Model Test Paper - 7

Time : 3 Hour Answer Key Marks : 70

Section A Section B
Q.1. Select and write the correct answer: (10) Attempt any EIGHT of the following: (16)
(1) (i) (d) [BrF4] : square planar (ii) (c) Ef > Er
Q.3.
(iii) (c) Ethers oxidise to explosive peroxide
(i) Alkyl halide is treated with sodium alkoxide or
(iv) (b) calcium carbonate (v) (c) Temperature
(vi) (c) 100.26°C (vii) (c) Nylon (viii) (c) less than 7 sodium phenoxcide it gives dialkyl ether or alkyl
(ix) (c) (CH3)2NH (x) (B) ligands aryl ether.
Q.2. Answer the following: (8) (ii) By this method simple as well as mixed ether can
be prepared.
(i) Asalt bridge is an inverted U tube containing a
saturated solution of an inert electrolyte such as (iii) It follows SN2 mechanism
KCl or NH4NO3, and 5% agar solution. (iv) Alkyl halide used in reaction must be primary.
(ii) (CH3)3CONa + CH3Br (CH3)3C–O–CH3 + NaBr
peroxide
CH3 – CH – CH = CH2 + HBr (Sodium-t-butoxide) (t-butylmethylether)

CH3 (v) If secondary or tertiary alkyl halide are used then

CH3 – CH – CH2 – CH2Br it gives alkene
CH3
CH3
1-bromo-3-methyl butane CH3 – C – Cl + C2H5ONa
(iii) A Zero-Dimensional Nanostructure is the one in CH
3 CH3

which all three dimensions are in the nanoscale.
(t-butyl-chloride) CH3 – C = CH2 + C2H5OH + NaI
e.g. Nanoparticles.
(isobutene) (ethanol)
(iv) Denaturation is the process by which the
molecular shape of protein changes without Note: Aryl halide do not give Williamson's Synthesis.
breaking the amide / peptide bonds that from the
Q.4. Rate = k[NO]2 [H2]
primary structure.
Order with respect to NO = 2
(v) 2XeF2 + 2H2O → 4HF + 2Xe + O2
Order with respect to H2 = 1
(vi) A unit cell is a smallest structural unit of a
Overall order = 2 + 1 = 3
crystalline solid which when repeated in different
direction produces the crystalline solid. Q.5.
(vii) 2C6H5–COCl + (CH3)2Cd (i) 
n-type semiconductor is an extrinsic semi
Benzoyl chloride Dimethyl cadmium conductor (doped semiconductor) which contains
increased number of electrons in the conduction
C6H5–CO–CH3 + CdCl2
band.
Benzyl-methyl Ketone
(ii) An n-type semiconductor is obtained by adding
(viii) Data: ∆H° = –1200 kJ, Heat evolved = ? group 15 element to intrinsic semiconductor of
Heat evolved per mole = 300 kJ group 14 element. e.g. doping of Si with P.
mass of CO (iii) As a result of doping, there are more number of
Number of moles of CO =
Malor mass of CO electrons (charge carriers) in the conduction band
12 of the doped n-type semiconductor,then those in
= = 0.43 moles the pure semiconductor.
28
∴ Heat evolved when 0.43 mole of CO reacts (iv) The electrons in the conduction band move under
= 0.43 x 300 = 129 kJ the influence of an applied potential and hence
conductivity of the doped n-type semiconductor
is higher.
(1)
2 Master Key T3 Chemistry (Std. XII)

Q.6. Ksp = 1.1 × 10–36, S = ? Q.9. Relation between k and ∧: Conductivity k is the
For Fe(OH)3, electrical conductance of 1 cm3 of solution. If V
is volume of solution in cm3 containing 1 mole
Mol. Wt. = 56 + 16 × 3 + 3 × 1
of dissolved electrolyte, its electrical conductance
= 56 +48 + 3 is ∧. Each 1 cm3 portion in the volume V has
Mol. Wt. = 107 g conductance k. Hence, total conductance of V cm3
Mol. Wt. = 0.107 kg is kV which is molar conductivity.
– Thus, we have ∧ = kV ... (1)
Fe(OH)3 Fe+3 +3OH
–1
Concentration of solution = c mol L
S 3S
c mol L−1 c −3
Ksp = S[3S]3
= 1000 cm 3 L−1 = 1000 mol cm
Ksp = 27S4
Volume, V of solution in cm3 containing 1 mole
1.1 × 10 −36 of an electrolyte is reciprocal of concentration.
S = 4
27 Therefore,
1 1000 ... (2)
 1 1  V= = cm 3 mol −1
S = anti  log 1.1 − log 27   × 10 −9 concentration c
  4 4 
Substitution for V in equation (i) yields
= anti (0.0104 – 0.3539) × 10–9
1000k
S = 4.492 × 10–10 mol/dm3 ∴ ∧= ... (3)
c
S(kg/dm3) = S (mol/dm3) × mol. Wt (kg)
Q.10.
= 4.492 × 10–10 × 0.107 COOH
(i) CHO
= 4.806 × 10–11 kg/dm3
(O)
\ Solubility of Fe(OH)3 is 4.807 × 10–11 kg/dm3 (CHOH)4 Br
Water
→ (CHOH)
4
2

