FRESHWATER COAST IMPORTANCE OF OCEANS and Coastal

Environment

OCEAN ESTIARINE WATER

People and Water Freshwater Oceans & Coasts shore, they wear away at, or erode, the
Estuary land.
FRESHWATER - Some examples of Coasts are New
- As the name indicates, freshwater is Zealand's West Coast, or the East, West,
characterized by low concentrations of and Gulf Coast of the United States.
salt as opposed to seawater (the term Estuarine Water
“Sweetwater” is also used as a synonym
for “freshwater”). Generally, freshwater is - An estuary is an enclosed water
defined as containing less than 0.05% of region where freshwater from
dissolved salts. the lakes and streams mixes
with the saltwater from the
- Fresh water has less than 500 milligrams ocean.
of salt per litre, or 500 parts per million
(ppm) of salt, - Estuarine water is the mixture
of the freshwater and ocean
- Freshwater is essentially water found in
water.
ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, glaciers,
icebergs, ice caps and sheets.
- Estuaries vary in size and can
Ocean also be termed bays, lagoons,
harbors, inlets, sounds,
- The whole body of salt water that covers
wetlands and swamps.
nearly three fourths of the surface of the
earth.
- Some example of Estuary are
- A continuous body of salt water that is
contained in an enormous basin on The Chesapeake Bay, the ACE
Earth's surface. Basin in South Carolina, and San
- You can think of this as one big, Francisco Bay in California
unbounded body of water in which the
continents are islands. IMPORTANCE OF COASTAL
- Some examples of this are the Atlantic, IMPORTANCE OF OCEANS
ENVIRONMENTS
Pacific, Indian, and Arctic Oceans. Helps us breathe and Provide food and habitat for all
regulates climates. types of wildlife.
Coasts . Foods and nutrients that Deliver a range of ecological
feed nearly 3 billion people. services that support the Reef
- The area where the sea and land meet.
Helps provide us oxygen.
- The part of the land near the sea; the Half of the oxygen we
edge of the land breathe comes from Giving Habitat to all kinds of life.
- Coastal environments include tidal phytoplankton in the ocean's
wetlands, estuaries, bays, shallow surface.
nearshore waters, mangrove swamps, Economic Importance. The
Economic Importance. The oceans
and in-shore reef systems. The critical oceans contribute
contribute significantly to the global
habitats of these zones are feeding, significantly to the global
ACTIVITIES HURTING OCEAN SOLAR IRRADIANCE economy.
DEFORESTATION
breeding, nursery, and resting areas. economy.
NATURAL CLIMATE CYCLE EL NIÑO SOUTHERN OSCILLATIONThe (ENSO) Can be immensely important areas
WASTE MANAGEMENT
ocean is incredibly
for global trade, tourism,
VOLCANOES MILANKOVITCH CYCLES effective atTRANSPORTATION
absorbing CO2 BURNING FOSSIL FUELS
agriculture, aquaculture, and
- The boundary of a coast, where land and heat
fishing.
meets water, is called the coastline.
Waves, tides, and currents help create
coastlines. When waves crash onto
 A Lot of Human Activities are responsible on
hurting the Ocean and these activities that - MILANKOVITCH CYCLES - As Earth travels
destroy the Ocean also affect climate change. around the sun, its path and the tilt of its axis
can change slightly. These changes, called
Examples:
Milankovitch cycles, affect the amount of
- Habitat Destruction. sunlight that falls on Earth. This can cause
- Carbon Emissions. the temperature of Earth to change.
- Chemical Pollution. However, these cycles take place over tens
or hundreds of thousands of years and are
- Oil Spills.
unlikely to be causing the changes to the
- Noise Pollution. climate that we are seeing today. hundreds
- Plastic pollution. of thousands of years and are unlikely to be
- Overfishing. causing the changes to the climate that we
- Destructive Fishing. are seeing today.
- The ocean absorbs about one quarter of the
CO2 that humans create when we burn fossil People's Impact on Climate
fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas). Too much 1. DEFORESTATION - Forests play a crucial
carbon dioxide in the ocean causes a role in regulating local and regional climates
problem called ocean acidification. through processes like evapotranspiration
People & Climate (the release of water vapor from plants).
Deforestation disrupts these processes,
1. Natural Climate Cycles leading to changes in temperature,
