A Brief Note on as census methodologies,

age pyramids, population

concerned with
quantitative correlations
Demography and predictions, and so on, are
all practical aspects of
between demographic
dynamics from a micro
its Scope and population research. perspective .

Importance Population policy: Macro study: The minority

Population policy is a of authors uses a macro
Demography is the
crucial topic in strategy to population
statistical study of
demography, particularly in studies and integrates
populations, particularly
developing countries. It qualitative aspects of
human populations. Based
covers population control demography in their work.
on criteria such as
policies and family Demography, they claim,
education, nationality,
planning tactics, as well as involves the
religion, and ethnicity,
reproductive health, interrelationships between
demographic analysis can
maternal nutrition, and population and social,
be applied to entire
child health policies, economic, and cultural
civilizations or groupings.
policies for human elements in a country, as
Although there are a few
development of various well as their impact on
autonomous demography
social groups, and the population growth. It looks
departments, most
effects of these policies on at the size, composition,
educational institutions
the country's overall and dispersion of
regard demography as a
population [1] populations, as well as
field of sociology.
long-term trends. What are
Demography
Micro study: Micro the reasons for migration
encompasses a wide
demography is a specific and what are the
range of topics. Is it a
approach to population consequences? What
micro or macro study? It
studies. The focus on the variables influence
contains the subject matter
fertility, mortality, urbanization, and what are
of demography. Is it a
distribution, migration, and the ramifications? All of
scientific or artistic
other characteristics of a these are part of the macro
endeavor that there is no
single person, a family, or aspects of population
agreement among
a group of people in a studies, which include,
demographers on these
certain city, area, or among other things,
vexing problems about the
community, among other unemployment, poverty,
scope of demography?
things. "The study of and related policies,
population growth, population management
Scope of distribution, and and family welfare, and
redistribution within a population, migration, and
demography community, state, urbanization theories.
economic area, or other
Practical aspects: The local area are known as Demography as a
numerous ways of gauging micro demography". science: Before
population changes, such Demography is primarily determining whether
demography is a science, population growth lowers For administrators:
it is necessary to per capita income, lowers Managers in charge of
understand what science living standards, plunges government operations
is and how science's the economy into mass can also benefit from
qualities apply to unemployment and population research.
demography. A science is underemployment, harms Almost all social and
a systematized body of the environment, and puts economic problems in
knowledge that can be current social developing countries can
verified by experiments infrastructure under strain. be traced back to
and observation. It is a Economic difficulties that population growth. The
collection of need to be handled by the government must deal with
generalizations, ideas, government are and handle the problems
hypotheses, or rules that highlighted by population that develop as a result of
establishes a studies. population growth.
cause-and-effect Shanties, pollution,
relationship. For society: It is drainage, water, power,
impossible to overestimate transit, and other
the relevance of challenges in cities are the
Importance population studies in outcome of migration and
society. When a society's urbanisation. Social
of population grows rapidly, it
faces a plethora of
cleansing, better housing,
and efficient transportation

demograph problems. Water, power,

transportation, and
system, clean water
supply, improved
communications, as well sewerage systems, control
y as public health and of communicable illnesses,
education, are all and provision of medical
impacted. In addition, and health services,
For the economy: The issues of migration and notably in maternal and
value of demography to a urbanisation are child welfare, are all
country's economy cannot connected to population needed [8,9].
be overstated. We can use growth, leading to an
population studies to see increase in law and order For a political system:
how closely the economy's concerns. When faced with Demographic data is
growth rate matches the challenges arising as a critical to the proper
population's growth pace. result of population operation of a democratic
The economy will grow at expansion, the political system. A
a slower rate if the government and country's election
population expands at a non-governmental social commission demarcates
faster rate [5,6]. The organisations may take constituencies based on
government can take the appropriate measures to census data from various
necessary steps to reduce resolve them . locations. The number of
population increase while voters is raised after each
also accelerating up election to see how many
economic growth. Rapid
people have moved in of where they normally educational features,
from different regions of reside. Qatari and non-Qatari
the country [10]. Political De jure - meaning workforce).
parties can use census enumeration of individuals It provides necessary data
data to determine the as of where they usually enabling the assessment
number of male and reside, regardless of of the population status in
female voters, their level of where they are on census Qatar during the
education, their age day. inter-census period as well
structure, their earnings, as monitoring
and other statistics. In their Importance and demographic, social and
election manifestos, Objectives of Census economic changes taking
political parties can use The importance of the place during the same
these ideas to raise census lies in its being an period in various
difficulties and provide integrated picture of administrative divisions.
solutions. society in a given time
within numerous, multiple
and continuous changes, It provides data on
What is the which cannot be defined expatriates' number,
Census? through other data distribution and
Census includes the total collecting methods. The characteristics in Qatar,
process of collecting, census provides a suitable especially the immigrant
compiling, analyzing, database for comparisons workforce, with a high
evaluating, publishing and and projections of degree of precision,
disseminating statistical demographic data as well instead of dependence on
data regarding the as social and economic estimates.
population and housing characteristics of society.
and their geographical It provides a database on
location. Population A comprehensive census which population
characteristics include is different from other projections and workforce
demographic, social and statistical methods in the projections are built.
economic data and are following ways:
provided as of a particular
date (reference period). It provides comprehensive
and detailed data on the It provides a database
Census Methods: whole population in needed to study specific
addition to demographic, social phenomena.