Q.7. In electrolytic oxidation, alkaline solution of CH2OH CH2OH

manganate ion is electrolysed between iron Glucose Gluconic acid
electrodes separated by a diaphragm. Overall
reaction is as follows : (ii) The – CHO group is oxidised to – COOH by Br2
2K2MnO4 + H2O + [O] → 2KMnO4 + 2KOH water (a mild oxidising agent)
The oxygen evolved at the anode converts (iii) This indicates the presence of –CHO group in
manganate to permanganate. glucose.
The solution is filtered and evaporated to get
Q.11.
deep purple black coloured crystals of KMnO4.
Step I CH3
Q.8.
(i) This reaction is given only by aldehydes having ( CH3 )3 C − Br  slow

 

⊕
C + Br
no α – Hydrogen atom. H 3C CH3
(ii) When such an aldehyde is heated with concen-
(carbocation intermediates)
trated alkali (50% NaOH/KOH), it undergoes
self oxidation-reduction disproportionation. Step II
(iii) One molecule of the aldehyde is oxidized to the CH3
carboxylic acid salt, while the other is reduced to ⊕
an alcohol C + OH ( CH3 )3 C − OH
(iv) This is Cannizaro Reaction. H3C CH3
O O
H–C–H + NaOH + H–C–H ∆ Q.12. If has been confirmed experimentally that
50% ∆Tb α m
O
∴ ∆Tb = Kb.m. ….(1)
H–C–ONa + CH3–OH
[where m = molality of solution]
Answer Key 3

Kb = molal boiling point elevation constant. 2.303 [A]0

If W2g of solute with molar mass M2 is dissolved ∴ t1= log10
k [A]t
in W1 g of solvent then
Moles of solute t2=
2.303
log10
[A]0
Molality, m = k [A]t
Mass of solvent in kg
W2 / M 2 mol 1000 W2 where t1 and t2 are the times required for 99.9%
= = = molkg-1 and 90% completion of reaction respectively,
W1 / 1000 kg M 2 . W1
then, Dividing t1/t2
Substituting the value in equation (i) we get
K b .1000 W2 ∴
t1
=
[A]0
∆Tb = M 2 . W1
t2 [A]t
log 1000
1000 K b . W2 =
∴ M2 = log 10
∆Tb . W1
Q.13. = log 103
(i) Polyacrylonitrile is prepared by addition = 3 log 10
polymerization of acrylonitrile by using peroxide t1
initiator. = 3
t2
Polymerization
nCH2 = CHCN – CH2 – CH –n t1 = 3t2
Peroxide
CN
This shows that time required for 99.9%
(Acrylonitrile) (Polyacrylonitrile)
∴ completion of a first order reaction is
(ii) Uses: Polyacrylonitrile resembles wool and is used three times the time required for 90%
as wool substitute and for making orlon or acrilan. completion of the reaction

Q.14. The C. N. of the complex is 6 as there is one NH3 Q.16.

and five cl ligands
Alkyl
[Pt (NH3) Cl5]–1 Reagent Substitution product
halide
x + 0 + (–1)5 = –1
x– 5 = – 1 + - R − O − R' + NaX
R – X + NaOR' D
∴ x=+4 (sodium alkoxide) (ether)
The oxidation state of the metal ion in the complex
is +4. R−N ≡ C + AgX ↓
R – X + AgCN(alc) ∆
→
(isocyanide)
Section C
+ - R −O−N=O + KX
Attempt any EIGHT of the following: (24) R – X + KO – N = O
(potassium nitrite) (alkyl nitrite)
Q.15. Data: For 99.9% completion if [A]0 = 100 then
[A]t = 100 – 99.9 = 0.1 Q.17. Acylation (acetylating) of amine :
For 90% completion if [A]0 = 100, then [A]t = 100 – When, primary and secondary amines are treated
90 = 10 with some acetylating agents or arylating agents,
We know that, they get converted to their corresponding acetyl
2.303 [A]0 or aryl derivatives. In these reactions, H atom of
k = log10 amines, gets replaced by an aryl (R – CO) or aryl
t [A]t
(C6H5CO) group.

