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Summary
 Assignment Brief Legal Methods:
3
Assignment Submission Sheet
Qualification Level 4 Extended Diploma in Law (603/4890/2)
Awarding Body Awards for Training and Higher Education (ATHE)
Unit Name Legal Methods
Unit Code SP2023
Semester (Spring, Summer,
Fall, Year) Spring
Instructor Sir Ishfaque Ali Mangrio
Learner Name Shan Ali Khan
Learner ID (Registration Number) 106396-0123
Assignment Due Date 11-03-3034
Assignment Submitted on 12-03-2024

Task NO 1:
17

Law lecture notes:

 Distinguish between Primary, Secondary and Delegated Legislations:

Introduction:
The legal system of the United Kingdom (UK) is a multifaceted structure that integrates statutes,
common law, and delegated legislation to govern diverse facets of the community. It's critical
that law students comprehend the distinctions between delegated, secondary, and main laws.

I. Primary Legislation
The Constitution refers to the rules made by Parliament, the highest legislative body in the
13
United Kingdom. This includes acts of Parliament, which are the primary source of law. II.

Secondary Legislation
21
Enacted by a body other than Parliament, and it is often referred to as dependent or delegated
legislation. Its jurisdiction stems from an existing Act of Parliament.
III. Delegated Legislation
Delegated legislation represents the authority that Congress has given to an agency or other
4 authority to make specific rules and regulations. This type of law allows us to adapt
flexibly and quickly to changing conditions. The main features of delegated legislation:
38

 Explain the hierarchy within statutory sources and the case law:

Understanding the Hierarchy in UK Statutory Sources and Case Law:

28

Hierarchy in Statutory Sources

1. Primary Legislation (Acts of Parliament):

• Definition: Laws passed by Parliament, holding the highest authority.
2. Secondary Legislation:
• Definition: Regulations deriving authority from primary legislation.
3. Delegated Legislation:
• Definition: Rules created by bodies delegated power by Parliament. Hierarchy in

Case Law

1. Highest Court:
• Role: The highest court, its 55 decisions are applying on all under courts.

2. Court of Appeal (Civil and Criminal Divisions):

• Role: Decisions are binding on lower courts but not on itself.6
70

3. High Court:
• Role: Consists of Queen's Bench, Chancery, and Family divisions.
4. Lower Courts (County Courts, Magistrates' Courts):
• Role: Following decisions of higher courts; decisions create precedent within their own
jurisdiction.

Key Legislation and Cases

1. Supreme Court Act 1981:

• Significance: Establishes the Supreme Court and outlines its jurisdiction.
52

2. Practice Statement [1966] 3 All ER 77:

 • Significance: The House of Lords (now Supreme Court) clarified its ability to depart from
precedent.

• Explain the impact of the Human Rights Act:

1. Incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights: The HRA
78 incorporates the rights
contained in the ECHR into English law.
18

2. Fundamental Rights: The HRA strengthens the protection of fundamental rights and
freedoms such as the right to life, freedom from torture, the right to a fair trial, freedom of
expression and privacy. These rights are now legally enforceable in English courts.
3. Empowering Individuals: The HRA allows individuals to challenge violations of their
rights in domestic courts. It provides a mechanism for individuals to seek redress an27
d redress if their human rights are violated by government officials or other bodies.
15

 Explain the operation of literal, golden and purposive rules of statutory

interpretation:
Assessing represents the process of understanding and applying the meaning of legislation
enacted by a legislature. Different approaches can be used to interpret statutes, including
2
literal, golden, and purposive rules. Here's how each of these rules operates:

1. Literal Rule:
• 54
Statutes should be interpreted according to their plain, literal meaning, regardless of
the consequences.
• This approach focuses solely on the wording of the statute itself, 41
without considering
the intention behind the law or its broader context.
53

2. Golden Rule:
• Allows for a more flexible interpretation of statutes when the literal meaning would lead
41
to absurdity or inconsistency.
 • Under this rule, judges can depart from the literal meaning of the 32 words to avoid an
absurd result while still giving effect to the overall intention of the legislation.