Population censuses social and economic
typically use one of two characteristics by the
approaches: lowest administrative or To provide basic data for
geographical level and all sectors in the country
De facto – meaning related rates and (education, health,
enumeration of individuals indicators (population population, etc.) with a
as of where they are found growth rates, age and view to contributing to the
in the census, regardless gender composition, formulation, monitoring
and evaluation of plans The census data identifies
related to the provision of summary levels and 5) Learning about
services needed by the standards as well as special population
Qatari society. changes in the groups:
demographic and There is an increasing
dwellings characteristics, concern in regard to
To provide necessary the availability of basic specific population groups
frameworks for deriving necessities, neglected e.g. children, youth, elderly
samples for field research areas, and other National persons, disabled… etc.
to be undertaken in the priorities. Indicators about these
future. groups help in designing
3) Estimating sources of programs and policies
Use Of Census labor force: which serve their interests.
The census is considered
Population and housing to be the main source of 6) Use for research
census aims mainly at information related to the purposes:
collecting and size of labor force and its Population and housing
disseminating basic characteristics, as well as census data provide a rich
statistics including age, other aspects related to source of information for
sex and relationship to the education and training, carrying out demographic,
head of household and both present and expected social and economic
other characteristics such levels, and national surveys.
as education and policies needed in this
occupation at a specified field. 7) Use for economic
period of time. Following purposes:
are some uses of the 4) Identifying the role of Economic decision-making
census data. women and their relies on scientific facts
economic and social and the Census provides
1) Development planning standing: facts and actual data.
purposes: Recent decades witnessed
The census provides an increasing attention to 8) Census data will
essential data pertaining to the role of women in identify a comprehensive
demographic, social and society. This matter has frame for all active:
economic characteristics become a central issue. establishments, and a
of the population and Governments all over the base for an economic
housing which can be world are interested in census/surveys which will
used for planning at all collecting statistics on follow the census e.g.
levels. women for designing annual economic surveys
programs and identifying associated with the
2) Estimation of levels policies needed for national accounts
and variations in improving and up grading estimates.
population and housing their role, as well as their
characteristics: social and economic
Use Of Census
standing in the society.
 3) Estimating sources of children, youth, elderly
​ labor force: persons, disabled… etc.
​Population and housing
The census is considered to Indicators about these groups
census aims mainly at
be the main source of help in designing programs
collecting and disseminating
information related to the size and policies which serve their
basic statistics including age,
of labor force and its interests.
sex and relationship to head of
characteristics, as well as
household and other 6) Use for research
other aspects related to the
characteristics such as purposes:
education and training, both
education and occupation at a Population and housing
present and expected levels,
specified period of time. census data provide a rich
and national policies needed
Following are some uses of source of information for
in this field.
the census data. carrying out demographic,
4) Identifying the role of social and economic surveys.
1) Development planning
women and their economic
purposes: 7) Use for economic
and social standing:
The census provides essential purposes:
Recent decades witnessed an
data pertaining to Economic decision-making
increasing attention to the role
demographic, social and relies on scientific facts and
of women in society. This
economic characteristics of the Census provides facts and
matter has become a central
the population and housing actual data.
issue. Governments all over
which can be used for
the world are interested in 8) Census data will identify
planning at all levels.
collecting statistics on women a comprehensive frame for
2) Estimation of levels and for designing programs and all active:
variations in population and identifying policies needed for establishments, and a base for
housing characteristics: improving and up grading their an economic census/surveys
The census data identifies role, as well as their social and which will follow the census
summary levels and standards economic standing in the e.g. annual economic surveys
as well as changes in the society. associated with the national
demographic and dwellings accounts estimates.
5) Learning about special
characteristics, the availability
population groups: 4.1.2 Civil Registration
of basic necessities, neglected System
There is an increasing
areas, and other National During British
concern in regard to specific administration in India,
priorities.
population groups e.g. only deaths by the cause
(cholera, smallpox, plague of population of India was retrospective surveys.
and fever) were used to be slower and an alarming Enumerators, mostly local
registered and Provincial rate in the growth of teachers, documented the
Sanitary Commissioners population was realized in births and deaths and
were responsible for the year 1951. Medical supervisor independently
sending this data to the certification of cause of conduct the six-monthly
Sanitary Commissioner of death was first introduced survey and if there is
Government of India for in the State of discrepancy in the data
evaluation of health Maharashtra and later between them which is
situation in the country. In extended to the entire verified in the field to
1886, erstwhile province of country. prevent redundancy. The
Berar introduced the In1960,theresponsibilityofc sampling unit in the rural
registration of births which ollectingdataistransferredfr areas is village and if the
was followed by the united omDirectorGeneral of village population exceeds
provinces and province of Health Services to the more than 2000 only its
Punjab. In 1868, Registrar General/ Census segment is considered as
Government of India commissioner at the unit, whereas census block
ordered the Sanitary Centre and Chief Registrar of 750-1000 individual is
commissioner to prepare at the State level. the urban sampling unit.