∴ t=
2.303
log10
[A]0 (1) Acylation of primary amines:
k [A]t (i) Using acetylchloride (CH2COCl):
General reaction:
4 Master Key T3 Chemistry (Std. XII)

H (iii) Using benzoyl chloride (C6H5COCl)

Acetylation
R − N − H + Cl − COCH3 General Reaction:
pyridine
(primary acetyl H O
amine) chloride Benzoylation
 − N −H + Cl − C − C H
R
6 5
H Primary Benzyl pyridine
amine chloride
R − N − COCH3 + HCl ↑
H
Monoacetyl alkylamine)
or N-Alkyl acetamide) R − N − COC6H5 + CH3COOH
e.g. N-Alkyl benzamide
H e.g.
H
Acetylation
C2H5 − N − H + ClCOCH3 Benzoylation
pyridine C H − N − H + Cl − COC H
(ethyl 2 5 6 5 pyridine
acetyl
(ethyl Benzoyl chloride
amine) chloride
amine) H
H
C2H5 − N − COC2H3 + HCl
C2H5 − N − COCH3 + HCl ↑ N, N-diethyl benzamide
Monoacetyl alkylamine) H
or N-Ethyl acetamide)
N −H
NH2 NH − COCH3
Benzoylation
Acetylation + Cl − COC6H5 pyridine
+ Cl − COCH3 + HCl ↑ Benzoyl chloride
pyridine
Aniline
Aniline Acetanilide
H
(ii) Using acetic anhydride [(CH3CO)2O]
N − COC6H5
General Reaction: + HCl ↑
e.g.
H CH3CO
Acetylation N-phenyl benzamide
C2H5 − N − H + O
pyridine
CH3CO Note:
Ethyl amine
acetic anhydride (a) The more acetyl derivatives of primary amines so
H obtained, undergo further acetylation reaction to
C2H5 − N − COCH3 + CH3COOH form their corresponding diacetyl derivatives.

(Monoacetyl alkylamine) or (N-Ethyl acetamide) H

Acetylation
H  − N − COCH3 + CH3COCl pyridine
R
Monoacetyl alkyl amine
N − H − CH3 CO Acetylation
O pyridine COCH3
+ CH3 − CO R − N − COC2H5 + HCl ↑
Diethyl alkylamine
Aniline
(b) Pyridine is used to absorb the poisonous HCl
H
vapours to form pyridirum chloride.
HN − COC2H5 (2) Acetylation of secondary amines:
When secondary amines are treated with acetyl
+ CH3COOH ↑
chloride or acetic anhydride, they get converted
to their corresponding Monoacetyl derivatives.
N-phenyl acetamide
Acetanilide (i) Using acetylchoride (CH3COCl):
Answer Key 5

General Reaction: C 2H 5
R Benzoylation
Acetylation
C2H5 − N − H + Cl − COC6H5
 − N − H + Cl − COCH pyridine
R pyridine
3
(Secondary (Acetyl (Diethyl (Benzoyl chloride)
amine) chloride) amine)
C2H5
R
C2H5 − N − COC6H5 + HCl
R − N − COCH3 + HCl ↑ N, N-diethyl benzamide