• Analyse the structure of the criminal and civil courts:

Criminal Courts:

1. Magistrates' Court:
• These courts are the lowest level of criminal courts in many jurisdictions.69
• They handle minor criminal cases, such as summary offenses and preliminary hearings 58
for more serious offenses.

2. Crown Court:
• The higher level of criminal court, dealing with more serious criminal offenses.
• Cases in the Crown Court are typically heard by a judge and jury, although some cases
6

may be heard by a judge alone.

3. Appellate Courts:
• In addition to trial courts, most jurisdictions have appellate courts that handle appeals
from lower courts.
• They may also establish legal precedents that guide future decisions 76 in lower courts.

Civil Courts:
1. County Court:
• The primary civil courts in many jurisdictions,39 handling a wide range of civil disputes.
• They deal with cases such as contract disputes, personal injury claims, landlord36 -tenant
disputes, and family matters like divorce and child custody.
57

2. High Court:
• The High Court is the superior civil court in many legal systems, with broader jurisdiction
than county courts.

3. Appellate Courts:
 • Similar to criminal courts, civil courts also have appellate courts that 66
review decisions
made by lower courts.
• 27
In civil cases consider appeals on points of law or procedural matters and may overturn
6
or uphold decisions made by lower courts.
2

• Analyse the Role of the Judiciary and the Judicial appointment Process:
33

1. Interpretation and Application of Laws: One of the basic functions of the judiciary is
to interpret laws passed by the legislature and ensure their proper application in specific
cases.
29

2. Dispute Resolution: As a forum for resolving disputes between individuals,

organizations, and the government. Courts hear cases ranging from civil disputes over
contracts and property to criminal matters involving allegations of wrongdoing.
63 21

3. Protection of Rights: The judiciary protects the rights of individuals by ensuring that
laws and government actions do not infringe upon fundamental rights and freedoms. Judges
may review government actions such as arrests, searches, and seizures to ensure 30 they are
conducted lawfully and in accordance with constitutional protections.
5

Regarding the judicial appointment process, it varies significantly depending on

the legal system and country. However, some common elements include:
64

1. Nomination: In many systems, judges are nominated by the executive branch and then
confirmed by the legislative branch. This nomination process often involves consultation
with legal experts and consideration of the nominee's qualifications and experience.
2. Merit-based Selection: Some countries have adopted merit-based selection processes
for judicial appointments. These processes aim to certain 40 that judges are chosen based on
their qualifications, experience, and judicial temperament rather than political
considerations.
46

 Analyse the Function of the Jury in Criminal Trials:

68

1. Determining Guilt or Innocence: Perhaps the most critical function of the jury is to
16 determine the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Jurors listen to evidence
presented by both the prosecution and the defense, weigh the credibility of witnesses, and
assess the strength of the case before reaching a verdict..
20
2. Protection against Government Tyranny: The jury serves as a safeguard against
government abuse of power and tyranny. By involving ordinary citizens in the legal process,
the jury system helps ensure that verdicts reflect community values and standards of justice
51
rather than the interests of the state alone.
48

3. Ensuring Fairness and Impartiality: The jury plays a crucial role in ensuring that
31 criminal trials are conducted fairly
and impartially. Jurors are expected to set aside any biases or preconceptions and base their
verdict solely on the evidence presented during the trial.
60

 Explain the Duty and Powers of the Police:

The duty and powers of the police involves examining their role within society, the legal
framework that governs their actions, and the balance between maintaining public safety and
respecting individual rights. Here's an assessment of the duty and powers of the police: 59
Duty to Maintain Public Safety and Order:. Keeping the public safe and orderly is one of
the police's essential responsibilities. This include averting criminal activity, handling crises,
upholding the law, and shielding people and property from damage. In many circumstances,
police officers are the first to respond, and their presence can discourage criminal conduct and
increase community security.