forms for the collection of Registrar General at India Weekly and annual data
data in the general level and Chief Registrar in on vital statistics in India
population. State and Union Territories are published by the office
Births, deaths and are responsible for of Registrar General of
marriage registration act consolidation and India. Registration of
came into force in 1886 in tabulation of registered deaths is done in 28
India. data, promotion and States and in a Union
Dataonvitaleventswerecoll evaluation of registrations territory. Coverage of
ectedunderMunicipalby-la of vital events. registration of deaths was
wswhileinruralareas by Government of India observed in 17% of rural
using Revenue codes and enacted the registration of areas and 47% of urban
police manuals. Royal births and deaths act in areas only.
commission on Agriculture 1969whichmadecompulsor
in 1924 and Royal yforthecitizensofIndiatorep Contents of Civil
commission on Labour ortonthebirthsand deaths Registration System
were setup to improve the in their family to the Births (date of registration/
quality of data on vital Municipality in the urban date of birth/place of
events. Bhore committee and Panchayat offices in birth/sex/type of
in 1946 made rural areas. In case of attention at delivery/order
recommendation for non-reporting of of the birth).
collection of vital statistics births/deaths is punishable
and the Director General as per law. Data on vital Data of parents
of Health Services was statistics and related (nationality/age/religion/oc
made in charge for this information is collected cupation/education).
task. Till 1921, the growth through observations and
•Deaths/stillbirths Programme mint/storage/water
(registration of death/date Implementation. NSSO supply/sanitation and gas
of death/place of conduct surveys mainly on supply are excluded from
death/cause of death/type enterprise,village NSSO surveys.
of medical attention given). facilities,household
sandland and livestock
Data of deceased holdings besides these
Population:
(nationality/religion/age/se surveys, defined surveys Theory # 1.
x/marital (special surveys and open
status/occupation). round surveys once, The Malthusian
unorganized surveys, Theory of
Surveys unorganized
Surveys are of various manufacturing, social Population:
types. National Sample consumption health and Thomas Robert Malthus
Surveys, National Family education,urbanframe enunciated his views about
Health Surveys, Annual surveys and consumer population in his famous
Health Surveys and expenditure,employment book, Essay on the
District Level Household and unemployment (twice) Principle of Population as
Surveys (Reproductive & over a period of ten years. it Affects the Future
Child Health) are some Till now NSSO conducted Improvement of Society,
examples. 76 throunds of surveys published in 1798. Malthus
[Link] National Sample and brought 586 reports revolted against the
Surveys (NSS) The on various subjects prevailing optimism shared
Agency responsible for ([Link] by his father and Godwin
NSS is National Sample NSSO has designed that a perfect state could
Survey Organization computer assisted be attained if human
(NSSO) which was personal interviewing restraints could be
established in 1950. This software to directly collect removed.
organization collects the data using tablets and
information on to save paper. Reports of Malthus' objection was that
socio-economic aspects of NSSO available on the the pressure of increasing
India and its citizens. website of NSSO and also population on the food
NSSO was brought under in the “Sarvekshana” supply would destroy
the guidance of the journal. perfection and there would
governing council in 1970. Computer services, units be misery in the world.
NSSO consists of engaged in oil storage, Malthus was severely
non-official defense factories, jail criticized for his
chairman,headedbyDirecto factories, pessimistic views which
rGeneralandChiefExecutiv restaurants/cafes, led him to travel on the
eofficerandmembers technical training institutes, continent of Europe to
drawn from academia, units of Central electrical gather data in support of
officers of Central and authority, transportation his thesis.
State Governments and corporation workshops,
Ministry of Statistics and Government
He incorporated his (3) Since population disease, pestilence, floods
research in the second increases in geometrical and other natural
edition of his Essay progression and the food calamities which
published in 1803. The supply in arithmetic tend to reduce population
Malthusian theory explains progression, population and thereby bring a
the relationship between tends to outrun food balance with food supply.
the growth in food supply supply. Thus an imbalance
and in population. It states is created which leads to According to Malthus,
that population increases over-population. preventive checks are
faster than food supply always in operation in a
and if unchecked leads to The food supply in civilized society, for
vice or misery. arithmetical progression is positive checks are crude.
measured on the Malthus appealed to his
The Malthusian doctrine horizontal axis and the countrymen to adopt
is stated as follows: population in geometrical preventive checks in order
progression on the vertical to avoid vice or misery
(1) There is a natural sex axis. The curve M is the resulting from the positive
instinct in human beings to Malthusian population checks.
