CONSTRUCTION

• THE PROCESS OF CONSTRUCTING A BUILDING OR INFRASTRUCTURE.

• CONSTRUCTION DIFFERS FROM MANUFACTURING.
• CONSTRUCTION AS AN INDUSTRY COMPRISES SIX TO NINE PERCENT OF
THE GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.
• LARGE-SCALE CONSTRUCTION REQUIRES:
- A COLLABORATION ACROSS MULTIPLE DISCIPLINES.
- AN ARCHITECT MANAGES THE JOB,
- A CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER OR PROJECT MANAGER SUPERVISES IT.
- EFFECTIVE PLANNING IS ESSENTIAL.
- ZONING REQUIREMENTS MUST BE CONSIDERED.
- THE LARGEST CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ARE REFERRED TO AS MEGA
PROJECTS.
CONSTRUCTION METHODS
1. SURVEYING 12. WALL
2. CLEARING 13. ELECTRICAL/ MECHANICAL
3. FRAMING 14. PLUMBING
4. SIGNAGES 15. FINISHING/PARTITIONS
5. MOBILIZATION 16. TAPPING OFF/ROOF DECK
6. LAYOUT 17. PAINTING
7. EXCAVATION 18. POWER SUPPLY
8. FOOTING 19. TESTING
9. COLUMNS 20. DEMOBILIZATION
10. BEAMS 21. HANDOVER
11. SLABS
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
2. INFRASTRUCTURE
3. INDUSTRIAL
• BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
- IT IS DIVIDED INTO RESIDENTIAL AND NON-RESIDENTIAL
(COMMERCIAL/INSTITUTIONAL).
- IT IS THE PROCESS OF ADDING STRUCTURE TO REAL PROPERTY OR
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS.
- THE MAJORITY OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION JOBS ARE SMALL RENOVATIONS
COMMERCIAL
RESIDENTIAL
• INFRASTRUCTURE
- OFTEN CALLED HEAVY/HIGHWAY, HEAVY CIVIL OR HEAVY
ENGINEERING.
- INCLUDES LARGE PUBLIC WORKS, DAMS, BRIDGES, HIGHWAYS,
WATER/WASTEWATER AND UTILITY DISTRIBUTION.
INFRASTRUCTURE/HEAVY CIVIL
• INDUSTRIAL
- INDUSTRIAL INCLUDES REFINERIES, PROCESS CHEMICAL, POWER
GENERATION, MILLS AND MANUFACTURING PLANTS.
INDUSTRIAL
•DESIGN TEAM
- PLAN THE PHYSICAL PROCEEDINGS, AND TO INTEGRATE THOSE PROCEEDINGS WITH THE OTHER
PARTS.
- THE DESIGN USUALLY CONSISTS OF DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS
- DESIGN TEAM INCLUDES ARCHITECT, CIVIL ENGINEERS, MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERS, STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS, FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERS, PLANNING CONSULTANTS,
ARCHITECTURAL CONSULTANTS, AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSULTANTS.
- CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES MAKE A BID FOR THE WORK, EITHER BASED DIRECTLY ON THE
DESIGN, OR ON THE BASIS OF DRAWINGS AND A BILL OF QUANTITIES PROVIDED BY A QUANTITY
SURVEYOR.
• FINANCIAL ADVISORS
- CASH FLOW PROBLEMS EXIST WHEN THE PRESENT AMOUNT OF FUNDING CANNOT
COVER THE CURRENT COSTS FOR LABOUR AND MATERIALS
- FRAUD IS A PROBLEM IN MANY FIELDS, BUT IS NOTORIOUSLY PREVALENT IN THE
CONSTRUCTION FIELD.
- FINANCIAL PLANNING FOR THE PROJECT ENSURES THAT A SOLID PLAN WITH ADEQUATE
SAFEGUARDS AND CONTINGENCY PLANS ARE IN PLACE BEFORE THE PROJECT IS STARTED
- MORTGAGE BANKERS, ACCOUNTANTS, AND COST ENGINEERS ARE LIKELY PARTICIPANTS
IN CREATING AN OVERALL PLAN FOR THE FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT OF THE BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT.