- VOLCANOES - have a mixed effect on our precipitation patterns, and humidity levels in
climate. Eruptions produce aerosol particles affected areas.
that cool Earth, but they also release carbon
dioxide, which warms it. Volcanoes produce 2. WASTE MANAGEMENT - Poorly managed
50 times less carbon dioxide than humans waste can contaminate air, water, and soil,
do, so we know they are not the leading releasing pollutants such as heavy metals,
cause of global warming. On top of this, toxic chemicals, and pathogens. These
cooling is the dominant . effect of volcanic pollutants can have detrimental effects on
eruptions, not warming. human health and ecosystem integrity,
indirectly impacting climate resilience.
- SOLAR IRRADIANCE - Changing energy
from the sun has affected the temperature of 3. TRANSPORTATION - Transportation is a
Earth in the past. However, we have not major contributor to global warming. It
seen PROCESSES
INDUSTRIAL anything strong enough to change our GREENHOUSE EFFECT
accounts for a significant portion of total
climate. Any increase
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES in solar energy would global greenhouse
GREENHOUSE GASSES: gas emissions,
THEIR SOURCES with road
AND COUSE’S
make the entire atmosphere of Earth warm, transportation being the largest contributor
LIST OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
but we can only see warming in the bottom GLOBAL WARMING among all modes.
layer.
4. BURNING FOSSIL FUELS - The burning of
- EL NIÑO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION fossil fuels for energy, transportation, and
(ENSO) - ENSO is a pattern of changing agriculture releases carbon dioxide (CO2)
water temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. In and other greenhouse gases (methane,
an 'El Niño ' year, the global temperature nitrous oxide) into the atmosphere. These
warms up, and in a 'La Niña ' year, it cools gases trap heat and contribute to global
down. These patterns can affect the global warming and climate change.
temperature for a short amount of time
(months or years) but cannot explain the 5. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES - Manufacturing
persistent warming that we see today. processes, compass a wide range of
 activities involved in the manufacturing of - Global warming is the long-term warming of
goods, production of materials, chemical the planet’s overall temperature. Though this
processes, and other industrial operations warming trend has been going on for a long
that release greenhouse gases and other time, its pace has significantly increased in
pollutants into the atmosphere. the last hundred years due to the burning of
fossil fuels. As the human population has
increased, so has the volume of fossil fuels
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
burned. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and
- The global environmental issue refers to the natural gas, and burning them causes what
various environmental problems that are is known as the “greenhouse effect” in
happening all around the world. Examples: Earth’s atmosphere.
Human Activities, Urbanization, and - Global warming has presented another
Industrialization issue called climate change. Sometimes
these phrases are used interchangeably,
LIST OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: however, they are different. Climate change
refers to changes in weather patterns and
- Greenhouse effect
growing seasons around the world. It also
- Global warming refers to sea level rise caused by the
- Biodiversity loss expansion of warmer seas and melting ice
EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING
- Desertification DESERTIFICATION sheets and glaciers. Global warming causes
- Depletion
BIODIVERSITY of ozone
(Species layer
biodiversity, climate change, which poses a serious threat
genetic biodiversity, ecosystem biodiversity)
- Acid rain to life on Earth in the forms of widespread
REASONS
- Oil FOR
spillsBIODIVERSITY LOSS DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER flooding and extreme weather.
- Dumping of hazardous wastes
Effects
GREENHOUSE EFFECT
1. Heat
- Greenhouse effect, a warming of Earth’s 2. Drought
surface and troposphere caused by the 3. Sea Level Rise
presence of water vapor, carbon dioxide, 4. Human Health
methane, and certain other gases in the air 5. Habitat Loss
(greenhouse gases). 6. Extinction