increase at a fast rate. As curve which shows the
a result, population relation between Criticisms of the
increases in geometrical population growth and Malthusian Doctrine:
progression and if increase in food supply. It The Malthusian theory of
unchecked doubles itself rises upward swiftly. population has been
every 25 years. Thus widely discussed and
starting from 1, population (4) To control criticized during the 19th
in successive periods of 25 over-population resulting and early 20th century.
years will be 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, from the imbalance
32, 64, 128, 256 (after 200 between population and Some of the criticisms are
years). food supply, Malthus as follows:
suggested preventive
(2) On the other hand, the checks and positive (1) Mathematical Form of
food supply increases in a checks. The preventive the Theory Wrong:
slow arithmetical checks are applied by a
progression due to the man to control the birth The mathematical
operation of the law of rate. They are foresight, formulation of Malthus’
diminishing returns based late marriage, celibacy, doctrine that food supply
on the supposition that the moral restraint, etc. increases in arithmetical
supply of land is constant. progression and
Thus the food supply in If people fail to check population increases in
successive similar periods growth of population by the geometrical progression in
will be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, adoption of preventive 25 years have not been
and 9 (after 200 years). checks, positive checks proved empirically. Rather,
operate in the form of vice, the food supply has
misery, famine, war, increased more than in the
arithmetical progression and misery if it does not pessimist and dreaded
while population growth produce sufficient for its every increase in
has not been in increasing population population. He forgot,
geometrical progression so these days. according to Cannan, that
as to double the “a baby comes to the world
population in 25 years. But (3) Applied a Static not only with a mouth and
this criticism is beside the Economic Law to a a stomach, but also with a
point because Malthus Period of Time: pair of hands.”
used his mathematical This implies that an
formulation to make his The Malthusian notion that increase in population
principle clear in the first the food supply increases means an increase in
edition of his Essay and in arithmetical progression manpower which may tend
deleted it in its second is based on a static to increase not only
edition. economic law at any one agricultural but also
time, i.e. the law of industrial production and
(2) Failed to foresee the diminishing returns. thus makes the country
Opening up of New Malthus could not foresee rich by an equitable
Areas: the unprecedented distribution of wealth and
increase in scientific income. As rightly pointed
Malthus had a narrow knowledge and agricultural out by Seligman “The
vision and was particularly inventions over a period of problem of population is
influenced by local time which has stayed the not merely one of mere
conditions in England. He law of diminishing returns. size but of efficient
failed to foresee the Consequently, the food production and equitable
opening up of new areas supply has increased distribution.” Thus the
of Australia, the United much faster than in increase in population may
States and Argentina arithmetic progression. be necessary.
where extensive farming of Malthus has been proved
virgin lands led to wrong not only in the (6) Increase in
increased production of advanced countries but Population the Result of
food. also in developing declining Death Rate:
countries like India with the
As a result, countries like ‘green revolution’. The Malthusian theory is
England on the continent one sided. It takes the
of Europe have been (4) Neglected the increase in population as
provided with abundant Manpower Aspect in the result of a rising birth
supplies of cheap food. Population: rate, whereas population
This has been made has grown considerably
possible with rapid One of the principal the world over due to a
improvements in the weaknesses of Malthus’ decline in death rate.
means of transport, a thought has been that he Malthus could not foresee
factor almost overlooked neglected the manpower the marvelous
by Malthus. No country aspect in population advancements in the field
needs to fear starvation growth. He was a of medical sciences which
have controlled fatal features associated with Despite the criticisms, the
diseases and made human the capitalist system Malthusian thesis gained
life longer. This has been of production. widespread
particularly so in Marx’s contention that food currency during his
underdeveloped countries production could not lifetime. His ideas had
like India where the increase rapidly was also profound effects on public
Malthusian theory is said debated when new policies, on the classical
to operate. technology began to give and neo-classical
farmers much greater 5d economists, on
Marx’s Response to elds. French sociologist E. demographers and
Malthus’ Thesis: Dupreel (1977) argued that evolutionary biologists led
The debate about the an increasing population by Charles Darwin.
Malthusian theory has would spur rapid His principle of population
continued down to the innovation and has been successful in
present. Economists such development to solve highlighting the
as J.S. Mill and J.M. problems, whereas a urgency to maintain a
Keynes supported his stable population would be balanced relationship
theory whereas others, complacent and less between population
especially sociologists, likely to progress. growth and means of
have argued against it. During the depression of subsistence. The critics of
According to them, the the 1930s, the debate Malthus failed to
widespread poverty and changed somewhat realize that it was because
misery of the working because the birth rate fell of a large measure of truth
class people was, not due sharply in industrial in Malthusian
to an eternal law of nature (western) nations. principle of population that
as propounded by Malthus Some predicted that men today feel the need of
but to the misconceived human species would die resorting to
organization of society. out. Schemes were contraception to keep their
Karl Marx went one step proposed to encourage families within reasonable
further and argued that families to have more limits. Another
starvation was children by giving them main contribution of
caused by the unequal allowances for each child Malthus was to give a new
distribution of the wealth born. The birth rate rose line of thinking
and its accumulation sharply after World whereby the dynamics of
by capitalists. It has War II, especially in the population growth were
nothing to do with the underdeveloped nations viewed in the
population. Population is like India, Africa and context of man’s welfare.