1. Crime Prevention and Investigation: Police have a duty to prevent crime by patrolling
neighborhoods, conducting investigations, gathering evidence, and apprehending suspects.
2. Protection of Individual Rights: While police have broad powers to enforce laws, they
are also bound by legal and ethical standards that protect individual rights. This includes
respecting the rights guaranteed by constitutions and laws.

 Assess the Role of the Crown Prosecution Service:

35

1. Prosecutorial Authority: Responsible for prosecuting criminal cases investigated by the

police and other law enforcement agencies in England and Wales. It exercises prosecutorial
discretion, determining whether there is sufficient 39 evidence to bring criminal charges
56 against a suspect and whether it is in the public interest to
proceed with prosecution.
20

2. Fair and Effective Prosecution: The CPS aims to ensure that prosecutions are
conducted fairly, effectively, and in accordance with the principles of justice. Prosecutors are
responsible for upholding the rights of defendants, including the right to a fair trial, the 34
presumption of innocence, and the right to legal representation.
  Examine the Latest Reforms to the Civil Justice:
1. Online Court System: The UK government has been working on developing an online
court system to handle low-value civil claims. This initiative aims to make the resolution of
small claims more accessible, efficient, and cost-effective by enabling parties to manage
their cases online without the need for legal representation.
42

2. Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) Updates: The Civil Procedure Rules govern the conduct of
5 civil litigation in England and Wales.
The rules are periodically reviewed and updated to reflect changes in legal practice and
procedure
3. Mediation and Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR): There has been an increased
emphasis on promoting mediation and other forms of ADR as alternatives to traditional
litigation in civil disputes. The UK government has encouraged parties to explore ADR
options early in the dispute resolution process to facilitate settlement and avoid the need
for costly and time-consuming court proceedings. Reforms may include funding for
mediation services, referral mechanisms, and judicial encouragement of ADR during case
management hearings.
1

 Analyse Parliamentary and Governmental Efforts to Widen Access to the Legal

Profession:
Parliamentary and governmental efforts to widen access to the legal profession aim to address
barriers that prevent individuals from diverse backgrounds from pursuing careers in law. Here's
an analysis of these efforts:

1. Legislative Reforms: Parliament can enact legislation to reform legal education and
training requirements, professional regulations, and licensing procedures to make entry into
the legal profession more accessible. Reforms may include changes to qualification
pathways, accreditation standards, and licensing exams to accommodate non-traditional
candidates and promote diversity within the profession.

Funding for Legal Education: Governments can assist people from disadvantaged
backgrounds in covering the costs of legal education and training by offering financial support
and scholarships. This can include financial aid for tuition, loans, grants, and scholarships given
to students from low-income families. Governments can promote increased participation and
diversity in the legal profession by lowering financial barriers to entry.
5

Diversity and Inclusion Policies: The implementation of diversity and inclusion policies by
governments can enhance the representation and possibilities for advancement of individuals
from underrepresented groups in legal institutions, including law firms, government legal
departments, and judicial appointments authorities.
 1

 Compare and Contrast the Benefits and Drawbacks of the Different types of
Alternative Dispute Resolution:
75
These methods offer various benefits and drawbacks, each suited to different types of disputes
and circumstances.

1. Negotiation: Benefits:

30

• Flexibility: Negotiation allows parties to tailor the resolution process to their specific
needs and interests.
• Informality: It offers a less formal and adversarial environment compared to other
67
ADR methods, which can promote open communication and creative problem-solving.
6

• Preservation of Relationships: Negotiation can help preserve relationships

between parties, as it allows them to collaborate directly on finding mutually acceptable
solutions.
2. Drawbacks:
 Lack of Binding Agreement: Negotiated agreements are not legally binding unless
formalized into a legally enforceable contract, which may lead to uncertainty or disputes
over the terms.

3. Mediation: Benefits:
5

• Neutral Facilitation: Mediation involves the help of a neutral third-party mediator

who helps facilitate communication, clarify issues, and guide parties toward mutually
acceptable solutions.
10

• Confidentiality: Mediation proceedings are usually confidential, which encourages

parties to speak openly and explore potential resolutions without fear of disclosure.