• LEGAL ASPECTS
- THE PROJECT MUST ADHERE TO ZONING AND BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS.
- SOME LEGAL REQUIREMENTS COME FROM MALUM IN SE CONSIDERATIONS, OR THE
DESIRE TO PREVENT THINGS THAT ARE INDISPUTABLY BAD.
- OTHER LEGAL REQUIREMENTS COME FROM MALUM PROHIBITUM CONSIDERATIONS,
OR THINGS THAT ARE A MATTER OF CUSTOM OR EXPECTATION.
·INTERACTION OF EXPERTISE
- THE DESIGN MUST BE NOT ONLY STRUCTURALLY SOUND AND APPROPRIATE, BUT
MUST ALSO BE FINANCIALLY POSSIBLE.
- THE FINANCIAL STRUCTURE MUST ACCOMMODATE THE NEED FOR BUILDING, THE
DESIGN PROVIDED, AND MUST PAY AMOUNTS THAT ARE LEGALLY OWED.
- THE LEGAL STRUCTURE MUST INTEGRATE THE DESIGN INTO THE SURROUNDING
LEGAL FRAMEWORK, AND ENFORCE THE FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS.
·PROCUREMENT
- PROCUREMENT DESCRIBES THE MERGING OF ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN BY THE
CLIENT TO OBTAIN A BUILDING.
- THE THREE MOST COMMON TYPES OF PROCUREMENT ARE: TRADITIONAL
(DESIGN-BID-BUILD), DESIGN-BUILD, AND MANAGEMENT CONTRACTING.
- NEW FORMS OF PROCUREMENT INCLUDE PARTNERING SUCH AS PUBLIC-PRIVATE
PARTNERING (PPPS) AKA PRIVATE FINANCE INITIATIVES (PFIS), AND ALLIANCES
SUCH AS "PURE" OR "PROJECT" ALLIANCES AND "IMPURE" OR "STRATEGIC"
ALLIANCES.
CONSTRUCTION PHASES
• VISION/FANTASY/IDEA - A CONCEPT NEVER INTENDED TO BE BUILT
• PROPOSED - A BUILDING CONCEPT THAT IS UNDER REVIEW BY THE BUILDING
OWNER AND BY GOVERNMENT
• APPROVED - A BUILDING CONCEPT THAT WILL BE CONSTRUCTED IN THE NEAR
FUTURE.
• DESIGN - THE SPECIFICATION OF WHAT IS TO BE BUILT IN SUFFICIENT DETAIL
• PROCUREMENT - THE SELECTION OF THE CONTRACTOR OR CONTRACTORS TO
CARRY OUT THE CONSTRUCTION.
• DIVERSIONS - ANY SERVICES ON THE SITE WHICH MUST BE KEPT OPERATIONAL
TO SERVE OTHER ADJACENT SITES MUST BE DIVERTED SO THEY RUN OUTSIDE
THE FOOTPRINT OF THE NEW BUILDING.
• TUNDER-CONSTRUCTION - A FULLY DESIGNED BUILDING CURRENTLY BEING
BUILT
• GROUND WORKS - CONSTRUCTION WORK BELOW GROUND LEVEL
• TOPPED-OUT - A FULLY DESIGNED BUILDING WHERE CONSTRUCTION HAS
REACHED THE HIGHEST POINT OF THE BUILDING
• FITTING OUT - INSTALLATION OF THE DECORATIVE, NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
ONCE THE BUILDING MAIN STRUCTURE IS COMPLETE.
• COMMISSIONING OR SETTING TO WORK - MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL,
PLUMBING, COMMUNICATIONS, AND BUILDING CONTROL SYSTEMS INSTALLED
ARE NEEDED TO BE TESTED AND ADJUSTED
• SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION / BENEFICIAL OCCUPANCY - A POINT WHEN THE
WORK IS SUFFICIENTLY COMPLETE SO THAT THE OWNER CAN OCCUPY
• COMPLETE/BUILT - A FULLY DESIGNED BUILDING THAT HAS BEEN FULLY BUILT
• BUILDING OPERATION - ALL THOSE DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITIES NEED TO ENSURE THE
BUILDING CAN BE USED.
• MAINTENANCE - WORKS TO ENSURE THE BUILDING CONTINUES TO OPERATE IN
ACCORDANCE WITH ITS DESIGN
• REPAIR - REPLACING BUILDING ELEMENTS WHICH HAVE BEEN DAMAGED
• RENOVATION - MODIFICATION TO THE BUILDING.
• DEMOLITION - DESTRUCTION OF THE BUILDING
MODERN METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION (MMC)