dependent on economic Bangladesh. Birth control
and social organization. programmes were
The problems of instituted to control the
overpopulation and limits population so as to
to resources, as eliminate starvation.
enunciated by Malthus, are
inherent and inevitable
 areas and their main control. Children are
Population: occupation is agriculture regarded as God-given
Theory3. The which is in a state of and preordained. Being
backwardness. There are childless is regarded as a
Theory of a few simple, light and curse and the parents are
Demographic small consumer goods looked down upon by the
industries. society. All these economic
Transition: and social factors are
The tertiary sector responsible for a high birth
consisting of transport, rate in the country.
The theory of demographic
commerce, banking and
transition is based on the
insurance is Along with high birth rate,
actual population trends of
underdeveloped. All these the death rate is also high
advanced countries of the
factors are responsible for due to non-nutritional food
world. According to this
low incomes and poverty with a low caloric value,
theory, every country
of the masses. Large and lack of medical
passes through three
family is regarded as a facilities and of any sense
different stages of
necessity to augment the of cleanliness. People live
population growth. In the
low family income. in dirty and unhealthy
first stage, the birth rate
Children are an asset to surroundings in
and the death rate are
society and parents. ill-ventilated small houses.
high and the growth rate of
As a result, they are
the population is low. In
There being mass disease-ridden and the
the second stage, the birth
illiteracy, the society is not absence of proper medical
rate remains stable but the
expected to educate them care results in large
death rate falls rapidly.
and thus burden itself. The deaths.
existence of the joint family
As a result, the growth rate
system provides The mortality rate is the
of the population increases
employment to all children highest among children
very swiftly. In the last
in keeping with their ages. and the next among
stage, the birth rate starts
Thus a child becomes an women of child-bearing
falling and tends to equal
earning member even at age. Thus unhygienic
the death rate. The growth
the age 5 when he conditions, poor diet and
rate of the population is
becomes a helping hand the lack of medical
very slow.
to his parents in domestic facilities are the reasons
affairs. More children in a for a high mortality rate in
family are also regarded this stage. This stage
First Stage:
as an insurance against continued in Western
In this stage, the country is
old age by the parents. Europe approximately up
backward and is
to 1840.
characterized by high birth
People being illiterate,
and death rates with the
ignorant, and superstitious Second Stage:
result that the growth rate
and fatalist are averse to In the second stage, the
of population is low.
any methods of birth economy enters the phase
People mostly live in rural
of economic growth. birth rate remains at the Moreover, increased
Agricultural and industrial previous high level. specialization following
productivity increases and rising income levels and
the means of transport Third Stage: the consequent social and
develop. There is greater In this stage, the fertility economic mobility make it
mobility of labor. Education rate declines and tends to costly and inconvenient to
expands. Incomes equal the death rate so rear a large number of
increase. People get more that the growth rate of children.
and better quality food population declines. As
products. Medical and growth gains momentum All this tends to reduce the
health facilities are and people cross the birth rate which along with
expanded. Modern drugs subsistence level of an already low death rate
are used by the people. All income, their standard of brings a decline in the
these factors bring down living rises. growth rate of the
the death rate. But the population. The advanced
birth rate is almost stable. The leading growth sectors countries of the world are
expand and lead to an passing through this last
People do not have any expansion in output in stage and the population is
inclination to reduce the other sectors through increasing at a slow pace
birth of children because technical transformations. in them.
with economic growth Education expands and
employment opportunities permeates the entire 4.5 Theory of
increase and children are society. Popular education Demographic Change
able to add more to the leads to popular and ResponseKingsley
family income. With enlightenment and opens Davis is a. sociologist who
improvements in the the way to knowledge. It has spent much of his
standard of living and the creates self-discipline, career emphasizing both
dietary habits of the power to think rationally micro and macro level
people, the life expectancy and to probe into the aspects of social structure.
also increases. future. People discard old In the paper"The Theory of
customs, dogmas and Change and Response in
People do not make any beliefs and develop Modern Demographic
efforts to control the size of individualistic spirit and History”(1963),Davis
family because of the break with the joint family. provides a sophisticated
presence of religious sociological statement for
dogmas and social taboos Men and women prefer to explaining the data
towards family planning. marry late. The desire to assembled by
Of all the factors in have more children to demographers. He
economic growth, it is supplement parental confronts the analysis of
difficult to break with the income declines. People macro data and offers
past social institutions, readily adopt family theoretical explanations of
customs and beliefs. As a planning devices. They how social and behavioral
result of these factors, the prefer to go in for a baby activities could have
car rather than a baby. produced the structural
effects. Davis's concern is become preoccupied with industrialization requires
with the causes of having to spend more time emigration from
population growth. He with his parents because agricultural areas. The
believes that in order to do of an economic obligation rural youth were rewarded
anything about the to help support the family. for such migration. These
consequences you have to As an adult, as he has activities can be viewed as
know the [Link] been raised among many having provided an
notes that it is too siblings, he would have "alerted” or self-conscious
simplistic to say that fewer resources with which population with the
fertility eventually falls in to start his own family and opportunities to participate
response to a drop in to provide for educating his in the economic revolution.