Drawbacks:
22

• Dependence on Cooperation: Mediation relies on the voluntary cooperation of

both parties, and if one party refuses to participate or engage in good faith, the process
may be ineffective.
26
 • Potential for Unequal Bargaining Power: Like negotiation, mediation may be less
effective if there is a significant power imbalance between parties, as the weaker party
may feel pressured to accept unfavorable terms.
47

• No Binding Decision: Mediators do not have the authority to impose binding

decisions.
4. . Arbitration: Benefits:
12

• Binding Decision: Arbitration results in a final and binding decision, which provides
parties with certainty and closure, similar to a court judgment.
• Expertise and Specialization: Parties can select arbitrators with expertise in the
72 subject matter of the dispute, allowing for more informed and
specialized decisionmaking.
• Confidentiality: Arbitration proceedings can be kept confidential, preserving privacy
and avoiding public exposure of sensitive information.

Drawbacks:
23

• Cost and Time: Arbitration can be costly and time-consuming.

23

• Limited Appellate Rights: Arbitration awards are generally subject to limited

grounds for appeal.
1

• Analyse the Tension Between Secondary Legislations and the Principle of

Separation of Power:
10

1. Delegation of Legislative Authority: Secondary legislation refers to rules and

regulations created by executive agencies or bodies under the authority of primary 77
13 legislation passed by the legislature.
While primary legislation sets out the broad framework and principles, secondary legislation
fills in the details and provides the specific rules necessary for implementation.

2. Risk of Executive Overreach: One concern is that excessive delegation of legislative

authority to the executive branch may result in executive overreach, where unelected
officials have significant control over the substance of the law without proper checks and
balances.
3. Accountability and Oversight: Another issue is the potential lack of accountability and
oversight in the legislative process for secondary legislation. Unlike primary legislation,
 which typically requires extensive debate and scrutiny in 28 the legislative body, secondary
legislation often receives less attention and may not undergo the same level of scrutiny.

• Analyse Social, Political and Economic Causes of Miscarriages of Justice:

37
Miscarriages of justice occur when individuals are wrongly convicted or punished for crimes
they did not commit. These miscarriages can stem from various social, political, and economic 2
factors: 1. Social Factors:
49

• Prejudice and Bias: Social biases based on race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation,
or socioeconomic status can lead to wrongful convictions. Stereotypes and prejudices
may influence law enforcement, prosecutors, judges, and juries, resulting in unfair
treatment of certain individuals or groups.
• Witness Misidentification: Eyewitness testimony, which is often relied upon in
criminal cases, can be unreliable due to factors such as stress, poor lighting, or
crossracial identification. Misidentification by witnesses, whether intentional or
unintentional, can contribute to wrongful convictions.
2. False Confessions: Social pressures during police interrogations, including coercion,
intimidation, or promises of leniency, can lead innocent individuals to falsely confess to
crimes they did not commit.
3. Political Factors:
 Politically Motivated Prosecutions: In some cases, prosecutions may be influenced
by political agendas or pressures to secure convictions, particularly in highprofile or
politically sensitive cases. This can lead to biased investigations, selective prosecution,
and disregard for exculpatory evidence.

4. Economic Factors:
• Resource Constraints: Limited funding and resources for criminal defense services,
forensic analysis, and investigative efforts can hinder the ability of defendants to mount
a robust defense. Public defenders' offices, in particular, may be understaffed and under-
resourced, leading to inadequate representation for indigent defendants.
• Privatization of Criminal Justice Services: The privatization of certain aspects of
the criminal justice system, such as prisons or forensic laboratories, may create perverse
incentives that prioritize profit over justice.
Task NO 2:

• Explain The Doctrine of Judicial Precedent: Court rulings establish legally

binding precedents under this notion, which subordinate courts are
71 required to abide by when considering cases with
comparable facts and legal questions in the future. To understand how judicial precedent
operates, consider the following:
9

