BCOS 184 : E - COMMERCE

Q – What is E-Commerce ? State It’s Advantages & Disadvantages.

Ans. As is obvious, the term e-commerce is an abbreviated term for ‘electronic commerce’, which refers to the process of
undertaking business transactions over internet. Almost anything - ranging from basic items such as breads or soaps, to
high end expensive products such as computers or cars and even highly specialised services such as sale of second-hand
products to purchase of property, are all available on the related e-commerce web-portals.

Depending on the products and services available, e-commerce web-portals could be understood to be ‘Generic’ and
‘Specific’. Examples of generic ecommerce portals are ‘Flipkart’, ‘Amazon’, where one could buy any product, ranging from
furniture to flowers. On the other hand ‘Big Basket’ could be termed as a specific e-commerce web portal as the customer
can order for only grocery related products on this web portal.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE

There are no doubts in the minds of the stakeholders of e-Commerce about its ability to make businesses more profitable
due to its capacity to sell goods, services online. At the same time, there are multiple factors to keep in mind too.

1. Accelerated buying process for saving time: One of the problems conventional stores face is the delay in buying by a
consumer during the problem of accessing a physical store which may or may not be available. E-Commerce overcomes this
hurdle by aiding the consumer avail the specific product at their own pace and with ease. It helps the consumer choose
from a wide range of products by making available goods from other chained stores as well, widening the net of available
goods as well fast forward the process to process payments.

2. Personalised store as per Consumer preference: A major asset of conducting online business is the enhanced shopping
experience. As each user is introduced to a different first page based on their location and advanced search for conducting a
purchase. The consumer's history of purchases also reflects in the personalized experience of online commerce. This allows
consumers to avail special services like benefits and discounts due to their loyalty, order history and so on, hence fulfilling
customer expectations.

3. Reduce recurring cost while hiring virtual support resources: One of the key factors that aids in reducing cost when it
comes to e-commerce is the outsourcing of tasks to even different countries or employees for use to many other e-commerce
businesses. This makes the presence of a company possible in multiple locations possible at a fraction of the cost of physical
presence.
4. Customers retargeting is easier: Retargeting a customer is a key part of retaining a customer base. Below are some of the
techniques which can be used to retarget customers:-

· It is a good strategy to share a coupon when customers leave the checkout page.

· By sending emails which are pitching upsell and cross-sell.

· By redirecting the consumer to the desired web page or targeted advertisement based on Consumer data.

5. Easier to encourage an impulse buy: Impulse buying is an important tool in the arsenal of the sellers where it works as a
path for consumers to act as per their choices towards particular products. It plays on the psychological behaviour of
humans where some of us have personality traits that encourage impulse buying. It is often because of the urge to feel good,
and at the same time the attempt at deriving emotional value from certain products makes them feel good; or things that
have an emotional value.

6. Reviews Available: The review system allows the consumer to make decisions as well as pass judgement on a wide range
of variables. The presence of positive comments or a higher rating of one's business not only adds value, it also builds trust
of the consumer on the product as well as the business. This not only projects the business as transparent, it helps the
consumer to voice their opinion about their choices in products.

7. Detailed information available for the consumer: The availability of detailed information is one of the key strengths of e-
commerce. All consumers are always seeking detailed insights into the product they are interested in as it aids them in
making an informed decision. The availability of information allows the consumer to gauge the relevance and value of the
product or service according to their needs. It is the detailed description of the product that helps the consumer to make a
confident choice according to their requirements.

8. Quality service at reasonably low operation cost: Operational costs are a major expenditure when it comes to asserting
the physical presence of any businesses. Usually for a business to maintain a physical presence, they have to pay a lot of
money in the form of rent, salaries for employees, maintenance and other expenses. E-Commerce plays an important role in
reducing the cost of operations significantly by eliminating a significant part of that expense as the business does not have
to rely on a physical presence to provide quality service.

9. Quick and affordable marketing: E-commerce provides a cost effective way to businesses for marketing anything
effectively. This is in contrast to the expensive and time consuming processes used in physical marketing practices.

10. E-Commerce has flexibility with 24/7 service capability: Flexibility in terms of both accessibility and affordability are
major areas where Ecommerce is powerful than conventional stores and retail spaces as it allows the service to consumer
24/7. It is not only the capability of providing a shopping option round the clock, E-Commerce also helps consumers with
chat support, provide recommendations and identify products being sought by the consumer at any time and place.

Disadvantages of E-Commerce
 The various disadvantages of E-Commerce are discussed below:

1. Lack of personal touch: One of the thing that play a huge role in consumer satisfaction is the ability to personally view
and touch any product. It is an important factor when it comes to customer satisfaction as even the best detailed, expressed
and explained products can fail to convince and attract the consumer.

2. Unsure about the quality: When it comes to purchasing products online, it is difficult for the consumer to determine its
quality. It is also common knowledge that there has been malpractice when it comes to fake reviews to artificially boost
sales and of a low quality or faulty product.

3. Late Delivery: One of the assurances of businesses practicing ECommerce is the delivery time of the product. There are a
whole range of issues that can arise when it comes to the delivery of the purchased product; hence businesses avoid giving
exact delivery dates and try providing windows for the same. Many times, this results in the consumer waiting for the
product for more than the assured period of time.

4. Difficulty in purchasing some products: Some precious products such as gold and customised products like made-to-
order furniture (because of measurement issues) are difficult to be purchased online. Trust is an important factor when it
comes to these products, and the lack of ability to verify them physically could serve as a hindrance in purchasing such
products online.

5. Site crash issues: There is still some uncertainty when it comes to the functioning of servers and the availability of
round the clock and quality internet service. This can create a lot of hindrance from sales perspective, and can result in loss
of consumers as they might have to wait for an unspecified period of time to proceed with transactions.

6. Cybercrime and Data privacy issues: Last but not the least, ecommerce is prone to cyber security threats as well as data
breaches typical to the cyber world. E-commerce web portals than any other online information, as these sites/portals store
users’ data including financial and other personal details of the buyers and the sellers. Hence there is a constant challenge
of securing this data from a wide range of security challenges including malware, hacking, ransom ware as well as misuse
of personal sensitive information / preferences for targeted marketing / campaigning etc.

Q – State the Types of E-Commerce.

