Topic: The Structure of the Atom
Section 1: Fill in the Blanks
1. Atoms are made up of smaller particles called __________________.
2. The three types of sub-atomic particles are _____________, ______________, and
____________.
3. ______________ have a positive electrical charge, while ___________________ have
no charge.
4. Electrons are arranged around the ___________________ and have a ____________
electrical charge.
5. The ___________________ experiment showed that atoms are mostly empty space
with a dense ___________________ at the centre.
Section 2: True or False
1. Electrons have almost no mass compared to protons and neutrons.
2. Protons and neutrons have the same electrical charge.
3. Rutherford discovered the neutron in 1909.
4. J. J. Thompson's model of the atom is also known as the "plum pudding model."
5. The attraction between positive protons and negative electrons holds atoms
together.
Section 3: Match the Scientists to Their Discoveries
1. J. J. Thompson
o A. Discovered the nucleus.
o B. Proved the existence of neutrons.
o C. Discovered the electron.
2. Ernest Rutherford
o A. Conducted the gold foil experiment.
o B. Discovered the proton.
o C. Both A and B.
3. James Chadwick
o A. Proved the existence of neutrons.
o B. Developed the plum pudding model.
o C. Created the modern atomic model.
1. What is the overall charge of an atom with equal numbers of protons and electrons?
Why?
2. How are protons and neutrons similar, and how are they different?
3. Explain how Rutherford’s model of the atom is different from the model we use
today.
4. What is the role of collaboration and peer review in scientific discoveries?
5. How are the individual atoms held together?
6. Draw JJ Thompsons model and Rutherford’s model of the atom
7. What is the gold foil experiment? Discuss the importance of the gold foil experiment
in understanding atomic structure. And draw its diagram as well
8. Why is it essential for scientific models, such as the atomic model, to evolve over
time?
9. Draw Helium atom and label the following parts of an atom:
o Proton
o Neutron
o Electron
o Nucleus
Create a timeline of the following atomic discoveries:
1. J. J. Thompson’s discovery of the electron.
2. Rutherford’s discovery of the nucleus.
3. Chadwick’s proof of neutrons.
Match the terms to their definitions:
Atom The force that holds positive and
negative charges together.
Sub-atomic particles Particles smaller than an atom, such as
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Electrostatic attraction A basic unit of matter, made up of
sub-atomic particles.
Nucleus The dense central part of an atom.
The change in direction of a particle.
Deflection The force that holds positive and
negative charges together.
Purity
What does it mean for an element to be pure?
What is the difference between a pure substance and an alloy?
Gold Purity
a. Explain what 24-carat gold means in terms of its purity.
b. Calculate the percentage of gold in 9-carat gold.
c. Why is gold often mixed with other metals?
Diamond Purity
a. What makes a diamond pure?
b. Explain how the presence of nitrogen or boron affects the color of a diamond.
c. Why are green diamonds rare?
Seawater
a. List the main components of seawater.
b. If 68% of the salt in seawater is sodium chloride, what other salts make up the remaining
32%?
Section B: Calculations
Gold Purity
Calculate the purity (in %) of gold in the following cases:
a. 18-carat gold
b. 22-carat gold
Silver Purity
a. If a silver item is marked 900, what is its percentage purity?
b. A 925-marked silver ring weighs 50 grams. How many grams of pure silver does it
contain?
Salt in Seawater
a. If a seawater sample contains 35 g of salts per 1000 g, how many grams of sodium
chloride are present in the sample?
b. Calculate the mass of magnesium chloride in the seawater sample.
Section C: Investigating Seawater Salts
Design an experiment to calculate the percentage of salt in a seawater sample. Include:
o Equipment list
o Method
o Safety precautions
o Expected results
Purifying a Compound
a. Describe how you would obtain pure sodium chloride from seawater.
b. What challenges might you face in ensuring the sodium chloride is completely pure?
Gold Alloys
a. Why might 24-carat gold not always be practical for making jewellery?
b. Discuss how the addition of copper or silver affects the properties of gold.