1. Hierarchy of Courts: The legal system has a hierarchical structure of courts, with the
11
Supreme Court (formerly the House of Lords) at the apex, followed by the Court of Appeal,
High Court, and lower courts such as the County Courts and Magistrates' Courts. Decisions 73
1 made by higher
courts bind lower courts within the same hierarchy.
19

2. Ratio Decidendi and Obiter Dicta: In a judicial decision, the ratio decidendi refers to
the legal principle or reasoning underlying the court's decision on the specific issue before
it. The ratio decidendi forms the binding precedent that lower courts must follow in similar 9
cases. 7
3. Binding Precedent: When a court makes a decision on a particular point of law, that
65 decision becomes binding precedent for future
cases with similar facts and legal issues.
45
Lower courts are obligated to follow the ratio decidendi of higher court decisions within the
17 same
hierarchy. This principle promotes consistency and certainty in the law.

 Distinguish Between Binding, Non-binding and Persuasive Decisions :

In legal contexts, decisions made by courts can fall into three categories: binding, non-binding,
and persuasive. Here's how they differ:
1. Binding Decisions:
61

• Definition: Binding decisions are those made by a higher court within the same
9 jurisdictional hierarchy that lower courts must follow in
subsequent cases involving similar legal issues and facts.
62

• Effect: Binding decisions create legal precedent that lower courts are obligated to
11 adhere to, ensuring predictability in the
application of the law. 2. Non-Binding Decisions:
 2

• Definition: Also known as persuasive decisions, are those made by courts that are not
directly binding on other courts within the same jurisdictional hierarchy.
• Effect: While non-binding decisions do not create legal precedent that lower courts
must follow, they may still be considered by courts as persuasive authority in shaping
their own decisions. 3. Persuasive Decisions:
7

• Definition: Persuasive decisions are those made by courts in other jurisdictions or by

lower courts within the same jurisdictional hierarchy that are not binding but may
influence the reasoning and outcome of a subsequent case.
• Effect: While not legally binding, persuasive decisions can be considered by courts as
helpful guidance or precedent when there is no directly applicable 7 binding authority.
2

• Determine the ratio decidendi and obiter dictum from Alcock v Chief
Constable of South Yorkshire Police (1992) :
Let us ascertain the obiter dictum and ratio decidendi in this case:14
1. Ratio Decidendi: The ratio decidendi of a case refers to the legal principle or reasoning
that forms the basis of the court's decision and constitutes binding precedent for future
cases. In Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police, the ratio decidendi can be 44
summarized as follows:
25

2. Obiter Dictum: Obiter dicta are remarks or observations made by the court that are not
essential to the decision and do not form binding precedent. In Alcock v Chief Constable of 8
South Yorkshire Police, there are several statements made by the judges that could be
considered obiter dicta.

Task NO 3:
Mooting Exercise:
1

 Explain the Importance of a Bundle in Mooting Exercises:

A "bundle" refers to a collection of documents that contain all the relevant legal materials,
28 including case law, statutes, regulations, and any other authorities that may be applicable
to
 15 the hypothetical scenario being mooted. The
bundle serves as a comprehensive resource for both mooters (participants) and judges to
reference during the moot.

Here's why the bundle is important in mooting exercises:

1. Access to Legal Materials: The bundle ensures that all participants have access to the
same set of legal materials, which helps to level the playing field and ensures fairness in the
moot.
2. Preparation and Research: In preparing for a moot, participants use the bundle to
conduct legal research and familiarize themselves with the applicable authorities
3. Transparency and Accountability: The bundle promotes transparency and
accountability in the moot process by ensuring that all participants are working from the
same set of legal materials.
1

 Analyse and Apply Relevant Cases and Statutory Provisions To the Scenario:

Cases:
10

. Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police (1992):

50
Being in close proximity to the traumatic incident or having a close relationship of love and
affection with the primary victim is one important need. Harry Pollard, who may not meet the
proximity criteria unless he can prove that he was in the local vicinity of the tragedy or that he
24 had a close relationship of love and affection with the victims, watched the collapse and
fire from the site office.