Ans. TYPES OF E-COMMERCE

Many different models of electronic transactions exist in the world of e commerce today. Generally, these are classified as
B2B (Business-to Business), B2C (Business-to-Consumer), C2C (Consumer to consumer), C2B (Consumer-to-Business), B2G
(Business-to-Government/Administration), C2A (Consumer to Administration), P2P ( Peer 2 Peer), Direct to consumer (D2C)

1. B2B: Business-to-Business Model of E-Commerce

 In business-to-business (B2B) type of e-commerce system, companies that are involved in the supply chain, such as a
manufacturer selling a product to a wholesaler, the wholesaler selling the product to a retailer, all come together to conduct
business with each other using a common portal. In such an instance, the manufacturer could have a website / web portal
that could also be used by the wholesaler to place orders for the product; this order could then be processed and sent to the
wholesaler. The Wholesaler could further use the same portal to advertise the product or take orders from a retailer for the
same.

2. B2C: Business-to-Consumer Model of E-Commerce

This model of e-commerce is understood to be the process where a company or business sells their goods, services and
products directly to the buyer using Internet. The buyer has the liberty of browsing through the Internet to filter, check and
view products and then order them. After receiving an order, the company proceeds to process and send the order directly
to the buyer.

Popular examples of B2C are ‘Amazon’, and ‘Flipkart’. It is important to note that majority of the e-commerce companies do
not manufacture products or produce these services, but rather list them on their website/ web portal for payments.

3. C2C: Consumer-to-Consumer Model of E-Commerce

This form of e-commerce is understood to be a model where consumers sell goods, services and products to another
consumer using web technologies and the internet. This model comprises the selling of a wide range of products including
movable assets and properties.

Companies such as ‘Quicker’, ‘OLX’ and so on are some examples of this model of C2C e-commerce.

4. C2B: Consumer-to-Business Model of E-Commerce

Unlike ‘B2C’ model, it is a type of commerce where consumers themselves provide goods, services and products to an
organization (or business) as illustrated below.

There is another version of this model; in this version, the consumer create and utilize their own social media profiles
(blogs etc.) to link back to the product sold on the company's ecommerce website / web portal, thereby consumers facilitates
the sale of company’s products and are usually rewarded by these companies for doing so.

5. B2G: Business-to-Government Model of E-Commerce

Business-to-government, also known as business-to-administration, refers to trade between the business sector as a supplier
and a government body as a customer. This kind of e-commerce refers to the situation where businesses conduct commerce
with the government; it is essentially a part of the ‘B2B’ model.

The business network provides a platform to businesses to bid on government opportunities such as auctions, tenders and
application submission and so on for various services etc. These activities are increasingly being conducted through the
internet using real time bidding. “ Government e-MarketPlace - GEM” portal by Government of India, is an example of the
same
6. C2A: Consumer-to-Administration Model of E-Commerce

The model refers to the e-commerce process followed by the consumers when interacting directly with the government
agencies. This may be in the form of payments, information access requests or feedback to various agencies among other
things. Consumer to government/administration model for e-commerce is the ideal answer for establishing communication
between the consumers and the government.

Examples of ‘C2A’ models include e-government applications such as payment of utility bills including electricity and water,
tax payments, health insurance payments made using web and mobile applications.

7. P2P: Peer-to-Peer Model of E-Commerce

P2P model is essentially a networked model of commerce without any intermediary. It is therefore a distributed platform
enabling different individuals to partake in transactions with each other without an in-between third party. This model of
network arrangement is different from the client server model where communication takes place from the central server.

These services may be operated as free non-profit services or generate revenue by advertising to users or by selling users
data. Some examples of ‘P2P’ services are open-source software, online marketplaces, crypto currency and Block-chain,
ridesharing and so on.

8. D2C: Direct-to-Consumer Model of E-Commerce

Direct-to-consumer refers to selling products in a straight line to customers, bypassing any third-party retailers,
wholesalers, or any other middlemen.

Direct-to-consumer companies are transforming how people shop. In the progression, these brands, spanning everything
from detergent to sneakers, are radically changing consumer preferences and expectations. In addition to establish a direct
relationship with customers, these brands are building a community of ambassadors on social media.

D2C brands are usually sold online only and specialize in a specific product category: Casper, Warby Parker, Everlane,
Harry’s, Outdoor Voices, AWAY, and Dollar Shave Club.

Q – State the Key Elements of a Business Model.

Ans. KEY ELEMENTS OF A BUSINESS MODEL

To ensure that all these basic questions are adequately addressed, following are some simple steps to create a strong
business model.

1. Identify your specific audience: Targeting a wide audience won’t allow a business to identify the right customers, who
truly need and want the product or service. Instead, when creating a business model, narrow down the audience (expected
buyers) number to two or three and do detailed study of the buyer personas. Outline each persona’s demographics,
common challenges and the solutions of the company that it will offer.

2. Establish business processes: Before the business can go live, make a clear understanding of the activities required to
make the business model work. It is important to determine the key business activities to establish a proper business
process. The first step is to identify the core aspects of the business’s offering.

3. Record key business resources: What does a company need to carry out during daily processes, find new customers and
reach business goals? Document essential business resources to ensure the business model is adequately prepared to
sustain the needs of the business. Common example that a business may need includes a website, capital for the business to
start running, warehouses, intellectual property and the customer lists.

4. Develop a strong, preferably a unique value proposition: For standing among other competitors a company needs to
provide some additional value proposition to the customers in the form of an innovative service, or a revolutionary
product. Value proposition is about giving the value to the business and how it stands out from other businesses in the
market. Once the business has got a few value propositions, then it is important to link each of them to a service or product
delivery system to determine how the business would remain valuable to the customers over time.

5. Determine key business partners: No business can function properly (let alone reach established goals) without key
partners that donate to the business’s ability to serve customers. While building a business model it is significant to choose
the key partners like for example suppliers, strategic alliances, or advertising partners.

Keeping these five elements in mind, will lead to the creation of a solid business model capable of fuelling the success of a
new business entity.

Q – State the impact of a pandemic on E-commerce businesses.

Ans. IMPACT OF COVID ON e-COMMERCE

The corona virus pandemic has considerably changed the shopping behaviour of consumers for two valid reasons- firstly
the shopping sprees got reduced due to lockdowns and secondly the downward spiral of economy curtailed the
expenditures.

However, in this transition, online stores became more popular. Even those who had not gone online to shop now realised
that they could buy essential commodities from the safe confines of their homes. These FTUs (First Time Users) on e-
commerce sites also suddenly became aware of massive discounts/ bargain deals available online, which probably would
have never come their notice earlier. As a result, quite a lot of consumers have switched from shops, supermarkets, and
shopping malls to online portals for the purchase of products, ranging from basic commodities to branded goods, even
when the covid-imposed lockdowns have been lifted.
 However, this is just the tip of the ice-berg- COVID and Digitilisation have more to unfold in e-commerce sector than what
we can see now. Only future would tell.

Q – What are e-Commerce revenue models? Explain their various types.