Diamonds
a. Why are pure diamonds colourless?
b. If a jeweller offers you a diamond with a slight yellow tint, what does it indicate about its
composition?
Applications of Purity
a. Why is it important for medicines to be pure?
b. How might impurities affect the effectiveness of a chemical reaction?
Colour Variations in Gold
Examine the relationship between the number of carats and the colour of gold. Why does
this change occur?
Reactions with Impure Products
Discuss how impurities in reactants might affect the outcome of a chemical reaction.
Substance Purity Measure Calculation Formula Example Purity (%)
Gold Carats (Carats ÷ 24) × 100 18-carat = %
Silver Parts per (Marked purity ÷ 1000) × 100 925-marked = %
thousand
Sodium % in seawater (Mass NaCl ÷ Mass total %
chloride salts) × 100
Weather and Climate
Atmosphere The envelope of gases surrounding Earth.
Climatology The study of climate over long periods.
Humidity Numerical data collected and analyzed to understand trends.
Meteorology The measure of how far you can see clearly.
Statistics The amount of water vapor in the air.
Visibility The conditions of the atmosphere at a given place and time.
Weather The study of weather and its short-term variations.
Explain the difference between weather and climate (include features: definition, time
frame, examples)
Climate Weather
True or False:
o Weather conditions stay the same throughout the day.
o Temperature is always measured in direct sunlight.
o Countries use weather measurements to prepare for extreme weather events.
Polar Mild winters and hot, dry summers.
Mountains/Tundra: Cold winters and mild summers.
Mediterranean: Hot and wet all year.
Tropical: Very cold all year.
Arid: Hot and dry all year.
Temperate: Very cold and dry all year.
Name two countries in the arid zone.
Name two countries with Mediterranean climates.
Compare the arid zone and tropical zone in terms of temperature and precipitation.
Atmosphere and Climate
What is an ice age
What evidence shows that Earth's climate was different in the past?
How might scientists learn about the past climate?
Match the columns to describe Earth's early atmosphere and today's atmosphere:
Characteristic Early Atmosphere Today's Atmosphere
Carbon dioxide level
Oxygen level
Surface temperature
Where did Earth's early atmosphere come from?
Explain why the early atmosphere was unsuitable for humans.
How did photosynthesis help change the levels of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere?
What are fossil fuels, and how do they "lock up" carbon?
True or False:
o The formation of oceans helped reduce water vapor in the atmosphere.
o Shell-building organisms contributed to the locking up of carbon dioxide.
Fill: The Earth's early atmosphere contained mostly ______________, little or no
______________, and traces of ______________ and ______________.
Indicate where carbon is "locked up" (fossil fuels, rocks, etc.).
Show the process of carbon release when fossil fuels are burned.
Define these terms with examples:
a. Greenhouse effect
b. Global warming
c. Greenhouse
d. Renewable resources
e. Non-Renewable resources
Explain:
a. How do greenhouse gases act like a blanket around the Earth?
b. What human activities increase the levels of greenhouse gases?
c. Why are renewable resources important for reducing global warming?
d. What are the challenges of using renewable resources like wind or solar energy?
e. What are bioplastics, and how are they different from conventional plastics?
f. List three sources of renewable materials used for bioplastics.
g. What can you do to reduce your use of single-use plastics?
Match the energy source to its description:
Energy Description
Source
Wind energy Uses water movement caused by tides but may disrupt wildlife habitats.
Solar energy Uses turbines to generate electricity, but only when the wind blows.
Tidal energy Uses sunlight to generate electricity, but only works when the Sun
shines.
Examine the graph of global temperature changes over millions of years.
What trends do you observe?
What might explain these temperature changes?
Presentation:
o Describe Earth's atmosphere today and in the past.
o Explain how photosynthesis influenced atmospheric changes.
o Identify renewable and non-renewable resources.
o Explain how human activity contributes to global warming.
o Understand the importance of renewable resources for sustainability.