b¨vm- wg‡qvwmm †Kvk wefvR‡b µwms
A¨v‡Wwbb, ¸qvwbb, mvB‡Uvwgb, I _vBwgb) wW- Ifvi m¤úbœ nIqvq †µv‡gv‡Rv‡gi †`nvs‡ki
Aw·ivB‡evR kK©iv Ges dm‡dU wb‡q MwVZ| wewbgq N‡U| d‡j wR‡bi cybwe©b¨vm nq|
weÁvbx IqvUmb I wµK ewY©Z DNA- Gi †fŠZ wRbMZ †f` m…wó- µwms Ifv‡ii d‡j wR‡bi
MVb bx‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv- cybwe©b¨vm m¤úbœ nIqvq cªRvwZi g‡a¨ wRbMZ †f`
1) bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi †em, wW- Aw·ivB‡evR kK©iv †`Lv hvq ৷
GKm‡½ wbDwK¬ImvBW MVb K‡i| Rbyµg wbqš¿Y- wg‡qvwmm †Kvk wefvRb m¤úbœ
wbDwK¬ImvBW dm‡d‡Ui m‡½ hy³ n‡q nIqvq Rxe‡`‡n n¨vcø‡qW I wWcø‡qW `kvi AveZ©b
wbDwK¬IUvBW MwVZ nq| N‡U| ZvB GwU Rbyµg wbqš¿‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i|
2) GKvwaK wbDwK¬IUvBW dm‡dvWvB- G÷vi 9. mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm Kv‡K e‡j? Dw™¢` I cªvYx‡Kv‡ki
eÜb w`‡q hy³ n‡q cwj wbDwK¬IUvBW MVb mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm eY©bv K‡iv|
K‡i| DËi : wbDwK¬qv‡mi wefvR‡bi ci mvB‡UvcøvR‡gi
3) `yÕwU cwj wbDwK¬IUvBW k…•Lj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb wefvRb‡K mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm e‡j|
w`‡q hy³ n‡q wØZš¿x DNA MVb K‡i Ges Dw™¢`‡Kv‡k mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm : Dw™¢`‡Kv‡k
ci¯úi‡K †cuwP‡q wmuwoi g‡Zv Ae¯’vb K‡i| †KvkcvZ ev †mj‡cøU MV‡bi gva¨‡g
wmuwoi nvZj `yÕwU kK©iv I dm‡dU wb‡q MwVZ mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm m¤úbœ nq| †U‡jv‡dR `kvi
Ges cv`vwb¸wj bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi †em w`‡q †k‡li w`‡K gvB‡µvwdjv‡g›U bvgK ZË¡¸”Q welye
MwVZ| A‡j Rgv nq Ges GKwU cªvPx‡ii g‡Zv MVb ˆZwi
4) DNA- Gi `yÕwU k…•L‡ji †em¸wj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb K‡i hv dª¨vM‡gvcøv÷ bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gi m‡½
eÜb w`‡q hy³ nIqvi mgq A = T Ges G = MjwMewW †fwm‡Kj hy³ n‡q †KvkcvZ MVb K‡i|
C w`‡q hy³ A_©vr A, T Gi m‡½ `yÕwU Ges †Kvkcv‡Zi Dfq cv‡k wewfbœ ivmvqwbK c`v_© mw¤¢Z
G, C Gi m‡½ wZbwU nvB‡Wªv‡Rb eÜb w`‡q n‡q †KvkcªvPxi MVb K‡i| d‡j †Kv‡ki
hy³ nq| mvB‡UvcøvRg `yÕwU fv‡M wef³ n‡q `yBwU AcZ¨
DNA- Gi GKwU m¤ú~Y© cv‡Ki ˆ`N¨© 34A [34 †Kv‡ki m…wó nq|
As÷ªs]| GB cv‡K `kwU †em _v‡K| ZvB `yÕwU cªvYx‡Kv‡ki mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm : cªvYx‡Kv‡k LvuR
†e‡mi g‡a¨ `yiZ¡ 3.4A| DNA, 20A PIov nq MV‡bi gva¨‡g ev wK¬‡fR c×wZ‡Z mvB‡UvKvB‡bwmm
Ges ïay e‡bi ˆ`N¨© 3A nq| nq| †U‡jv‡dR `kvq †Kv‡ki ga¨eZ©x ¯’v‡b
8. wg‡qvwmm †Kvk wefvRb Kv‡K e‡j? GwU †Kv_vq `yBcv‡ki †Kvkc`©v msKywPZ n‡q LvuR ˆZwi K‡i|
m¤úbœ nq? Gi Zvrch© D‡jøL K‡iv| GB LvR G‡K Ac‡ii w`‡K GwM‡q Av‡m Ges
DËi : †h †Kvk wefvRb c×wZ‡Z Rbb gvZ…‡Kv‡ki ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ wgwjZ nq| d‡j †Kv‡ki
wbDwK¬qvm I mvB‡UvcøvRg cici `yBevi cª_‡g mvB‡UvcøvRg `yB fv‡M wef³ n‡q hvq Ges `yÕwU
nªvmwefvRb I c‡i mgwefvRb) wefvwRZ n‡q A‡a©K AcZ¨ †Kvk m…wó nq|
msL¨K †µv‡gv‡Rvghy³ PviwU AcZ¨ †Kvk Drcbœ
K‡i Zv‡K wg‡qvwmm †Kvk wefvRb e‡j| GwU Rbb
gvZ…‡Kv‡k m¤úbœ nq| †hgb- gm, dvb© BZ¨vw`
Dw™¢‡`i †iYy gvZ…‡Kv‡k, DbœZ Dw™¢‡`i civMavbx I
wW¤^vk‡q cªvYx‡`i ïµvkq I wW¤^vk‡q|
wg‡qvwm‡mi Zvrch© : †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v aªyeK ivLv-
wg‡qvwmm †Kvk wefvR‡b n¨vcø‡qW msL¨K
†µv‡gv‡R‡vghy³ M¨v‡gU Drcbœ nq| n¨vcø‡qW
M¨v‡gU wgwjZ n‡q wWcø‡qW †Kvk m…wó nq|
†µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v nªvm bv †c‡j MvwYwZK nv‡i e…w×
†cZ| ZvB †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v aªyeK ivL‡Z wg‡qvwmm
mvnvh¨ K‡i|