The greenhouse Effect BIODIVERSITY

1. Solar Radiation passes through the clear - Plants and animals of a region constitute
atmosphere biodiversity. Biodiversity is a natural
2. Most Radiation is absorbed by the earth’s wealth essential for human survival
surface and warms it
CLASSIFICATION
3. Some solar radiation is reflected by the
earth and the atmosphere 1. SPECIES BIODIVERSITY - It includes total
4. Some of the infrared radiation passes number of different taxonomical or biological
through the atmosphere, and some is species. There are more than 200000
absorbed and re-emitted in all molecules.
The effect of this is to warm the earth’s Greenhouse Gases: Their sources and Causes
surface and the lower atmosphere. Burning of fossil fuels,
Gas
deforestation
5. Infrared radiation is emitted from the
Burning of fossil fuels,
earth's surface. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
deforestation
GLOBAL WARMING Refrigeration, solvents,
Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) insulation foams, industrial and
commercial uses
Growing paddy, excreta of cattle
and other livestock, termites,
Methane (CH4)
burning of fossil fuel, wood, land
fills
Burning of fossil fuels, fertilizers
Nitrogen oxides (N2O) burning of wood and crop
residue.
 species in India of which several are - SALT ACCUMULATION DUE TO
confined to India IRRIGATION - Most irrigation waters contain
2. GENETIC BIODIVERSITY – It includes land some salts. After irrigation, the water added
traces; horticultural varieties; cultivers, to the soil is used by the crop or evaporates
ecotypes; all within a biological species. directly from the moist soil. The salt,
3. ECOSYSTEM BIODIVERSITY - It includes however, is left behind in the soil. If not
various biological zones, like lake, desert, removed, it accumulates in the soil; this
coast, estuaries, wetlands, mangroves, coral process is called salinization.
reefs etc.
DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER - Ozone depletion,
REASONS FOR BIODIVERSITY LOSS gradual thinning of Earth’s ozone layer in the upper
- Loss of habitat atmosphere caused by the release of chemical
- Pollution compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine
- Overuse from industry and other human activities. The thinning
- Introduction of foreign is most pronounced in the polar regions, especially
species over Antarctica. Ozone depletion is a major
- Environmental degradation environmental problem because it increases the
amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation that reaches
DESERTIFICATION Earth’s surface, which increases the rate of skin
- Desertification is diminution or destruction of cancer, eye cataracts, and genetic and immune
the biological potential of the land which system damage.
ultimately leads to the formation of desert.
The land that has lost its productivity is The Montreal Protocol, ratified in 1987, was the first of
calleddepletion
Causes of ozone layer a [Link] Natural Causes
A desert landscape supports several Effects
comprehensive international agreements
on aquatic life
(O3) layer can be adestroyed
very limited Human Activity
growth of sparse vegetation
both by Related enacted
Causes to halt
Effect on the production
terrestrial life and use of ozone-
natural and man-made Acid Rain
causes growth of plants. Substantial
and stunted depleting Effects on forests a result of continued
chemicals. As
part of earth’s 132.4 million sq km of international
Effectcooperation
on buildings on and
CAUSE this
OF issue,
monumentsthe ozone (OVER
DESERTIFICATION
terrestrial area is facing desertification due to layer is expected to recover over time.
CULTIVATION, OVERGRAZING,
overexploitation and mismanage of land Causes of ozone layer depletion
DEFORESTATION, SALT
resources for human activities. Ozone (O3) layer can be destroyed
ACCUMULATION DUE TO IRRIGATION
both by natural and man-made
Cause of Desertification causes-
- OVER CULTIVATION - When crops are 1. NATURAL CAUSES: Several naturally
grown on farmland too many times without a occurring substances destroy stratospheric
break, the ongoing agriculture depletes the ozone. Most important of these compounds
soil's nutrients and degrades the overall are: Hydrogen oxide (HOx), Methane (CH4 ),
health and fertility of the soil. This leads to Hydrogen gas (H2 ), Nitrogen oxides (NOx ).
soil sterilization, whereby the soil can Chlorine monoxide (ClO); during volcanic
become incapable of growing anything at all. eruptions, significant amount of chlorine may
- OVERGRAZING - The intense grazing of be released in the stratosphere. Tiny
livestock on ecosystems holds the power to particulate matter in the stratosphere, known
trigger a chain reaction known as as stratospheric aerosols, may also lead to
desertification. Overgrazing occurs when ozone destruction.
animals graze on vegetation at a rate that
exceeds the land's natural capacity to 2. HUMAN ACTIVITY RELATED CAUSES:
regenerate. Any event, which release chlorine atoms into
- DEFORESTATION - in absence of trees, the the atmospheric, can cause severe ozone
soil erodes more rapidly. This soil erosion destruction, because chlorine atoms in the
exposes the underlying rocky layer, and this stratosphere can destroy ozone very
leads to loss of humus. efficiently. Most damaging among such
 agents are human made chlorofluorocarbons foliage. This in turn reduces photosynthesis.
(CFCs), which is widely used as refrigerants Reduced photosynthesis accompanied by
and to pressurize sprays cans. In leaf fall reduces plant and crop productivity.
stratosphere, chlorine atoms from CFCs Acidic medium promotes leaching of heavy
react with ozone to form chlorine monoxide metals such as aluminum, lead and mercury.
and oxygen molecule. Such metals when percolate into ground
water affect soil microflora/ micro fauna. The
soil becomes lifeless. Absorption of these
toxic metal ions by plants and
microorganisms affect their metabolism.
Effects on forests Acid rains damage forests and kill
vegetation and causes severe damage to the
landscape.
Effect on buildings and monuments Many old,
historic, ancient buildings and works of art/textile etc.
are adversely affected by acid rain. Limestone and
- Acid Rain - Acid rain refers to any marble are destroyed by acid rain. Smoke and soot
Strategies toprecipitation
cope with acid rainfog, mist, snow) that is
(rain, cover such objects. They slowly dissolve/flake away
Oil pollutionmore acidic than normal. Acid rain is caused the surfaces because of acid fumes in the air. Many
Impact of oilbyspill on marine life
atmospheric pollution from acidic gases buildings/monuments such as Taj Mahal in Agra have
Impact of oilsuch
spillsas
on terrestrial
Sulphur life Bays and oxides of
dioxide suffered from acid rain. 14.6.2
nitrogen emitted from burning of fossil fuels. Strategies to cope with acid rain Any procedure
Acid rain is formed when the air that contains that shall reduce, minimize, or halt emission of
acidic gases emitted mostly from power sulphur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere shall
plants industries and automobiles, combines control acid rain. Use of low sulphur fuel or natural
with the rain drops. The acid rain affect gas or washed coal (chemical washing of pulverized
ecosystems in diverse ways Harmful effects coal) in thermal plants can reduce incidences of acid
of acid rain Acid precipitation affects both rain.
aquatic and terrestrial organisms. It also
damages buildings and monuments OIL POLLUTION