mortality.'He states that own [Link] the case of For these youth there was
the demographers avoid rural population's no resistance to
the complexity of the claim demographic response to modernization in terms of
when they ignore the kinds declining mortality, Davis sticking on to a traditional
of information tries to pinpoint the critical value system.
presupposed about how a decision affecting changes Thus the rural population
decline would be noted by in infertility behavior. of industrialized countries
different members of a Declining mortality leads to “responded” to declining
group and how land scarcity and changes mortality by out migration
respondents' social in traditional patterns of and a postponement of
distribution of knowledge land distribution for marriage, not simply to
would be a central couples wanting to get reduce fertility or lessen
ingredient in making [Link] Scarcity the population problem,
claims about the problems lead to “but as a response to the
perception of a decline. He postponement of marriage complexity and insecurity
tries to deal with the and to the migration of of the new requirements
central issue of how and rural youth to find for respectable adult status
under what conditions can non-agricultural jobs under changing
mortality decline lead to a created by the changing circumstances"Davis
fertility [Link]'s [Link] implies suggests that the most
remarks lead us to reason that members decided to powerful motive for family
that individual family postpone marriage and to limitation is not fear of
members experienced the leave the farm setting poverty or avoidance of
consequences of a decline because they saw that the pain as Malthus argued,
in mortality by way of declining mortality was rather it is the prospect of
having to live with several contributing to a scarcity of rising prosperity that will
siblings with whom they land. The “responses” of most often motivate people
obliged to share whatever postponing marriage and to find the means to limit
they could obtain from migration to the number of children
their parents. Several non-agricultural occupation they have.
additional implications possibilities are linked to Theory of Relative
suggest that the individual changes in the larger Income
family member might have economy,whereby
The theory of relative time period (for example,
income is based on the 1,228,000 live births in Proportion.
idea that the birth rate Japan in 1990). The raw The relation of a
does not necessarily quantities of demographic population subgroup to the
respond to absolute level events are the basis of all entire population; that is, a
of income well-being but other statistical population subgroup
rather to levels that are refinements and analyses. divided by the entire
relative to those which one population (for example,
is accustomed (Easterlin Rates. the proportion urban: 26.7
1968; 1978)..Easterlin The frequency of percent of the population
assume that the standard demographic events in a of India was classified as
of living you experience in population in a specified urban in 1989).
late childhood is the base time period (for example,
from which you evaluate birth rate: 17.6 live births Constant.
your chances as an adult. per 1,000 population in An unchanging, arbitrary
People try to maintain their Cuba in 1989). Rates tell number (for example, 100
lifestyle, which they enjoy how frequently an event is or 1,000 or 100,000) by
in their late childhood. So if occurring -- how common which rates, ratios, or
they have less income it is. Crude rates are rates proportions can be
they try to avoid marriage computed for an entire multiplied to express these
and children. But if they population. Specific rates measures in more
have improved their are rates computed for a understandable fashion.
income relative to late specific subgroup, usually For example, 0.0176 live
childhood, then they will be the population at risk of births per person occurred
more likely to marry early having the event occur (for in Cuba in 1989.
and have several children. example, general fertility Multiplying this rate by a
This theory is not rate; births per 1,000 constant (1,000) gives the
approved in many women ages 15-49 years). same statistic in terms of
low-income countries. It is Thus, rates can be 1,000 people. This is a
evident that poor people age-specific, sex-specific, clearer way of expressing
employ their children in race-specific, the same thing: There
remunerative productive occupation-specific, and were 17.6 births per 1,000
work at an early age that so on. population. Most rates are
acts as an incentive to expressed "per 1,000
birthrate. Ratio. population." In the
The relation of one demographic formulas, "K"
population subgroup to means constant.
The Tools of another subgroup in the
Demography same population; that is, Cohort Measures.