(Monoacetyl dialkyl amines)
or (N, N-Dialkyl acetamide) (3) Acetylation of tertiary amines :
e.g. Since, tertiary amines do not contain any
replacable hydrogen (H-atom attached to
CH3
Acetylation nitrogen atom of the amines), they do not
 H3−N − H + Cl − COCH3 pyridine
C undergo acetylation/Benzoylation reaction.
(dimethyl (Acetyl
Note : Acid chlorides are stronger acetylating
amine) chloride)
agents than acetic anhydrides and hence, the acid
CH3 anhydrides reacts slowly with amines.
CH3 − N − COCH3 + HCl ↑ Q.18. Hydrolysis is defined as the reaction in which
(Monoalkyl dimethyl amines) cations or anions or both ions of a salt react
or (N, N-Dimethyl acetamide) with ions of water to produce acidity or alkanity
(ii) Using acetic anhydride [(CH3CO)2O]: or some times even neutrality.
General Reaction: A solution of CH3COONH4 is neutral:
R' CH3CO (i) CH3COONH4 is a salt of weak acid CH3COOH
R–N–H + Acetylation (ka = 1.8 × 10–5) and weak base NH4OH
O
pyridine (kb = 1.8 × 10–5)
CH2CO
(ii) When the salt is CH3COONH4 is dissolved in
Secondary Acetic
water, it undergoes hydrolysis.
amine anhydride
– +
e.g. CH3COO (aq)
+ NH4 (aq)
+ H2O(l)
C2H5 CH CO CH3COOH(aq)+ NH4OH(aq)
3 
Acetylation
C2H5 – N – + O weak acid weak base
pyridine
CH3CO (iii) The ions of the salt react with water as:
–
Diethylamine Acetic anhydride CH3COO + H2O(l) CH3COOH(aq)+ OH(aq)
(aq)
C2H5 NH4
+
+ 2H2O(l) NH4OH(aq)+ H3O
+
(aq) (aq)
+ +
C2H5 – N – COCH3 + CH3COOH (iv) Hydrolysis of NH4 produces as many H3O ions
(Monoacetyl dimethylamine) – –
as that of CH3COO produces OH ions because
or (N, N-dimethyl acetamide) ka = kb i.e. the relative strength of acid and base
produced in hydrolysis is the same.
(iii) Using benzoyl chloride (C6H5COCl):
(v) Hence solution of of CH3COONH4 is neutral.
General Reaction:
Q.19.
C2H5
(i) Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2H2O + SO2
Benzoylation
C2H5 –N – H + Cl − COC6H5 (ii) S + 2H2SO4 3SO2 + 2H2O
pyridine
(Diethyl amine) Benzoyl chloride
(iii) C + 2H2SO4 CO2 + 2SO2 + 2H2O
R'
Q.20. Distinguishing test for alcohols (Lucas test) :
R – N – COC6H5 + HCl
(N, N-dimethyl benzamide) Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols can be

distinguished from each other in the laboratory
e.g. using Lucas reagent (conc. HCl and ZnCl2). The
reaction involved is:
6 Master Key T3 Chemistry (Std. XII)

HCl
R – OH ZnCl R – Cl
2
Alcohols are soluble in Lucas reagent but the product Step Step Step
Step 4
alkyl chloride is not. Hence, the clear solution 1 2 3

becomes turbid when product starts forming.

dv dv
(i) Tertiary alcohols react fast and the reagent turns dv
Gas Gas
turbid instantaneously. Gas V
1
Gas
(ii) Secondary alcohols turn the reagent turbid
slowly. Reversible expression

(iii) Primary alcohols turn the reagent turbid only on (ii) Now, in first step, external pressure is reduced by
heating. very small quantity dP. Now Pext = P – dP. Hence,
Q.21. change in volume of gas is also very small, i.e. by
dV. Hence, small quantity of work done is given
(i) Co (27) = 3d7 4s2
by; dW = – Pext dV
Co+2 = 3d7
Since Pext = P – dP
(ii) valence shell electronic configuration of Co+2
3d 4s 4p ∴ dW = – (P –dP) dV
= – PdV + dPdV
Neglecting the product dVdP which is very small
we get,
(iii) No. of Cl ligands is 4 Four vacant orlitals required.
dW = – [Link]
They are one 4S and three 4P nubndisaction us
(iii) Gas expands from volume V1 to V2 in number of
sp3 so The complex is tetrahedral.
steps. Mathematically, total amount of work is
3d 4s 4P obtained by integrating above equation between
limits of initial and final states.
(iv) 
This is maximum work, the expansion being
reversible.
sp3 final V2
∫ dW = − ∫ Pd V
(iv) Four sp3 hybrid orbitals of CO+2 overlap with initial V1
four orbitals of Cl cons V2
(v) Configuration after complex formulation would Hence Wmax = − ∫ Pd V
be. V1
PV = nRT
3d 4s 4P V2
dV
Wmax = − ∫ nRT
V1 V
V2
dV
sp 3
= – nRT ∫ V
because T is constant
V1
Q.22. V2
= – nRT In(V)
(i) Consider 'n' moles of ideal gas are enclosed in a V1
cylinder fitted with weightless and frictionless = – nRT (lnV2 – lnV1)
movable piston. It expands isothermally from V2
initial volume V1 to final volume V2 at temperature = –nRT ln
V1
T the expansion takes place in infinite number of V2
∴ Wmax = –2.303 nRT log10
V1
steps.
At constant temperature, P1V1 = P2V2 or
Initially, pressure of gas is P and external pressure
V2 P
(Pext) is also P. = 1
V1 P2
Answer Key 7