1. Effects on aquatic life - the pH of the - OIL POLLUTION Oil pollution refers to layers
surrounding or medium is very important for of oil on water bodies. Oil spills are most
metabolic processes of aquatic organisms. glaring of all oceanic pollution. Every marine
The eggs or sperms of fish, frogs and other transport vessel poses a potential danger of
aquatic organisms are very sensitive to pH oil spill. 14.8.1 Causes of oil spill The most
change. Acid rain kills their gametes common cause of oil spill is leakage during
affecting the life cycles and productivity. marine transport. It includes both small scale
Death or their inability to increase in (most often) and large scale (accidental)
numbers affects aquatic food chains in acidic leakages. Oil spill could occur during
water bodies, causing severe ecosystem offshore oil production. There is a continuous
imbalances. Acidic lake waters may kill oil slicks concentrated along the supply lines
bacteria/microbes/planktons and the acidic used by oil tankers. Motorboats may release
lakes become unproductive and life less. oil into the seas. On an average a ton of oil
Such acidic and lifeless ponds/lakes is discharged into the seas for every 1000
adversely affect fisheries and livelihood. tons of oil transported by sea
- Impact of oil spill on marine life - Within
2. Effect on terrestrial life - Acid rain damage hours of oil spill, the fishes, shellfish,
cuticle of plant leaves resulting etiolation of plankton die due to suffocation and
 metabolic disorders. Within a day of oil spill environmentally unfriendly substance(s).
birds and sea mammals die. Death of these some of them are given in table
organisms severely damages marine
ecosystems. Oil spills also either poison or
suffocate algal blooms. This in turn makes
water body deficient in oxygen. Water
deficient in oxygen in turn, is responsible for
the deaths of enormous number of
fish/marine life.
- Impact of oil spills on terrestrial life Bays,
estuaries, shores, reefs, beaches particularly
near large coastal cities or at the mouth of
rivers are relatively more susceptible to the
hazards of oil spills. A number of coastal
activities, especially recreational such as
bathing, boating, angling, diving, rafting are
affected. As a result tourism and hotel
business in the coastal areas suffers
seriously Hazardous Waste