Ans. E-COMMERCE REVENUE MODELS

E-commerce not only involves doing business over the internet, it is also about designing new profitable business models.
After we have understood some of the important implementation strategies for e-commerce businesses, we would move on
to understand possible modes of income generation in ecommerce implementation. This is best explained by the revenue
model defining the e-commerce implementation.

1. Advertising Revenue Model: Revenue in e-commerce businesses could be primarily generated by hosting advertisements
of other products/ services on online stores; this is the most basic model of revenue generation referred as Advertising
Revenue Model.

This model provides content and services like email, chat, etc. mixed with advertising messages in the form of banner ads.
The advertising model only works when the volume of viewer traffic is large or high. The banner ads may be the major or
sole source of revenue for the broadcaster.

2. 2. Affiliate Revenue Model: It is a very popular variation to the advertising revenue model that is based on pay-for-
performance Concept. In this concept the sellers put advertisement of their products as ‘links’ on websites of their partners,
also called affiliates. Payments are made to the sellers when the links are clicked, and orders are placed and in return the
partners/ affiliates get some part of the revenue.

3. Transaction Fee Revenue Model: There are certain e-commerce sites, such as OLX, e-bay who charge a transaction fee
from its users. This transaction could be either fixed or could be in terms of percentages of the volume of transactions
undertaken.

4. Sales Revenue Model: Sale of products/ services itself generates revenues for the sellers (who could be a retailer or
wholesaler) who sell their products online.

Q – State the Essential Technology Features Required in E-Commerce.

Ans. ESSENTIAL TECHNOLOGY FEATURES REQUIRED IN E-COMMERCE

Essential features of technology required while designing e-Commerce are explained as follows:

1. Ubiquity: E-commerce is ubiquitous i.e. it can be accessed from everywhere and at anytime. It is not restricted to any
physical space and makes it possible to shop anytime, anywhere using any electronic device (laptop/desktop/mobile
phone/tablet) having internet connectivity.

2. Global Reach: The technology has eliminated the national boundaries. In e-commerce businesses, potential market size
is almost equivalent to the global population.

3. Universal Standards: Another obvious unusual feature of e-commerce technologies is there is one set of technical
standards of the internet that is universal standards. The Internet is shared at the global level by all nations, it enables any
computer to link with any other computer regardless of the technology platform used by each one of them. Using the
universal standards files can be easily exchanged with any remote device across globe.

4. Richness: Advertising and branding are an important part of commerce. E-commerce can deliver video, audio,
animation, billboards, signs and etc like traditional commerce. Information and the contents are rich can be delivered
without sacrificing the reach.

5. Interactivity: E-commerce technologies allow for interactivity, meaning they enable two-way communication between
the merchant and the consumer.

6. Information Density: Ecommerce technology reduces the information collection, storage, communication, and
processing cost. At the same time, it has increased the accuracy of quality information, making information more useful and
important than ever.

7. Personalization: E-commerce technology allows for personalization. On the basis of name, interests, and past purchase
behavior products can be customized and personalized, further, this collected information could be used for sending
marketing and promotional messages to the targeted customers.

Q – State the Advantages of employing digital technologies in Governance.

Ans. 1. Fast and convenient service to citizens: Citizens can have easy and quick access to the related information
regarding to all the public services by applying for any service online on web portal/ apps developed by the government.
Further he/she can get documents easily in electronic form or hard copy as per the requirement, so there is no more waiting
in the long queues. In other words, citizens can take advantage of many other online services just on a click of mouse and
the public services are available to them at their doorsteps by minimising their transaction costs and travelling costs.

2. Reduction in delays, red tapism, and corruption: Implementation of e-government ande-governance lowers several
other related bureaucratic problems such as long processes, personal grudges of the delivery officers and so on. With
implementation of digital technologies, there is improvement in transparency in public processes and clear accountability
of the government functionary in charge of that process. It not just fastens the processes but also reduces corruption that
could come up in manual processes.

3. Effective utilization of resources: Resource utilization is optimised through effective implementation of digital
technologies in public domain due to the speed and efficiency provided by digital technologies. This kind of utilization is not
possible with manual paperwork and manual processes, otherwise used in government organisations.

4. Enhanced citizen participation: In a democratic system, citizen participation is one of the key components of decision-
making process. The use of Internet based technologies raises the possibility for largescale citizen participation in policy
making process of government, despite the distances and diversity of the population.

5. Integration of public services of offered by different departments: By using digital technologies, different
departments and different functions could be connected. This integration of public services offered by state and central
government provides ease of access of public services to the citizens.

Indeed, the growth of e-governance and e-government has been one of the most striking and noticeable developments in
governance and it would be interesting to understand how different public organisations or even a country evolves from
the most basic stage of employing digital technologies in governance to the higher stages. This is explained in the next
section by referring to the Gartner’s evolution model of e-government.

Q – State the Merits of e-Payment System.

Ans. MERITS OF E-PAYMENT SYSTEM

E-payment systems are made to facilitate the acceptance of electronic payments for online transactions. With the growing
popularity of online shopping, e-payment systems became a must for online consumers — to make shopping and banking
more convenient. It comes with many benefits, such as:

· Reaching more clients from all over the world, this result in more sales.

· More effective and efficient transactions — It’s because transactions are made in seconds (with one-click), without
wasting customer’s time. It comes with speed and simplicity.

· Convenience. Customers can pay for items on an e-commerce website at anytime and anywhere. They just need an
internet connected device. As simple as that!

· Lower transaction cost and decreased technology costs.

· Expenses control for customers, as they can always check their virtual account where they can find the transaction
history.
 · Today it’s easy to add payments to a website, so even a non-technical person may implement it in minutes and start
processing online payments.

· Payment gateways and payment providers offer highly effective security and anti-fraud tools to make transactions
reliable.

Q – State the Types of Payment Methods. Explain.

Ans. TYPES OF PAYMENT METHODS

There are various types of payment gateways consumers are using. It can be possible in brick-and-mortar which we usually
call physical stores and shopping online which we call click-and-mortar stores. In physical stores, payment gateways consist
of the point of sale (POS) terminals used to accept payments by card or by phone. In online stores, payment gateways are
the “checkout” portals used to enter credit card information or credentials for services such as Google Pay, Amazon Pay,
Facebook Pay and WhatsApp Pay. Using multiple gateways make great business sense when you considering the flexibility it
gives to your team. There are various kinds of Epayment present in a market, some are mentioned below:

· Automated clearing house.

· Wire transfers.

· Item processing.

· Remote deposit capture.

· FedLine Access Solutions.

· Automated Teller Machines.

· Card Services (ATM, credit, debit, prepaid)

· Mobile payments

· Crypto currency

On the other hand E-payment methods could be further classified into two areas, credit payment systems and cash
payment systems which we usually called Pre Paid & Post Paid E-Payment System.