Count. one subgroup divided by Statistics that measure
The absolute number of a another (for example, sex events occurring to a
population or any ratio: 102 males per 100 cohort -- a group of people
demographic event females in Turkey in sharing a common
occurring in a specified 1989). demographic experience
who are observed through changes therein:The age the age structure of a
time. The most commonly composition of population. In world some
used cohort is the birth thepopulation provides the populationsare relatively
cohort -- people born in the basis for estimating the young, that is. they have
same year or period. Other requirements for large proportion of
kinds of cohorts include variousessential goods population in theyounger
marriage cohorts and and services. The potential age groups. Pakistan is
school class cohorts. school age the example of this ype of
[Link] in population becausedue to
Period Measures. thereproductive age. high fertility, we have more
Statistics that measure working age population young people. Other
events occurring to all or and dependant population populations arerelatively
part of a population during areinfluenced by it. To old, such as many
one period of time -- meet the future demand in countries of Europe or
"taking a snapshot" of a different sectors,every USA, where death rate
population, in effect (for countryrequires projections isvery low and age
example, the death rate of for schools,employment, expectancy is very igh.
the entire Canadian food and housing Beside this their fertility
population in 1990). [Link] rate is [Link] to this
s usually categories age in reason they have more old
6.4 Age and Sex three broad categories,i.e. age people.
Composition [Link] The age dependency ratio
Almost every census of the active [Link] is the ratio of persons in
world collects data on age dependent [Link] the dependent
and sex reason for studying the sex ages.(generally under age
compositionbecause it ratio is its relevance to 15 and over age 65) to
constitutes one of the family [Link] those in the
important components of number of marriages economicallyproductive
demographic analysis. possible in monogamous ages i.e. [Link]
It has great impact on societies and thus with very high birth rates
population growth at any thenumber of legitimate usually have thehighest
given time because the births depends in part age-dependency ratio
presentage-sex whether there are as many because of the large
composition of the men aswomen.A proportion of children in
population is greatly population's age structure [Link] 2001
influenced by the growth has a great deal to do how Pakistan had 42 % of its
trendsof the past and may that population population under age 15
be said to be in part a [Link]-proportons of the and 4 %over age 65.
residue of past population in the labour
[Link] force or in school, as well 6.5 Population Pyramids
ny social and economic asdifferent consumer Population pyramids
issues are closely related [Link] need reflect the sex and age
to the current sex andage and even crime patterns distribution in graphical
profile and to the future are verymuch related with manner.A pyramid
essentially comprises of the pyramid willpresent a 2022 235,824,862
two ordinary histograms false picture. It will not 1.91%
placed on theirsides and reflect the different 2021 231,402,117
back to back. The rules for numbers of males 1.85%
drawing pyramids are andfemales in the 2020 227,196,741
generally the sameas population because the 1.75%
those for producing areas on either side of the 2019 223,293,280
histograms you have pyramid will beexactly 1.62%
studied in social statistics equal. 2018 219,731,479
[Link] there are some 1.55%
special features,that you 2017 216,379,655
should [Link] 1.34%
pyramids are always Pakistan 2016 213,524,840
drawn showing the male 1.21%
population on the lefthand Population 2015 210,969,298
side and the female 1.30%
population on the right
Growth Rate 2014 208,251,628
hand side. The young
arealways at the bottom
1950-2024 1.42%
2013 205,337,562
and the old at the top. It is The current population of 1.55%
conventional to use Pakistan in 2024 is 2012 202,205,861
eithersingle-year or 245,209,815, a 1.96% 1.81%
five-year age group though increase from 2023. 2011 198,602,738
other groupings are The population of Pakistan 2.13%
[Link] the last in 2023 was 240,485,658, 2010 194,454,498
age group. which is a 1.98% increase from 2.28%
normally open ended. is 2022. 2009 190,123,222
omitted entirelyfrom the The population of Pakistan 2.25%
pyramid because it is in 2022 was 235,824,862, 2008 185,931,955
impossible to draw a 1.91% increase from 2.20%
truthfully. Third. the 2021. 2007 181,924,521
bottomscale can be The population of Pakistan 2.16%
graduated as either in 2021 was 231,402,117, 2006 178,069,984
absolute number or a 1.85% increase from 2.12%
percentages. The shape 2020. 2005 174,372,098
ofthe pyramid is not 2.18%
affected at all by this, but it Year Population 2004 170,648,620
is essential that the Growth rate 2.26%
percentagesare calculated Growth rate 2003 166,876,680
using the total population 2024 245,209,815 2.21%
of both sexes combined as 1.96% 2002 163,262,807
a base. If thepercentages 2023 240,485,658 2.54%
are calculated separately 1.98% 2001 159,217,727
for male and females then 3.14%
2000 154,369,924 1978 74,789,330 1956 41,884,995
3.12% 3.23% 2.10%
1999 149,694,462 1977 72,451,105 1955 41,023,128
2.90% 3.16% 1.99%
1998 145,476,106 1976 70,230,923 1954 40,224,090
2.93% 3.09% 1.86%
1997 141,330,267 1975 68,126,999 1953 39,488,228
2.98% 2.99% 1.73%
1996 137,234,810 1974 66,149,169 1952 38,816,777
3.09% 2.90% 1.57%
1995 133,117,476 1973 64,285,624 1951 38,215,785
3.00% 2.84% 1.38%
1994 129,245,139 1972 62,509,565
2.95% 2.68%
1993 125,546,615 1971 60,878,781 Pakistan is the sixth most
2.59% 2.68% populous country in the
1992 122,375,179 1970 59,290,872 world with its population
2.66% 2.80% estimated at 207.8 million
1991 119,203,569 1969 57,676,805 in 2017. Its population
3.28% 2.77% growth rate of 2.40 percent
1990 115,414,069 1968 56,124,743 is the highest in South
3.35% 2.74% Asia and stands in sharp
1989 111,670,386 1967 54,629,793 contrast to the 1.0–1.5
3.43% 2.69% percent growth rate of
1988 107,967,838 1966 53,199,414 other South Asian
3.57% 2.62% countries. Pakistan's
1987 104,251,093 1965 51,841,626 population has increased
3.61% 2.55% by more than six-folds
1986 100,618,523 1964 50,552,592 since the first
3.60% 2.49% post-independence census
1985 97,121,552 1963 49,325,050 held in 1951. This massive
3.32% 2.42% growth in population
1984 94,003,867 1962 48,161,841 possesses serious
3.21% 2.34% challenges for the
1983 91,080,372 1961 47,060,915 country's socio-economic
3.70% 2.41% development.
