Data Communication Tutorial Sheet 2024
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xaceh61553Data Communication Tutorial Sheet 2024
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xaceh61553Common questions
Powered by AIThe power of the signal at the end of a cable can be calculated using the formula: final power = initial power × 10^(-loss per km × distance / 10). For a cable with a loss of -0.3 dB/km and an initial power of 2 mW over a distance of 15 km, the final power is 2 mW × 10^(-0.3 * 15 / 10) = 2 mW × 10^(-0.45) approximately equals 1.77 mW.
To determine the number of packets per second, divide the throughput by the packet size in bits: 10 Mbps ÷ (1000 bytes × 8 bits/byte) = 1,250 packets per second.
Advantages of different encoding schemes include synchronization ease (Manchester coding), reduced DC component (Differential Manchester), and error detection improvement (RZ and AMI). Limitations may include higher bandwidth requirement (Manchester) and complex implementation (Differential Manchester). Pseudo ternary can help with DC balance but lacks synchronization features.
Propagation time is calculated by dividing the distance by the speed of light, i.e., 10,000 km / (2.4 × 10^8 m/s), which equals approximately 41.67 ms. Transmission time is calculated by dividing the message size by bandwidth: (3.5 kbytes * 8 bits/byte) / (1 Gbps) = 0.028 ms.
Various encoding schemes include: Uni-polar (simple on-off), NRZ-L (two levels for 0 and 1), NRZ-I (inversion for 1's), RZ (return to zero in the middle of the pulse), Manchester (bit-value inversion midway), Differential Manchester (inversion at mid-bit interval), AMI (alternate mark inversion), and pseudo ternary (alternation for zeros). Differences lie in bandwidth usage, synchronization ease, and error detection capability.
The required bit rate can be calculated by using the Nyquist theorem, which states the sampling rate should be twice the highest frequency of the analog signal. For a 4-Hz signal, the sampling rate is 8 samples/second (4 Hz × 2), and each sample is 8 bits, resulting in a bit rate of 64 bits/second.
Throughput is determined by considering the number of frames passed per set time and the size of each frame. With a bandwidth of 10 Mbps, if a network passes 10,000 frames per minute, and each frame carries 10,000 bits, the throughput equals the total bits transmitted divided by the time (in seconds). Hence, 10,000 frames × 10,000 bits/frame = 100,000,000 bits/minute, which equals 1,666,666.67 bits per second or 1.67 Mbps.