THE CONCRETE INDUSTRY EMBRACES INNOVATION AND MODERN METHODS OF

CONSTRUCTION (MMC) BY OFFERING CONCRETE SOLUTIONS WHICH CAN BE USED TO
REDUCE CONSTRUCTION TIME AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, AS WELL AS
OFFERING COST SAVINGS.
• PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM
▪ FLOOR AND WALL UNITS ARE PRODUCED OFF-SITE IN A FACTORY AND ERECTED
ON-SITE TO FORM ROBUST STRUCTURES
▪ PANELS CAN INCLUDE SERVICES, WINDOWS, DOORS AND FINISHES.
▪ BUILDING ENVELOPE PANELS WITH FACTORY FITTED INSULATION AND
DECORATIVE CLADDING CAN ALSO BE USED AS LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS.
▪ THIS OFFERS FACTORY QUALITY AND ACCURACY, TOGETHER WITH SPEED OF
ERECTION ON-SITE.
PRECAST FLAT PANEL SYSTEM
• 3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
• 3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION (ALSO KNOWN AS MODULAR CONSTRUCTION)
INVOLVES THE PRODUCTION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL UNITS IN CONTROLLED FACTORY
CONDITIONS PRIOR TO TRANSPORTATION TO SITE.
• THIS MODERN METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OFFERS THE INHERENT BENEFITS OF
CONCRETE, SUCH AS THERMAL MASS, SOUND AND FIRE RESISTANCE, AS WELL AS
OFFERING FACTORY QUALITY AND ACCURACY, TOGETHER WITH SPEED OF ERECTION ON-
SITE.
3D VOLUMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
• TUNNEL FORM
▪ TUNNEL FORM IS A FORMWORK SYSTEM THAT ALLOWS THE CONTRACTOR TO
BUILD MONOLITHIC WALLS AND SLABS IN ONE OPERATION ON A DAILY CYCLE.
▪ THIS FAST-TRACK METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION IS SUITABLE FOR REPETITIVE
CELLULAR PROJECTS
▪ IT OFFERS ECONOMY, SPEED, QUALITY AND ACCURACY, AS WELL AS UTILIZING
THE INHERENT BENEFITS OF CONCRETE, SUCH AS FIRE AND SOUND RESISTANCE.
TUNNEL FORM
• HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
▪ HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION (HCC) COMBINES ALL THE BENEFITS
OF PRECASTING WITH THE ADVANTAGES OF CAST IN-SITU CONSTRUCTION.
▪ HCC CAN ANSWER CLIENT DEMANDS FOR LOWER COSTS AND HIGHER
QUALITY BY PROVIDING SIMPLE, BUILDABLE AND COMPETITIVE
STRUCTURES THAT OFFER CONSISTENT PERFORMANCE AND QUALITY.
HYBRID CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION
• THIN JOINT MASONRY
▪ THIN JOINT MASONRY ALLOWS THE DEPTH OF THE MORTAR TO BE REDUCED
FROM 10MM TO JUST 3MM OR LESS
▪ CONSTRUCTION SPEED CAN BE FURTHER INCREASED BY SOME 13.5% USING
LARGE-FORMAT CONCRETE BLOCKS, WHICH HAVE A FACE SIZE EQUIVALENT TO
TWO TRADITIONAL CONCRETE BLOCKS.
▪ THE MORTAR CURES RAPIDLY, ACHIEVING FULL BOND STRENGTH WITHIN ONE TO
TWO HOURS
THIN JOINT MASONRY
• INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK
▪ INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK (ICF) SYSTEMS CONSIST OF TWIN-WALLED,
EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE PANELS OR BLOCKS THAT ARE QUICKLY BUILT UP TO
CREATE FORMWORK FOR THE WALLS OF A BUILDING.
▪ THE EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE BLOCKS REMAIN TO PROVIDE HIGH LEVELS OF
THERMAL INSULATION AND THE CONCRETE CORE PROVIDES ROBUSTNESS AND
GOOD LEVELS OF SOUND INSULATION.
INSULATING CONCRETE FORMWORK
• PRECAST FOUNDATIONS
▪ PRECAST CONCRETE SYSTEMS CAN BE USED TO RAPIDLY CONSTRUCT
FOUNDATIONS.
▪ THESE SYSTEMS IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY, ESPECIALLY IN ADVERSE WEATHER
CONDITIONS, AND REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF EXCAVATION REQUIRED
PRECAST FOUNDATIONS
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS

IN GENERAL, THE STUDY OF CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS REQUIRES A TOOL

THAT PROVIDES SOLUTIONS WITHOUT REQUIRING THE INPUT OF COPIOUS
AMOUNTS OF DATA.
PROSIDYC
▪ PROSIDYC IS A SYSTEM FOR SIMULATING CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS
▪ IT IS A COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEM ANALYZING CONSTRUCTION JOB SITE
PRODUCTION PROCESSES.
▪ IT IS USED TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY IN THE FIELD BY STUDYING RESOURCE
UTILIZATION AND CYCLE TIMES IDENTIFYING OPPURTUNITIES FOR PRODUCTION
IMPROVEMENT.
PROSIDYC
ORGANIZATIONAL

PROJECT

ACTIVITY

OPERATION

PROCESS

WORK TASK

HIERARCHICAL LEVELS IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ORGANIZATIONAL- COMPANY STRUCTURE AND BUSINESS FOCUS, HEAD
OFFICE AND FIELD FUNCTIONS, PORTFOLIO OF PROJECTS, GROSS PROJECT
ATTRIBUTES.
PROJECT- PROJECT DEFINITION, CONTRACT, DRAWINGS, SPECIFICATIONS,
COST, TIME, BREAKDOWN INTO PROJECT ACTIVITIES.
ACTIVITY- ATTAINMENT OF PHYSICAL SEGMENT OF PROJECT EQUATED TO
TIME AND COST CONTROL.
OPERATION- CONSTRUCTION METHOD FOCUS. MEANS OF ACHIEVING
CONSTRUCTION COMPLETE.
PROCESS- BASIC TECHNOLOGICAL SEQUENCE FOCUS, LOGICAL COLLECTION
OF WORK TASKS AND RECOGNIZABLE POTION OF CONSTRUCTION
OPERATION.
WORK TASK- FUNDAMENTAL FIELD ACTION AND WORK UNIT FOCUS, SKILL AT
CREW MEMBER LEVEL AND BASIS OF WORK ASSIGNMENT TO LABOR.
BUILDING PROCESS MODELS
• THE RELATIVE SEQUENCE AND LOGIC OF THE WORK TASKS AND PROCESSES THAT MAKE
UP CONSTRUCTION OPERATION CONSTITUTE THE TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE
OPERATION.
• THE MODELING ELEMENTS CAN BE USED IN A VARIETY OF PATTERNS TO MODEL
CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS.
• AS AN EXAMPLE, CONSIDER THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MODEL FOR AN EARTH-MODELING
OPERATION THAT INVOLVES THE LOADING OF TRUCKS WITH EARTH TRANSPORT TO A
DUMP AREA.
IN ORDER TO DEVELOP THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EARTH-MOVING OPERATION, IT IS NECESSARY TO IDENTIFY
THE MAJOR RESOURCES INVOLVED (TRUCKS, FRONT-END LOADER AND SOIL) AND ESTABLISH THE VARIOUS
STATES THAT THE RESOURCES ARE TRAVERSE IN THEIR WORK ASSIGNMENT PATH CYCLES. FINALLY, THE
INTEGRATION OF THE RESOURCE PATHS AND CYCLES ESTABLISHES THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE
OPERATIONS.