Vector Problem Solving
What are vector proofs?
Vectors can be used to prove things that are true in geometrical diagrams
o Vector proofs can be used to find additional information that can help us to solve problems
How do I know if two vectors are parallel?
Two vectors are parallel if one is a scalar multiple of the other
o This means if b is parallel to a, then b = ka
where k is a constant number (scalar)
For example, and
o so
o b is a scalar multiple of a, so b is parallel to a
If the scalar multiple is negative, then the vectors are parallel and in opposite directions
o
c is parallel to a and in the opposite direction
If two vectors factorise with a common bracket, then they are parallel
o They can be written as scalar multiples
For example
o 9a + 6b factorises to 3(3a + 2b)
o 12a + 8b factorises to 4(3a + 2b)
o This means
so they are scalar multiples of each other
and therefore parallel
How do I know if three points lie on a straight line?
You may be asked to prove that three points lie on a straight line
o Points that lie on a straight line are collinear
To show that the points A , B and C are collinear
o prove that two line segments are parallel
o and show that there is at least one point that lies on both segments
This makes them parallel and connected (not parallel and side-by-side)
For example, if you show that then
o the line segments AB and BC are parallel
o and they have a common point, B
So A , B and C must be collinear
Similarly, means AC and AB are parallel
o and they have a common point, A
so A , B and C must be collinear
How do I use ratios in vector paths?
Convert ratios into fractions
In the example shown, if then
o
o
The ratio 3:5 has 3 + 5 = 8 parts
Always check which ratio you are being asked for
o
o
Worked Example
The diagram shows trapezium OABC.
AB is parallel to OC, with .
(a) Find expressions for vectors and in terms of a and c.
and so .
(b) Point P lies on AC such that AP : PC = 3 : 1.
Find expressions for vectors and in terms of a and c.
AP : PC = 3 : 1 means that
(c) Hence, prove that point P lies on line OB, and determine the ratio .
To show that O, P, and B are colinear (lie on the same line), note that
therefore OP is parallel to OB
and so P must lie on the line OB
If then