Prepaid refers to the scheme in which you buy credit in advance before availing services. Post-paid is defined as a
scheme in which the customers are billed at the end of the month for the services availed by them. Examples include
plastic card, on-line transactions, concerned bank, performed by phones or by filling form on the website, Cyber Cash,
 encrypted payment, Internet Cheques, cheques for deposit, Process them internally, and clear and settle between banks,
cheques handwriting signatures.

Credit Cards

Credit card is a plastic card which is issued by a bank. It is issued to customers of high credit ranking, the necessary
information is stored in magnetic form on the card. A card holder can purchase the item from the shop or the showrooms
and need not pay cash. He has to flash the card in machine at the place where he is making purchases. Banks issue credit
card to the customers up to a certain limit. The customers can purchase goods/services from the authorized showrooms
without carrying physical cash with them. The bills are presented by the showroom to the authorized branch. This bill is
presented by the paying branch to the issuing branch.

Cyber Cash

Unlike Credit card, Cyber Cash is not directly involved in handling funds. In Cyber cash system, after deciding what is to be
purchased the customer makes payment to the merchant through credit card without disclosing the credit card number to
him. The credit card number is sent to the merchant in encrypted form. The merchant forward the encrypted payment with
his private key to the bank's Cyber Cash gateway server. The bank's Cyber Cash gateway server decrypts the information,
processes the transaction and forward it to the merchant's bank.

Internet Cheques

A cheque is a signed paper document that orders the signer's bank to pay an amount of money to a person specified on the
cheque or bearer from the signer's account on or after a specified date. Cheques pass directly from the payer to the payee,
so that the timing or the purpose of the payment is clear to the payee. The payee can deposit the cheque in an account of his
choice or cash it. Banks operate extensive facilities to accept cheques for deposit Process them internally and clear and
settle between banks.

Smart card

It is a plastic card with a microprocessor that can be loaded with funds to make transactions; also known as a chip card.

E-wallet

It is clear that mobile wallets are slowly making a mark as a form of payment method, but cash still remains to be an
imperative necessity for consumers.

Q – Comment on the Following a)ACH b)RTGS c)IMPS d)UPI

Ans. a) AUTOMATED CLEARING HOUSE

 Automated Clearing House (ACH) is a computer-based electronic network that coordinates electronic payments and
automated money transfers i.e processes transactions, usually domestic low value payments, between participating
financial institutions. ACH is a way to move money between banks without using paper checks, wire transfers, credit card
networks, or cash. ACH and EFT payments are similar in that they are both forms of electronic payments. However, EFT
refers to all digital payments, whereas an ACH is a specific type of EFT. An ACH payment occurs when money moves from
one bank to another bank. This money moves electronically, through the Automated Clearing House Network. In India
National Automated Clearing House, or NACH, introduced by National Payments Corporation of India, is a centralized
clearing service that aims at providing interbank high volume, low value transactions that are repetitive and periodic in
nature. Most people already use ACH payments, although they might not be familiar with the technical jargon. When
employers pay wages through direct deposit or consumers pay bills electronically out of checking accounts, the ACH
network is often responsible for those payments. These computerized payments have benefits for both merchants and
consumers as explained below:

1. Lower costs: ACH payments use fewer resources than traditional paper checks. There’s no need for paper, ink, fuel to
transport checks, time and labor to handle and deposit checks, and so on.

2. Recordkeeping Convenience: Electronic transactions make it easy to keep track of income and expenses. With every
transaction, banks create an electronic record. Accounting and personal financial management tools can also access that
transaction history.

3. Convenience: ACH is more convenient and easier to use as compared to the other methods of payment.

4. Customer’s preference: ACH is preferred because of security, reduced human error and increase time savings, Faster
processing time.

b) RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement)

Money can be transferred from one bank to another on a real-time basis using Real Time Gross Settlement or RTGS method.
There is no maximum transfer limit, but the minimum is Rs. 2 lakhs. The transactions are processed throughout the RTGS
business hours. Usually, the amount is remitted within 30-minutes. To be able to transfer money through RTGS, it is
required for the sender and the receiver bank branch to be RTGS enabled. It costs a little more than NEFT. But still, it will
not cost you more than Rs. 30 for transactions up to Rs. 5 lakhs. The fee varies from one bank to another. Various
requirements for conducting a RTGS are:

· Amount to be sent

· Account number of the remitter or sender

· Name of the recipient or beneficiary

· Account number of the beneficiary

· Beneficiary’s bank and branch name

· IFSC code of the receiving branch

· Sender to receiver information, if any

c) IMPS (Immediate Payment Service)

An IMPS sends instant payments. The money is transferred instantaneously through mobile phones using this interbank
electronic fund transfer service. You can make the transactions 24x7x365 across banks including all weekends and bank
holidays. The money can be transferred using phones, ATMs, Mobile Money Identifier (MMID) and internet banking. The
idea is simple to allow users to make payments with the mobile number of the beneficiary. Various requirements for
conducting IMPS are:

· MMID of the Recipient

· 7 Digit MMID Number

· MMID of the receiver

· Name of the beneficiary

· Beneficiary’s mobile number

· Account Number of the recipient

· IFSC Codes of the beneficiary bank

d) UPI

Unified Payments Interface is an instant real-time payment system developed by National Payments Corporation of India
facilitating inter-bank transactions. The interface is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India and works by instantly
transferring funds between two bank accounts on a mobile platform.

Unified Payments Interface is a real time payment system that allows sending or requesting money from one bank account
to another. Any UPI client app may be used and multiple bank accounts may be linked to single app. Money can be sent or
requested with the following methods:

· Virtual Payment Address (VPA) or UPI ID: Send or request money from/to bank account mapped using VPA.

· Mobile number: Send or request money from/to the bank account mapped using mobile number.

· Account number & IFSC: Send money to the bank account.

· Aadhar: Send money to the bank account mapped using Aadhar number.

· QR code: Send money by QR code which has enclosed VPA, Account number and IFSC or Mobile number.
Q – State the differences between HTTP and HTTPs.

Ans. Following are the difference between HTTP and HTTPS.

HTTP HTTPS

The full form of HTTP is Hypertext Transfer The full form of HTTPS is Hypertext Transfer
Protocol. Protocol Secure.

An HTTP URL begins with http:// An HTTPS URL begins with https://

It uses port number 80. It sends the data over port number 443.

HTTP is an application layer protocol. HTTPS is a transport layer protocol.

Less secure and vulnerable to hacking It is highly secure.

attacks.

It does not contain an SSL certificate. HTTPS contains an SSL certificate.

HTTP websites do not use data encryption. HTTPS websites use data encryption.

It is fast. It is slower than HTTP.