Statutory Provisions:
8

. Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (UK):

 This legislation imposes a duty on employers to ensure the health, safety, and welfare of
their employees at work. The construction company may have breached this duty if it
4 failed to provide a safe working environment, leading to the
collapse and fire that caused Harry Pollard's psychiatric harm.

 Present the Arguments For the Parties Involved in the Given Mooting Scenario:
In the mooting scenario involving Harry Pollard's claim for psychiatric harm against the 4
construction company, both Pollard and the construction company would present arguments to
support their respective positions. Here's an outline of the potential arguments for each party:
Arguments for Harry Pollard:
4

1. Negligence of the Construction Company:

• Pollard can argue that the construction company owed him a duty of care as an
employee of the builder's merchants delivering goods to the construction site.

2. Proximity to the Traumatic Event:

• He can contend that the close proximity to the traumatic events and the horrific sights
he witnessed satisfy the legal criteria for recovering damages for psychiatric harm, as
established in relevant case law such as McLoughlin v O'Brian.

3. Impact on Mental Health and Ability to Work:

• He can argue that these mental health issues have significantly impacted his ability to
work and have caused him financial and emotional hardship, justifying his claim for
4 compensation from the
construction company.

Arguments for the Construction Company:

1. Absence of Duty of Care:

• The construction company can argue that it did not owe a duty of care to Pollard 24
for
4 psychiatric harm
resulting from witnessing the incident.

2. Foreseeability of Harm:
• The construction company can assert that the harm suffered by Pollard was not
reasonably foreseeable and was not a direct consequence of any negligence on their
part.

• Present the Arguments for the Parties Involved in the Given Mooting
Scenario:

2
In this mooting scenario, Harry Pollard, the delivery driver, is making a claim for psychiatric harm
against the construction company after witnessing a traumatic incident at a construction 4 site.
Let's present the arguments for the parties involved:
1. Witnessed Trauma: Pollard witnessed a traumatic event involving the collapse and
subsequent fire in a building where several people were working. Witnessing such horrific
sights can lead to psychological trauma and distress.

2. Physical Safety: Although Pollard was not physically harmed in the incident, the
psychological impact of witnessing such events can be severe and long-lasting.

3. Arguments for the Construction Company:

74

1. Foreseeability: The construction company may argue that while they have a duty to
provide a safe working environment, they could not have reasonably foreseen that a
delivery driver in the site office would suffer psychiatric harm from witnessing an
incident on the site.
2. Causation: The construction company may challenge the direct causation between the
incident and Pollard's psychiatric harm.
2

3.  Evaluate the Claim and the Defence, Based on the Given Scenario:

In evaluating Harry Pollard's claim for psychiatric harm against the construction company, as
well as the potential defenses the company may raise, several key factors need consideration:

Evaluation of Pollard's Claim:

1. Witnessed Trauma: Pollard's claim is grounded in the traumatic experience of witnessing

the collapse and fire at the construction site. The nature of the incident, with people falling
from the building and being burned, suggests a significant level of distress and trauma.
2. Psychological Impact: Although Pollard was physically safe in the site office, the
psychological impact of witnessing such horrific events can be profound. His inability to
return to work due to sickness since the incident indicates the severity of his psychological
distress.

43
3. Employer Responsibility: The construction company has a duty of care not only to its
employees but also to visitors and contractors present on the site.