P1 = 0.372 K
∴ Wmax = –2.303 nRT log10 ( ∆T f ) 0.680 K
P2
i = = = 1.83
( ∆T f )o 0.372 K
Q.23.
(π) = MRT
(i) Soft metals with silvery white colour and o
n2
moderate densities of ~ 7 g cm–3. Colour and = RT
V
brightness reduces on exposure to air. −1 −1
= 0.2 mol × 0.08205 L atm . mol K × 273 K
(ii) Good conductors of heat and electricity. 1L
(iii) Except promethium (Pm), all are nonradioactive = 4.48 atm
π
in nature. i = 1.83 =
πo
(iv) The atomic and ionic radii decrease from
π = 1.83 × 4.48 atm
lanthanum (La) to lutetium (Lu). This is known
as lanthanoid contraction. ∴ π = 8.2 atm
(v) Binding to water is common (i.e.) such that H2O Q.26. Data: E°Ni = –0.25V, E°Al = –1.66V
is often found in products when isolated from
aqueous solutions. (Ni ( s) )
→ Ni(+aq2 ) + 2e − × 3 (Oxidation at anode)

(vi) Coordination numbers usually are greater than 6, (Al 3+

( aq ) )
+ 3e − → Al( s) × 2 (Reduction at cathode)
typically 8, 9,... (up to 12 found). 3 Ni(s) + 2AI(31+M ) 2+
→ 3Ni (1M) + 2Al( s) Net cell reaction
(vii) The lanthanoides are strongly paramagnetic.
Gadolinium becomes ferromagnetic below 160C Cell notation
(Curie point). The other heavier lathanoids Ni(s) Ni(2aq+ ) (1m ) Al(3aq
+
)(1M ) Al( s )
terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ∴ Anode: Ni electrode at LHE
and ytterbium – become ferromagnetic at much
Cathode: Al electrode at RHE
lower temperatures. 0 0
E0cell = Ecathode – Eanode
(viii) Magnetic and optical properties are largely
independent of environment (similar spectra in = E°Al3+/Al – E­°Ni2+/Ni
gas/solution/solid). = –1.66 – (–0.25)
= –1.41 V
Q.24.
(i) C6H5 – C≡N + 2 [H]
E0cell = –1.41 V

SnCl2. HCl
H O+ Section D
C6H5 – CH=[Link] 3
C6H5–CHO+NH4Cl
Benzanimine hydrochloride
Benzaldehyde Attempt any THREE of the following: (12)
Q.27.
(ii) CH3–CH=CH–CH2–C≡N D
(a) CH3 – CH – CH3 + KOH(alc.)
Pent–3–enenitrile
H3O+ DIBAL – H Cl

2-Chloropropane
CH3–CH=CH–CH2–CHO CH3CH = CH2 + KCl + H2O
Pent–3–enal Propene
dry (b) peroxide
CH 3 − CH = CH 2 + HBr → CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 Br
(iii) C6H5 – C ≡ N + C6H5MgBr
ether Propene 1 − Bromopropane
+
C6H5– C = N MgBr H3O
C6H5– C = O + NH3 + (c) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 Br + NaOH(aq) ∆
→
C6H5 C6H5 1 − Bromopropane
 Mg (Br) OH CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH + NaBr + H 2 O
Q.25. ∆Tf = Kf m, Propan - 1 - ol
∆Tf = 0.680 K, m = 0.2 mol kg –1 Results of electrolysis of aqueous NaCl are:
(∆Tf) = 1.86 K kg mol –1 × 0.2 mol kg –1 (i) H2 gas is liberated at cathode.
o
8 Master Key T3 Chemistry (Std. XII)