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS IN THE PHILIPPINES

HAZARDOUS WASTE
- The National Environmental Awareness and
Any substance that is present in the environment or Education Act promotes national awareness
released into the environment causing substantial of the importance of environmental
damage to public health and welfare of the education for sustainable national
environment is called hazardous substance. Any development in the Philippines. This policy
substance that could have serious irreversible health mandates that environmental education be
effects from a single exposure is called very integrated into school curricula at all levels,
hazardous substance. Any hazardous substance and that students are provided with a core
could exhibit any one or more of the following curricular foundation in environmental issues
characteristics: and laws, the state of international and local
environmental policy, citizens' responsibilities
- Toxicity to participate in environmental behavior, and
- ignobility sustainable development.
- corrosivity reactivity (explosive)
- Thus, any waste that contains hazardous or - The Philippines also fosters participation in
very hazardous substance is called environmental behavior through national
hazardous waste. awareness events and national programs
that encourage the greening of schools,
- Hazardous wastes - can originate from communities, offices and industries.
various sources such as: household, local ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
areas, urban, industry, agriculture, - It is a complex web of regulations, policies,
construction activity, hospitals and and statutes designed to address issues
laboratories, power plants and other such as air and water quality, waste
sources. Problems related to dumping of management, and pollution control.
hazardous waste The hazardous waste per
se or when disposed off release a number of PURPOSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
 - Reducing or Minimizing the Impact of human - Utilize environmentally-sound methods that
activity, both on natural environment for its maximize the utilization of valuable
own sake, and on humanity itself. resources and encourage resources
conservation and recovery.
IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW - Set guidelines and targets for solid waste
1. Promote and protect the global avoidance and volume reduction through
environmental while recognizing the primary source reduction and waste minimization
responsibility of LOCAL GOVERNMENT measures, including composing, recycling,
UNITS to deal with environmental problems re-use, recovery, green charcoal process,
and others, before collection, treatment and
2. Recognize that the responsibility of cleaning disposal in appropriate and environmentally
the habitat and environment. sound solid waste management facilities in
accordance with ecologically sustainable
3. Recognize that a clean and healthy development principles.
environment is for the good of all and should
be the concern of all.