HTTP does not help in improving search HTTPS provides SEO advantages as Google
rankings. gives the preferences to websites that use
HTTPS.

Q – What is web hosting? What are the various types of web hosting?
 Ans. WEBSITE HOSTING

A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to make their website
accessible via World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that rent out their services and technologies to host websites on
the internet.

A space on a web server is allocated to store the files by the hosting provider. Web hosting makes the files available for
viewing online. Web hosting provides services and infrastructure to develop, store, and deploy globally available websites
and web apps in the cloud so startups can focus on applications and users.

Types of Website Hosting

Various types of web hosting services are explained in detail below:

1. Shared hosting: Shared hosting is perfect for entry-level website hosting. With a shared hosting plan, all domains share the
same server resources, such as RAM (Random Access Memory) and CPU (Central Processing Unit). However, because all
resources are shared, the costs of shared hosting plans are relatively low, making them an excellent option for website
owners in their beginning stages. Although shared hosting provides website owners with a more simplistic approach to the
web. This means that surges in usage can ultimately affect the website’s user experience.

2. Virtual private server (VPS) hosting: A VPS hosting plan is the ultimate middle ground between a shared server and a
dedicated server. It is ideal for website owners, who need more control, but do not necessarily need a dedicated server. VPS
hosting is unique because each website is hosted within its own space on the server, though it still shares a physical server
with other users. VPS hosting provides website owners with more customization and storage space.

3. Dedicated server hosting: Dedicated hosting gives website owners the most control over the server on which their website
is hosted. Dedicated servers’ cost is one of the most expensive web hosting options. They are mostly used by website owners
with high levels of website traffic, and those who are in need of complete control of their servers. In addition, a high level of
technical expertise is required for the installation and ongoing management of the server.

4. Cloud hosting: Cloud hosting is the current buzzword of the technology industry. In Web hosting, it means many
computers working together, running applications using combined computing resources. This allows users to employ as
many resources as they need without having to build and maintain their own computing infrastructure. The resources that
are being used are spread across several servers, reducing the chance of any downtime due to a server malfunction.

5. Managed hosting: The user gets his or her own Web server but is not allowed full control over it (user is denied root access
for Linux/administrator access for Windows); however, they are allowed to manage their data via FTP or other remote
management tools. The user is disallowed full control so that the provider can guarantee quality of service by not allowing
the user to modify the server or potentially create configuration problems.

6. Co-location web hosting service: Co-location web hosting service is similar to the dedicated web hosting service, but the
user owns the co-server; the hosting company provides physical space that the server takes up and takes care of the server.
This is the most powerful and expensive type of web hosting service. In most cases, the co-location provider may provide
 little to no support directly for their client's machine, providing only the electrical, Internet access, and storage facilities for
the server.

7. Clustered hosting: Cluster hosting allows multiple servers hosting the same content for better resource utilization.
Clustered servers are a perfect solution for high-availability dedicated hosting, or creating a scalable web hosting solution.
A cluster may separate web serving from database hosting capability. Usually, web hosts use clustered hosting for their
shared hosting plans, as there are multiple benefits to the mass managing of clients.

8. Grid hosting: Grid hosting is a service that provides grid computing Capabilities to its clients This form of distributed
hosting is adopted when a server cluster acts like a grid and is composed of multiple nodes. Much like cluster hosting, grid
hosting makes it less likely that a spike in resource needs will take site offline.

Q – What are the Strategies for developing e-commerce websites?

Ans. STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING ECOMMERCE WEBSITES

The commerce industry is growing with rapid speed as growth rate is continuously increasing. The process of e-commerce
website development project are categories into seven major steps which are as follows:

1. Identify the product/service, and the customer: The first step for ecommerce website development is to identify the
products/services which the company wants to sell in the market to the target population. As it is essential to identify which
products are to be sold and to whom.

2. Know your e-commerce customer: KYeC is vital for any business to understand who their customer is for success in the
long run. So, they can allure them in the best possible way. One way to obtain this is by evaluating the customers of the
competitors.

3. Choose the right e-commerce website development platform: Appropriate e-commerce platform is a software suite
that aids build the e-commerce store where marketers make their products available, and customers can process
transactions. Choosing the right e-commerce platform is vital to any online business as it is the very foundation of the
business.

4. Choose the right e-commerce website hosting platform: Business success and failure choice of server and hosting are
a crucial factor. It determines the website’s accessibility and performance efficiency. Costs cutting are an important factor
while deciding about website hosting and support; outsourcing can be exercised.

5. Choose the right e-commerce development partner: Choosing for e-commerce technology development partners or e-
commerce vendors can be very difficult. The market is very crowded with service providers and with each one claiming to
offer the services which suit best to company needs.
6. E-commerce website testing: After completion of the website development, the next crucial step is e-commerce website
testing. Testing checks usability, customer convenience, checks for bugs, and is important to providing a good shopping
experience. Testing is usually implemented in various browsers, across platforms, and across devices. Websites can be
tested manually, or automatically, or a combination of the two followed by feedback.

7. Effective marketing: E- marketing plays a crucial role at this stage, it is important to advertise it to people. For
advertising the website, marketers need to have a promotional plan drafted out including all means of advertising. In a
crowded market of business owners competing for customers’ attention, it is hard to get new customers or sustain existing
ones without proper marketing.

Q – What are utility programs? What are the different types of utility programs?

Ans. Utility program is a system application that executes a specific task, generally pertaining to optimal maintenance or
operation of the system resources. Operating systems such as Windows, macOS and Linux come with their own set of utility
programs to maintain and execute different utility functions such as formatting, compressing, scanning, exploring and
much more. Utility programs also assist with the management of computer functions, resources and files. one can ensure
complete password protection and keep systems virus free using different utility programs.

Types of Utility Programs

Various functions are executed by a utility program to make the system’s operations smoother and more efficient. Overall,
utility programs can be broadly categorized into four parts:

1. System Utilities: Some of the system utility programs are memory manager, antivirus and firewall, registry checker and
cleaner, package installer and explorer. Also, with the help of such system utility programs, users can execute functions that
are crucial for smooth running of an operating system.

2. File Management Utilities: File management utilities include tools such as data archives, software backup tools, file
compression tools and managers. With the help of these, users can manage their data in the form of files and folders. These
utilities help users to sort out, store and categories files according to the requirement.

3. Storage Device Management Utilities: Storage device management utility programs provide solutions for enhancing disk
capacity, such as disk clean-up, partition management, formatting, disk space allocation, defragmentation, etc. With the help
of this utility program, users can compartmentalize systems and external drives for efficient management of programs and
files that are stored within.

