MODULE 1
Derive expression sheer stress induced in helical coil spring.
Derive ratio of belt drives.
Define:
Active coil, Deflections, Solid length, Free length, Resiliance
Active coils are the coils in the spring, which contribute to spring action, support the
externalforce and deflect under the action of force.
Solid length: solid length is defined as the axial length of the spring which is
socompressed, that theadjacent coils touch each other. In this case, the spring is
completely compressed and no furthercompression is possible.
The solid length is given by.
Solid length = Nt d
Where,Nt = total number of coils
Free length: Free length is defined as the axial length of an unloaded helical
compressionspring. In this case, no external force acts on the spring. Free length is an
important dimension inspring design and manufacture.
Deflection is the displacement or deformation of a spring or other structural element
under the action of an applied load. In the context of coil springs, deflection is the
amount of movement that occurs when a force is applied, causing the spring to
compress, extend, or twist.
Resilience is the ability of a material or structure to absorb energy when it is deformed
elastically and to release that energy upon unloading, returning to its original shape.
.
MODULE 2
Derive Lewis equation for beam strength of spur gear tooth.
EXPLAIIN GEAR TOOTH FAIILURE MODES
Gear tooth failure modes refer to various ways in which teeth on gears can degrade or fail under
operating conditions. These failures can occur due to a combination of factors including stress,
wear, and material properties. Here are some common gear tooth failure modes:
Pitting: Pitting is characterized by small craters or pits on the surface of gear teeth. It occurs due
to repeated surface contact under high loads, leading to fatigue and eventual cracking of the
surface material. Pitting is often caused by insufficient lubrication, excessive load, or improper
gear alignment.
Wear: Wear occurs when material is gradually removed from the gear tooth surfaces due to
sliding contact. It can be accelerated by contaminants in the lubricant, improper lubrication, or
inadequate hardness of the gear material. Wear can lead to changes in gear geometry, affecting
performance and noise levels.
Fretting: Fretting is a type of wear that specifically happens at the contact interfaces between
mating gear teeth. It is caused by small relative motions, often due to vibration or insufficient
clearance, which leads to surface damage and material loss over time.
Bending Fatigue: Bending fatigue failure happens when cyclic loading causes cracks to initiate
and grow from the root of the gear tooth. This mode of failure is common in gears subjected to
high alternating stresses, such as those in heavy machinery or automotive transmissions.
Tooth Breakage: Tooth breakage occurs when a gear tooth fractures under extreme loads or
sudden shocks. It can result from overload conditions, impact loads, or material defects. Tooth
breakage can lead to catastrophic failure of the gear system.
Scoring: Scoring refers to the formation of grooves or scratches on the surface of gear teeth due
to abrasive contaminants or particles in the lubricant. It can accelerate wear and lead to increased
friction, affecting the efficiency and lifespan of the gear.
MODULE 3
CLASSIFY BEVEL GEAR
CLASSIFICATION OF BEVEL GEARS:
Classified depending upon the angles between the shafts and the pitch surfaces.
(i) Miter gears: when equal bevel gears (having equal teeth and equal pitch angles)
connecttwo shafts whose axes intersect at right angles as shown, then they are
known as mitergear.
(ii) Angular bevel gears: when the bevel gears connect two shafts whose axes
intersect at anangle other than a right angle, then they are known as angular bevel
gears.
(iii)Crown bevel gears: when bevel gears connect two shafts whose axes intersect
at an angle greater thana right angle and one of the bevel gears has a pitch angle of
90 then it is known as a crown gear. Thecrown gear corresponds to a rack in spur
gearing as shown.
(iv) Internal bevel gears: when the teeth on the bevel gear are cut on the inside of
the pitchcone then they are known as inter bevel gears.
MENTION APPLICATIONS OF WORM GEAR
Automotive Sector: They are used in automotive applications for power transmission,
steering systems, and gearboxes where compactness and efficiency are important factors.
Elevators and Lifts: Worm gears are employed in elevator systems to ensure smooth and
controlled movement, especially in situations requiring high torque and reliability.
Actuators and Robotics: They are employed in robotic systems and actuators where precise
control and compact size are necessary for efficient operation.
Cranes and Hoists: Worm gears are used in crane and hoist mechanisms to lift heavy loads
safely and efficiently, providing the necessary torque and reducing the risk of back-driving.
MODULE 4 : Derive power transmitting capacity of a single plate clutch for Uniform pressure
and uniform wear condition
MENTION PROPERTIES OF GOOD FRICTION MATERIAL USED IN CLUTCHES
1. **High Coefficient of Friction:** Ensures strong grip between clutch surfaces, preventing slipping and
enabling efficient power transmission.
2. **Wear Resistance:** Withstands frequent engagements and disengagements without significant
material deterioration, ensuring longevity.
3. **Temperature Stability:** Maintains consistent frictional properties even at high temperatures,
avoiding performance degradation.
4. **Smooth Engagement Characteristics:** Provides seamless transition between engagement and
disengagement, enhancing vehicle drivability and reducing vibration.
MODULE 5
Obtain Petroffs equation for co efficient of friction with assumptions.
(or)obtain petroffs eqn for lightly loaded bearing.---(10/12m)
TYPES OF BEARINGS