(ii) Cl2 gas is released at anode. reaction on heating with concentrated alkali. This
(iii) ⊕
Because Na ions remain unreacted and OH ions is an example of disproportionation reaction. In
are formed at cathode, NaCl solution is converted cannizzaro reaction one molecule of an aldehyde
to NaOH solution. is reduced to alcohol and at the same time second
Role of nanomaterials as self cleaning materials: molecule is oxidized to carboxylic acid salt.
(i) Lotus is an example of self cleaning. For example, Formaldehyde and benzaldehyde
(ii) The lotus plant (Nelumbo nucifera) although (i) O
grows in muddy water its leaves always appear 2H – C – H + NaOH D
clean. Since the plant leaves are superhydrophobic. Formaldehyde Sodium hydroxide
50%
(iii) Nanostructures on lotus leaves repel water
which carries dirt as it rolls off. O H
⊕
(iv) Lotus effect is the basis of self cleaning windows. H – C – O Na + H – C – OH
Sodium formate H
Q.28. Electronic configuration of chromium and Methanol
copper: The expected electronic configuration (i) The void space formed at the center of six spheres
of chromium (Z = 24) differs from the observed placed octahedrally is known as an octahedral
configuration. void
This can be explained on the basis of the concept (ii) When triangular voids of the first layer have above
of additional stability associated with the them the triangular void of the second layer,
completely filled and half filled subshells. their overlap together forms an octahedral void.
The general electronic configuration of the Octahedral Hole N O
elements of the 3d series is 3d1–10 4s2 with the N Q
exceptions of Cr and Cu. The 3d and 4s orbitals Q O
are close in energy and in order to gain extra
stability the last electron instead of occupying M R
4s orbital occupies the 3d orbital that assigns Cr P R
3d5, 4s1 and Cu 3d10, 4s1 configuration. M P
Octahedron
Remember... Octahedral void
Any subshell having a half filled or completely (iii) 
An octahedral void is surrounded by six
filled electronic configuration has extra stability. spheres,hence the co-ordination number of an
Hence the probable Electronic configuration of octahedral void is 6.
Cr is [Ar] 3d5 4s1 and Cu is : [Ar]3d10, 4s1. (iv) If the number of close packed spheres is N, the
(i) O O number of octahedral voids is also N.
A = O – CH2 – CH2 – O – C – –C–O– Q.30. [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2
Data: ∆fH°(CO2) = – 393.3 kJ mol–1
(ii) B = – HN – (CH2)6 – NH – CO – (CH2)4 – CO –
∆fH°(H2O) = – 285.8 kJ mol–1
(i) ‘Nano’ in Greek means dwarf but in actual scale
∆cH°(CH3COOH) = – 875 kJ mol–1
case ‘nano’ is smaller than dwarf. Nanometer
scale is 1-100nm (1nm = 10–9m). ∆H° = ?
(ii) The materials we see around us are bulk materials The equation for the formation of CH3COOH(l) is
that possess macroscopic physical properties but 2C(graphite) + 2H2(g) + O2(g)→ CH3COOH(l)
material synthesis at nanoscale (1nm-100nm)
possesses unique optical, structural, thermal, The thermochemical equations for the given data
are:
catalytic, magnetic and electrical properties.
(i) C(graphite) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H° = – 393.3 kJ
Q.29. Cannizaro's reaction: This reaction is given
only by aldehydes having no α-hydrogen atom. 1
(ii) H2(g) + O → H2O(l) ∆H° = –285 .8 kJ
Aldehydes undergo self -oxidation and reduction 2 2(g)
Answer Key 9

(iii) CH3COOH(l)+2O2(g)→2CO2(g)+2H2O(l)∆H°= 875kJ Q.31. Atomic and Ionic radii: It increases down the
Reverse equation (iii) group
(iv) 2CO2(g)+2H2O(l)→CH3COOH(l)+2O2(g)∆H° = –875kJ Ionization enthalpy: It decreases down the group
Multiply equation (i) by 2, equation (ii) by 2 and due to increase in atomic size.
then add to equation (iv) Electron gain enthalpy: It decreases down the
Hence,
group. But oxygen has less electro gain enthalpy
2C(graphite) + 2O2(g) → 2 CO2(g), ∆H° = – 786.6 kJ
than sulfur due to
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)’ ∆H° = – 57.6 kJ
(i) small atomic size.
2 CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) → CH3COOH(l) + O2(g), ∆H° = + 875 kJ
(ii) 2p orbits are compact.

2C(graphite) + 2H2(g) + O2(g) → CH3COOH(l), (iii) 

There is repulsion among the non bonding
∆H° = –786.6(kJ) – 571.6(kJ) + 875(kJ) electrons.
= – 483.2kJ When the number of a-amino acids linked by
peptide bonds is more than ten, the products are
Hence, enthalpy of formation of CH3COOH(l)
is – 483.2 kJ mol–1 called polypeptides.