- Ensure the proper segregation, collection,

ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS IN THE transport, storage, treatment and disposal of
PHILIPPINES solid waste through the formulation and
adoption of the best environmental practices
REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL
in ecological waste management excluding
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT
incineration.
OF 2000
- Ecological Solid Waste - Promote national research and development
Management Act of 2000 programs for improved solid waste
management and resource conservation
- REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003
techniques, more effective institutional
- 2000
arrangement and indigenous and improved
- An act providing for an methods of waste reduction, collection,
ecological solid waste separation and recovery.
management program, creating
the necessary institutional - Encourage greater private sector
mechanisms and incentives, participation in solid waste management.
declaring certain acts prohibited
and providing penalties, - Retain primary enforcement and
appropriating funds therefor, responsibility of solid waste management
and for other purposes. with local government units while
establishing a cooperative effort among the
CHAPTER 1 (ARTICLE 1, SECTION national government, other local government
2), DECLARATION OF POLICIES units, non-government organizations, and
the private sector.
It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a
systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste
- Encourage cooperation and self-regulation
management program which shall
among waste generators through the
- Ensure the protection of public health and application of market-based instruments.
environment.
 - Institutionalize public participation in the CHAPTER 2: AIR QUALITY
development and implementation of national MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ARTICLE 1:
and local integrated, comprehensive and GENERAL PROVISIONS SECTION 6.
ecological waste management programs. AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND
INFORMATION NETWORK
- Strengthen the integration of ecological solid
waste management and resource - The Department shall prepare
conservation and recovery topics into the an annual National Air Quality
academic curricula of formal and non-formal Status Report which shall be
education in order to promote environmental used as the basis for
awareness and action among the citizenries. formulating the Integrated Air
Quality Improvement
Framework, as provided for in
Sec. 7. The said report shall
include, but shall not be limited
to the following:
REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN
WATER ACT OF 2004 - Extent of pollution in the
country, per type of pollutant
- AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A and type of source, based on
COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY reports of the Department’s
MANAGEMENT AND FOR OTHER monitoring stations.
PURPOSES A.k.a: Philippine Clean Water
Act of 2004 - Analysis and evaluation of the
- Republic Act No. 9275 current state, trends, and
- 2004 projections of air pollution at the
CHAPTER 1- GENERAL PROVISIONS ARTICLE 1- various levels provided herein.
DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES
SECTION 3- COVERAGE OF THE ACT. - Identification of critical areas,
activities, or projects which will
- This Act shall apply to water quality need closer monitoring or
management in all water bodies: Provided, regulation.
that it shall primarily apply to the abatement
and control of pollution from land based
- Recommendations for
sources: Provided, further, That the water
necessary executive and
quality standards and regulations and the
civil liability and penal provisions under this legislative action.
Act shall be enforced irrespective of sources
of pollution. - Other pertinent qualitative and
quantitative information
REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT concerning the extent of air
OF 1999 pollution and the air quality
- This act focuses on the prevention, control, performance rating of industries
and abatement of air pollution through the in the country.
promotion of clean air and ensuring a
balance between economic growth and - The Department, in cooperation
environmental protection. with the National Statistical
- Chapter 2, Article 1, Section 6 Coordination Board (NSCB),
 shall design and develop an transportation, sale, distribution, use and
information network for data disposal of chemical substances and
storage, retrieval, and mixtures that present unreasonable risk or
exchange. The Department shall injury to health or to the environment in
serve as the central depository accordance with national policies and
international commitments.
of all data and information
related to air quality.
- To inform and educate the populace
regarding the hazards and risks attendant to
REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC SUBSTANCES, the manufacture, handling, storage,
HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL transportation, processing, distribution, use
ACT OF 1990 and disposal of toxic chemicals and other
substances and mixtures.
- Toxic Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990 - To prevent the entry, even in transit, as well
- REPUBLIC ACT No. 6969 as the keeping or storage and disposal of
- October 26, 1990 hazardous and nuclear wastes into the
- Section 2. Declaration of Policy country for whatever purpose.
- Section 4. Objectives

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586

SECTION 2. DECLARATION OF POLICY
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
It is the policy of the State to regulate, restrict or STATEMENT (EIS) STATEMENT OF
prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, 1978
sale, distribution, use and disposal of chemical
substances and mixtures that present unreasonable - ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
risk and/or injury to health or the environment; to STATEMENT (EIS) STATEMENT
prohibit the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and OF 1978
nuclear wastes and their disposal into the Philippine
territorial limits for whatever purpose; and to provide - PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1586
advancement and facilitate research and studies on
toxic chemicals. - ESTABLISHING AN
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT SYSTEM INCLUDING
SECTION 4. OBJECTIVES - THE OBJECTIVES OF OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL
THIS ACT ARE:
MANAGEMENT RELATED
- To keep an inventory of chemicals that are MEASURES AND FOR OTHER
presently being imported, manufactured, or PURPOSES
used; indicating, among others, their existing
and possible uses, test data, names of firms
manufacturing or using them, and such other PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586
information as may be considered relevant to ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
the protection of health and the environment. STATEMENT (EIS) STATEMENT OF
1978
- To monitor and regulate the importation,
manufacture, processing, handling, storage, Section 1. Policy. - It is hereby
declared the policy of the State to
attain and maintain a rational and
orderly balance between socio-
economic growth and environmental
protection.
Section 2. Environmental Impact
Statement System. - There is hereby
established a Environmental Impact
Statement System founded and based
on the environmental impact
statement required, under Section 4 of
Presidential Decree No. 1151, of all
agencies and instrumentalities of the
national government, including
government owned or controlled
corporations, as well as private
corporations, firms and entities for
every proposed project and
undertaking which significantly affect
the quality of the environment.