4. Miscellaneous Utilities: Apart from these three utility program categories, there are various other programs that help in
managing business operations. Some of these programs include data generators, HTML checkers and hex editors, to name a
few.
Q – What is an operating system? Explain the two most commonly used operating systems.

Ans. OPERATING SYSTEM

In our preceding course BCOS-183 we had elaborately defined the term Operating system. An Operating System (OS) is an
interface between computer user and computer hardware. The foundational software on a server is the operating system.
Commonly speaking, it is the basis on which everything else you use runs. Without an operating system, the server is just a
collection of electronics that does not identify how to communicate with the rest of the humankind. An operating system is
software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling
input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. A web Server software must match
with Operating System.

Windows

Microsoft Windows, commonly referred to as Windows, is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system
families, all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing
industry. If you use The Official Microsoft [Link] Site, MS SQL or Access databases you need Windows hosting because
those technologies are not available on other platforms. The support for traditional Asp is better on Windows and
ColdFusion hosting is most common on Windows servers, even though ColdFusion runs just as nice on Linux. On the
downside, Windows servers are more exposed to viruses and hacker attacks. Windows hosting is also more expensive, and
Windows servers tend to crash a bit more often. Windows also takes more server resources than Linux, resulting in fewer
hosting accounts on each server and higher prices.

Linux

With Linux, one get a stable server platform with high security and no threatening viruses. Linux is free, and does not take
as much server resources as Windows, so Linux hosting is cheaper.

It provides a good selection of scripting languages (most are also supported by Windows servers). The most common
database solution for Linux is MySQL, which also is open source and works great. PostGreSQL is on its way to Windows, but
not quite there yet. And with the great selection of free online resources, Linux hosting is the best choice for most self-
taught webmasters and businesses too. Ubuntu or Fedora was the most common choice.

Q – What is a mail server? What are different types of E-mail servers?

Ans. A mail server (sometimes also referred to an e-mail server) is a server that handles and delivers e-mail over a network,
usually over the Internet. A mail server can receive e-mails from client computers and deliver them to other mail servers. A
mail server can also deliver e-mails to client computers.
 Types of E-mail Server

When we use the term email server in the sense of services or we can separate email servers into 2 main categories:
outgoing email servers and incoming email servers.

1. SMTP: Outgoing email servers are called SMTP servers. for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. guidelines that allow software to
transmit an electronic mail over the internet. It is a program used for sending messages to other computer users based on e-
mail addresses.

2. POP3: Incoming email servers are known by the acronyms POP3 (Post Office Protocol). In computing, the Post Office
Protocol is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by email clients to retrieve e-mail from a mail server. POP
version 3 is the version in common use.

3. 3. IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol): IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is a standard email protocol that
stores email messages on a mail server, but allows the end user to view and manipulate the messages as though they were
stored locally on the end user's computing device(s).

In general, IMAP is more complex and flexible than POP3. With IMAP, messages are stored on the server itself. While
with POP3, messages are usually kept on the device, that is, on your computer or cell phone.

Q – Why is Cyber security Important?

Ans. In today’s attached world, one and all benefits from advanced cyber defense programs. At an individual level, a cyber-
security attack can upshot in everything from identity theft, to extortion attempts, to the loss of important data like family
photos. Each person relies on critical infrastructure like power plants, hospitals, and financial service companies. Securing
these and other organizations is essential for keeping our society functioning. On the other hand educating the public on the
significance of cyber security, and build up open source tools which will make the Internet safer for everyone.

Q – What do you understand by Cyber Threats? Explain It’s Various Types.

Ans. Cyber Threats For a cyber-security expert, the Oxford Dictionary definition of cyber threat is a little lacking it’s given
as the "the possibility of a malicious attempt to damage or disrupt a computer network or system." This definition is
incomplete without including the attempt to access files and infiltrate or steal data. In this definition, the threat is defined as
a possibility. However, in the cyber security community, the threat is more closely identified with the actor or adversary
attempting to gain access to a system. Or a threat might be identified by the damage being done, what is being stolen or the
Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTP) being used.

Type of Cyber Threats

In our modern technology-driven age, keeping our personal information private is becoming more difficult. The truth is,
highly classified details are becoming more available to public databases, because we are more interconnected than ever.
Our data is available for almost anyone to shift through due to this interconnectivity. This creates a negative stigma that the
use of technology is dangerous because practically anyone can access one’s private information for a price. Technology
continues to promise to ease our daily lives; however, there are dangers of using technology. One of the main dangers of
using technology is the threat of cybercrimes.

1. Computer Viruses: A computer virus is a program written to alter the way a computer operates, without the permission
or knowledge of the user. A virus replicates and executes itself, usually doing damage to the computer in the process. It is
perhaps the most well-known computer security threat. Carefully evaluating free software downloads from peerto-peer file
sharing sites, and emails from unknown senders are crucial to avoiding viruses. Most web browsers today have security
settings which can be ramped up for optimum defense against online threats. But, single most-effective way offending off
viruses is up-to-date antivirus software from a reputable provider.

2. Spyware Threats: A serious computer security threat, spyware is any program that monitors your online activities or
installs programs without the consent for profit or to capture personal information. While many users won't want to hear it,
reading terms and conditions is a good way to build an understanding of how your activity is tracked online. And of course,
if a company don't recognize is advertising for a deal that seems too good to be true, be sure that we have an internet
security solution in place and click with caution.

3. Hackers and Predators: Hackers and predators are programmers who victimize others for their own gain by breaking
into computer systems to steal, change, or destroy information as a form of cyber-terrorism. These online predators can
compromise credit card information, lock you out of your data, and steal your identity. As we may have guessed, online
security tools with identity theft protection are one of the most effective ways to protect yourself from this brand of
cybercriminal.

4. Phishing: Phishing attacks are some of the most successful methods for cybercriminals looking to pull off a data breach.
Masquerading as a trustworthy person or business, phishes attempt to steal sensitive financial or personal information
through fraudulent email or instant messages. Antivirus solutions with identity theft protection can be used to recognize
phishing threats in fractions of a second.

Q – What are the various Security Barriers faced by the companies? How MSSPs can help solve them ?

Ans. SECURITY BARRIERS

While there are hard costs associated with security incidents in terms of lost data or ransom paid, executive leadership also
needs to be prepared for other business impacts such as brand erosion, loss of customer goodwill, shareholder
disappointment and earnings volatility, all of which can incur costs months and even years after an initial security incident.
Everyone knows that they need to secure their networks and systems, but enterprises which are lacking IT resources,
dwindling budgets and the sheer volume of risk to manage; handling security nowadays has become a seemingly
 insurmountable task. Consequently, more and more businesses are looking towards Managed Security Service Providers
(MSSP) for help. Here are three common security challenges companies face and how MSSPs can help solve them.