1982 87,828,198 1960 45,954,226
4.22% 2.48% The high growth in
1981 84,270,202 1959 44,843,639 population could be
4.52% 2.39% attributed to a number of
1980 80,624,057 1958 43,794,993 factors. Pakistan has the
4.16% 2.30% lowest contraceptive
1979 77,407,341 1957 42,808,511 prevalence rate in South
3.50% 2.20% Asia, which has stagnated
at 35 percent over the last family planning is now production, of live
couple of years. One in again getting space on the offspring. Fecundity cannot
five married women in government's policy be measured, but it can be
Pakistan are unable to agenda. The Federal assessed clinically. Fertility
access effective methods Government has and its impairments and
of family planning if they constituted a Task Force aberrations are recorded
want to avoid pregnancy on Population and Family for individuals in their
and plan the number and Planning to develop a medical charts and are
spacing of children. Low strategy for controlling measured in the
contraceptive prevalence population growth and population by routinely
may be further attributed to guiding its implementation. collected vital statistics
weak service delivery The Task Force, headed about reproductive
systems and markets and by the Prime Minister outcomes such as births,
cultural norms. which includes all stillbirths, miscarriages,
provincial Chief Ministers and so on. Fecundity and
Between 1993 to 1998, as members, is working fertility are often confused.
Pakistan ran a successful towards three key targets; The confusion is further
family planning increasing contraceptive confounded by the fact
programme which was prevalence rate to 55 that in French the
instrumental in reducing percent, reducing fertility meanings of the two
fertility rates and rate from 3.6 births per similar-sounding words are
increasing contraceptive woman to 2.1, and reversed: fécondité means
prevalence. The key decreasing population "fertility," and fertilité
element of the programme growth rate to 1.5 percent. means "fecundity."
was the recruitment of Given the devolved Communication among
trained Lady Health governance structure in demographers and others
Workers (LHW) to provide Pakistan, the inclusion of about these demographic
primary health care and Chief Ministers in the Task details therefore requires
family planning services to Force is key to care and awareness of this
women at community implementing a fact.
level. The LHW were coordinated and
pivotal in expanding family comprehensive family Period versus cohort
planning services to the planning programme. measures: what’s the
poor and educating them difference?
on the available methods. FECUNDITY AND Let’s start by looking at
However, from 2000 FERTILITY period and cohort data.
onwards, successive Literally, "fecundity" means These will help to develop
governments' attention to the ability to produce live an intuition about what the
family planning offspring, and "fertility" terms mean.
programmes started to means the actual
reduce. production of live offspring. Period data refers to data
So fecundity refers to the collected from groups of
However, it is encouraging potential production, and people at a given time.
to note that population and fertility to actual
For example, data could population at that Now we know what period
be collected for the year particular time, especially and cohort effects and
2019, across the among young and middle data mean.
population who live in the aged adults.
United Kingdom that year.
If the data is collected You can see their effects in
again the next year, the the chart of annual change
people included in the data in mortality rates in
could be different, due to England and Wales below.
births and migrations.
Period effects are shown
Cohort data refers to data as red vertical lines or
on the same group of streaks, which means they
people – a cohort – who affected many age groups
have been tracked over during those specific
time. years.

For example, data might Cohort effects are different

be collected for people – they are generational
born in the United effects that carry forward
Kingdom in 2019, with as people age. They come
more data collected from from experiences that
them as they grow older. people had at a particular
So, period data comes time, which continued to
from a group of people at a affect them later on.
particular time, while
cohort data is collected You can see cohort effects
from the same group of in the chart above as well
people across time. – they are the diagonal
lines.
Period versus cohort
effects For example, there is a
Now let’s turn to period clear red diagonal line that
and cohort effects. starts in 1918. The line
shows us that people born
Period effects are caused during the 1918 Spanish
by events that affect many flu pandemic had higher
people at a particular time. risks of death across their
whole lifetimes than
For example, the two people born just before or
World Wars and the after it.
Spanish flu pandemic in Period versus cohort
1918 each caused a surge measures
in death rates across the