4. Evaluation of the Construction Company's Defense:

1. Foreseeability: The construction company may argue that while they have a duty to
provide a safe environment, they could not have reasonably foreseen that a delivery
driver in the site office would suffer psychiatric harm from witnessing an incident on the
site
2. Proximity and Causation: The company may argue that Pollard's distance from the
incident and lack of direct involvement weaken the causative link between the incident
and his psychiatric harm.
3. Mitigation: The company may assert that they have implemented safety protocols and
provided training to minimize the risk of such incidents. However, if there were any
lapses in safety measures or negligence in maintaining a safe working environment, this
could weaken their defense.
References:
LawTeacher. November 2013. Primary and Secondary Legislation. [online]. Available from:
[Link]
[Link]?vref=1 [Accessed 29 February 2024].
LawTeacher. November 2013. Civil Law and Criminal Law. [online]. Available from:
[Link]
[Accessed 29 February 2024].
LawTeacher. November 2013. The Jury System. [online]. Available from:
[Link]
[Accessed 29 February 2024].
LawTeacher. November 2013. Community Legal System. [online]. Available from:
[Link]
[Accessed 29 February 2024].
LawTeacher. November 2013. The Legal Profession. [online]. Available from:
[Link]
[Accessed 29 February 2024].
LawTeacher. November 2013. Alternative Disputes Resolution. [online]. Available from:
[Link]
[Link]?vref=1 [Accessed 29 February 2024].
LawTeacher. November 2013. Intention to Create Legal Relations. [online]. Available from:
[Link]
[Link]?vref=1 [Accessed 29 February 2024].
[Link]. November 2018. General Defences in Tort Law Lecture. [online]. Available from:
[Link] [Accessed 29 February
2024].
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40 American University on 2024-05-07 <1

Submitted works %

41 United Colleges Group - UCG on 2024-05-18 <1

Submitted works %

42 [Link] <1
Internet %
<1%
Submitted works
HCUC on 2022-06-29 <1
Submitted works %

Sources overview
 <1%
Similarity Report
oid:19609:60347608
ID:

43

Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2023-

07-17 44
National Business Institute of Australia on 2024-04-18
45
Submitted works

caspak on 2024-04-01 <1

46
Submitted works %

HCUC on 2024-05-21 <1

47
Submitted works %

Polk State College on 2023-03-05 <1

48
Submitted works %

[Link] <1
49
Internet %

50 De Montfort University on 2012-11-21 <1

Submitted works %

51 NCG on 2024-05-08 <1

Submitted works %

52 The University of Manchester on 2012-01-16 <1

Submitted works %

53 Woking College on 2024-04-17 <1

Submitted works %

54 Charles Sturt University on 2023-12-18 <1

Submitted works %
<1%
Submitted works
New Collaborative Learning Trust on 2024-05-02 <1
Submitted works %

Sources overview
 <1%
Similarity Report
oid:19609:60347608
ID:

55

University of Greenwich on 2023-

12-06 56
West Herts College on 2023-11-29
57
Submitted works

Sir George Monoux College on 2024-05-22 <1

58
Submitted works %

caspak on 2024-04-01 <1

59
Submitted works %

[Link] <1
60
Internet %

Blue Mountain Hotel School on 2012-08-29 <1

61
Submitted works %

62 Brickfields Asia College on 2024-04-29 <1

Submitted works %

63 Higher Education Commission Pakistan on 2021-08-17 <1

Submitted works %

64 Istanbul Aydin University on 2024-01-09 <1

Submitted works %

65 Results Consortium on 2023-08-29 <1

Submitted works %

66 Sir George Monoux College on 2024-04-29 <1

Submitted works %
<1%
Submitted works
South Thames College on 2024-02-20 <1
Submitted works %

Sources overview
 <1%
Similarity Report
oid:19609:60347608
ID:

67

Southern New Hampshire University - Continuing Education on 2024-

0...
68

<1%
Submitted works

Sources overview
 <1%
Similarity Report
oid:19609:60347608
ID:

Tower Hamlets College on 2024-05-07

69
Submitted works

University of Economics Ho Chi Minh on 2017-09-11 <1

70
Submitted works %

University of Limerick on 2023-12-06 <1

71
Submitted works %

University of Saint Maarten on 2023-11-21 <1

72
Submitted works %

Wawasan Open University on 2012-03-01 <1

73
Submitted works %

74 highfield on 2023-10-31 <1

Submitted works %

75 Coventry University on 2023-07-21 <1

Submitted works %

76 Sandwell College on 2024-02-29 <1

Submitted works %

77 Segi University College on 2024-04-11 <1

Submitted works %

Wiltshire College on 2024-04-15

78 <1%
Submitted works

Sources overview