1. Specialized talent shortage: There is a shortage of qualified IT security staff, making it difficult for management to attract
and recruit qualified personnel. Escalating salary requirements further complicate the situation. Consequently, many
companies skip some of the security management basics simply because they don’t have the time or staff required to
implement these practices, making them prime hacking targets. An MSSP (Managed Security Service Provider) can operate
in a variety of capacities and fill in whatever security gap a company may have. This includes not only devising a security
and compliance strategy for networks and devices but taking over daily security management. By partnering with an MSSP,
not only do you have access to a dedicated and specialized workforce, but you also benefit from a team of experts that
understands the dynamic security landscape and the latest threats. Just as you would depend on a CPA (Certified Public
Accountant) to manage your tax filing because of their knowledge of tax law, an MSSP can provide a level of security
expertise that is hard to obtain on your own.

2. Prioritizing risk: There’s no such thing as perfect protection, rather, it’s a matter of appropriately managing risk and
making a conscious decision about what to do, and perhaps more importantly, what not to do. For example, while you may
be dedicated to building a digital fortress with multiple levels of security, the sheer volume and variety of threats make it
difficult to assess your current vulnerabilities and to plan an appropriate course of action. An MSSP can identify your
security vulnerabilities and compliance requirements and help you implement a plan that’s unique to your organization
and business situation. From there, you have two options. Your IT team can execute the security plan or you can leverage
the MSSP to manage your day-to-day security needs. For example, at Century Link, we help our customers efficiently
manage risk by creating a customized security plan, including threat intelligence, detection and response for a myriad of
security concerns.

3. Managing security expenses: While buyers are spending more than ever on security-related hardware and software,
many companies are still exposed and inadequately prepared for a security incident. Simultaneously, buyers are also under
pressure from management to reduce spending and provide more predictable operating expenses. But, there is good news.
Effective preventive measures aren’t necessarily cost prohibitive. An MSSP can help you spend your security dollars
smarter by focusing your spending on the priorities that will have the most impact on your security and compliance
posture. With a managed security approach, you transfer the cost of ownership, thereby reducing the need for capital
investments. You’ll gain a predictable OpEx model that is easier to forecast and budget, especially important when IT
budgets are expected to remain flat.

Q – Differentiate between the following:

i) Digital Signature and Electronic Signature

Ans. i) E-SIGNATURE AND DIGITAL SIGNATURE

 The IT Act of India discusses two types of signatures:

• Electronic Signature, and

• Digital Signature.

Important points for comparison have been summarised below:

· Section 2(1) (ta) of the IT Act 2008 defines Electronic Signature as: “electronic signature means authentication of any
electronic record by a subscriber by means of the electronic technique specified in the Second Schedule and includes digital
signature”. The section 2(1) (p) of the IT Act 2000 talks about Digital Signatures and defines it as “digital signature means
authentication of any electronic record by a subscriber by means of an electronic method or procedure in accordance with
the provisions of section 3” of the Information Technology Act.

· Electronic Signatures are technologically neutral and the act does not specify any particular technology for the purpose of
creation of electronic signature while digital signature follows specific technologybased approach. For example, usage of
hash functions, use of public key cryptography system, etc.

· Electronic Signature can be biometric, name typed at the end of a mail, digitalized version of conventional signature. Digital
signature uses two-way protection system with encryption and decryption.

· Digital Signatures are more authentic than electronic signatures.

· Electronic signatures are used for the purpose of verification of document while Digital Signatures are used for securing the
document.

· Digital Signatures have limited validity of maximum three years, while electronic signatures have no such limits on validity.

Q – What is E-tailing? Explain its advantages & Disadvantages for retailers.

Ans. E-TAILING

Retail is the process of selling consumer goods or services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a
profit. Retailers satisfy demand identified through a supply chain. The term "retailer" is typically applied where a service
provider fills the small orders of many individuals, who are end-users, rather than large orders of a small number of
wholesales, corporate or government clientele. Thus, Retail is the sale of goods on a physical location where the seller and
the buyer meet in person. Whereas etail is the sale of goods on the internet where the transaction happens in a digital
environment. Various popular players of E-tailing are Amazon, Flipkart, Zomato, Swiggy, MakemyTrip etc, and for retailers
are Walmart, Mcdonalds, Big Bazaar etc.

Advantages of E-tailing for retailers:

1. Location utility: Location is utmost important for the conventional retailing process to provide convenience utility to its
consumers. However, in e-tailing location is not important. Retailers and customers need internet for e-tailing and
transaction can happen from anywhere from within the country or overseas.

2. Less expensive: As compare to organised retailing, e-tailing is less expensive as it saves wages of salesmen and premises
cost and maintenance. These expenditures are low as compare to internet cost.

3. High Reach: Integration with customers is high in e-tailing as customers can be local, national and international. Through
internet, e-tailers can reach to large audience.

4. 24*7 businesses: The time utility for customers is high in e-tailing as customers can buy the products and services from
anywhere and anytime.

5. Feedback: It’s easy to manage customer relationship management in etailing on the basis of feedback of consumers.

Disadvantages of E-tailing for retailers

1. Lack to infrastructure: The issues of accessibility and connectivity of internet causes problems in functioning of e-tailing
activities. Also, the initial investment cost is very high in e-tailing.

2. Lack of technological expertise: To start an online retailing project it is important to have technological expertise and not
all retailers have it.

3. Complex logistic management: Intrinsic and extrinsic challenges increase the complexities in e-tailing logistics. Like cash
on delivery increases the operational cycle, managing high rates of returns, poor logistic management in rural areas and
problems in cross-nation shipments.

4. Customers’ expectations: In terms of flexibility in delivery, detailed product descriptions, cost and security of delivery,
flexible payment options sets high expectations of customers.

5. Lack of personal touch: The lack of face-to-face interaction, persuasion and handling the customers’ query is a major
disadvantage in e-tailing.

6. High competition: E-tailers have to compete with other e-tailers as well as the organised and unorganised retailers in the
market that increase the competitions for them.

Q – What do you mean by E-Services? State the It’s Benefits.

Ans. E-service is also known as an online service refers to any information and service provided over the Internet. These
services not only allow subscribers to communicate with each other, but they also provide unlimited access to information.
These services may be free or paid. Thus, E-Service comprises of the online services available on the Internet, whereby a
suitable transaction of buying and selling is achievable, as opposed to the long-established websites, whereby only
explanatory information are available, and no online transaction is made possible. Thus, e-service may also include e-
Commerce, although it may also include non-commercial services (online).

BENEFITS OF E-SERVICES

There are assured benefits of using online services and these services which can give organisation an edge in making
available numerous benefits both tangible and intangible in nature.

We can easily list a number of benefits e-services can provide to vendors and consumers and could be fruitful in both the
aspects such as;

• Accessing a greater customer base

• Accessing a greater customer base.

• Alternative communication channel to customers

• Alternative communication channel to customers

• Broadening market reach

• Broadening market reach.

• Cost savings.

• Enhancing perceived company image

• Enhancing transparency

• E-services can provide flexibility to Save your changes and return later to complete your submission.

• Faster delivery of products.

• Gaining competitive advantages

• Global access, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

• Improved client service through greater flexibility.

• Increased professionalism.

• Increasing services to customers

• Less paper waste.

• Lowering of entry barrier to new markets and cost of acquiring new customers

• Lowering of entry barrier to new markets and cost of acquiring new customers.
 Q – State the Technologies used by FINTECH Companies.

Ans. Technologies Used By FinTech

Within the financial services industry, some of the used technologies include artificial intelligence (AI), big data, robotic
process automation (RPA), and block-chain. A brief about all of these technologies in FinTech is explained below:

1. Artificial Intelligence: Artificial Intelligence is a general term for many different technologies. In terms of the "FinTech"
industry, AI is used in various forms. AI algorithms can be used to predict changes in the stock market and give insight into
the economy.

2. Chatbots: A chatbot is a software application used to conduct an on-line chat conversation via text or text-to-speech, in
place of providing direct contact with a live human agent. A chatbot is a type of software that can automate conversations
and interact with people through messaging platforms. Chatbots are another AI-driven tool that banks and FinTech
industries are using these days to help with customer service.

3. Big Data: Big Data is another technology that financial institutions can utilize. In the finance sector, big data can be used to
predict client investments and market changes and create new strategies and portfolios.

4. Robotic Process Automation: Robotic Process Automation is an artificial intelligence technology that focuses on
automating specific repetitive tasks. In terms of FinTech, RPA is used to perform manual tasks that often are repetitive and
completed [Link] helps to process financial information such as accounts payable and receivable more efficiently than
the manual process and often more accurately. RPA can be used to increase the productivity of the financial company.

5. Block-chain: Blockchain is another financial technology that is being used in the industry. Out of all the "FinTech"
technologies, block-chain was developed for the purposes of [Link] main feature of Blockchain in financial services is
decentralization where it is not required to trust a third party to execute transactions. Though block-chain is still an
emerging technology, many companies recognize the impact that it will have and are investing accordingly. In a nutshell,
FinTech is the root of innovation operating at the intersection of financial services and technology.

6. Other forms of FinTech technologies act to supplement and enhance existing financial services. These include services such
as transferring funds between banks by companies such as Plaid (company) and augmenting payroll services for consumers
by companies such as Clair.

Q – Describe the various steps of an App development process.

Ans. STEPS FOR APP DEVELOPMENT

 Development of an app is a comprehensive task involving various steps, a brief of all the important steps which needs to be
followed while developing any app is described below:

1. Defining Mobile App Objectives

To clearly set and define the objectives for which App is being made is an important part of the App making process.
Following points are important to consider before App designing is defined –

· What is the main purpose of making App?

· What are the main features of App that will be useful for customers? .

· How this App will be useful in solving problems of the customers?

Predefined App features are very useful in assessing the total development budget of the App. However, research
indicates that app design should prioritize user involvement over proprietary offerings when it comes to prioritizing
features.

2. Preliminary Design

Deciding about preliminary design is the first step of an app development, it is important to take time to design an app's
fundamental structure. Before the next step, it is always advisable to spend enough time to design the App preliminary. The
concept building for production of clear understanding of each and every small element of the app is important. This phase
does not take much time for simple app design, but will take time in case of complex applications design.

3. Market Research

There might be several innovative apps to start various business projects, but before you move into design and
development, it is always better to do research work in terms of market requirement. A small research project with the
following questions can support the project much before planning and development work begins –

· What are marketing plans for this App?

· Who are target audience for this App?

· How do you want your customers to use your app?

· Which software platform and framework will be used to make it?

· Which mobile app development language will be used?

4. Market Analysis

A market analysis is a quantitative and qualitative assessment of a market. It looks into the size of the market both in
volume and in value, the various customer segments and buying patterns, the competition, and the economic environment
 in terms of barriers to entry and regulation. The market for mobile apps is growing rapidly like never before. Due to the
pandemic, the number of apps downloaded has increased a lot.

5. Collection of Users Feedback

After the App is ready, share it with friends and relatives and co-workers to get their feedback and modify the App
accordingly. Following questions may be asked during this feedback –

· Is this app useful?

· Will this app be used?

· What is the tentative cost of this App?

· Is there anything which can be added to it to make it more useful?

6. Financial and Technical Feasibility

It is always necessary to check the financial and technical viability of the entire plan before developing app. It is required to
verify whether this software can be developed and whether existing technology funding is available to develop this
application.

Financial Feasibility: Financial analysis is an essential activity in order to achieve financial viability. It is important to
understand App's fixed cost, to estimate profit from consumers. The financial plan should also cover publicity,
advertisement and web hosting expenses. Rental fee for App Store should be included as well. A balanced financial plan
must be established in advance.

Technical Feasibility: Technical feasibility means checking the possibility if App can be developed by using the latest
technology or not. It is important to check if organization is capable enough to use the latest technology or not. After the
financial evaluations, there may be some technical questions to answer as well.

7. Testing of App Prototype

This is an important stage in the lifecycle of app development. After completing the App with exciting graphics and text, it is
important for the app to be thoroughly tested and corrected under a range of real-world scenarios. Link to your original
records of design and planning and check all functions.

8. Launching the App

The process of releasing an app in the market is extremely critical, as it is largely dependent on the success of this
application. For branding and marketing the App, it is always advisable to hire a good marketing agency who will make
efforts to launch the App in a very professional manner. Marketing is also one of the most critical activities to get involved
 at an early stage in the process. The Digital Marketing Team supports keyword analysis, important for SEO and App Store
Optimism (ASO), both crucial to discovery. The next step is the submission of the mobile app for sale in different markets.
Before starting this phase, high-quality screenshots of the application and promotional video and/or demo must be ready
for better results.

9. Official Release

Up until this point, App's official release date should be the climax of app marketing efforts. Influential bloggers and
journalists could write some papers and articles to apprise the people who showed interest in the App before the launch.
There could also be a promotional e-mail drive to attract downloads and raise momentum. If the app is published, try
keeping user of the app committed by announcing a special deal or promotion using push notifications so that users open
the app.

Build a simple collaborative feedback channel and respond to users' comments and concerns. Updating your customers
quickly will work wonderful. Make sure you evaluate and track those KPIs that identify your marketing goals effectively.

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