1) Introduction To 2,4,5 Trichloroaniline

1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
 Early Development: The compound was first synthesized in the early 20th century as
part of the broader exploration of chlorinated aromatic compounds. Its utility in the dye
industry quickly became apparent due to its ability to produce vibrant colors.
 Industrial Applications: Over the years, 2,4,5-trichloroaniline found its way into various
industrial applications, including the manufacture of pesticides and pharmaceuticals. Its
role in producing azo dyes has been particularly significant, given the demand for
synthetic dyes in textiles and other industries.
 Environmental Impact: Research into the environmental impact of 2,4,5-
trichloroaniline has shown that it can persist in the environment and undergo degradation
through both photochemical and microbial processes. Studies have highlighted its
potential to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms, raising concerns about its ecological
footprint.

MARKET EVALUATION AND FORECAST:

 The global market for 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline was estimated to be worth US$ 42 million
in 2023 and is forecast to a readjusted size of US$ 58 million by 2030 with a CAGR of
4.7% during the forecast period 2024-2030.
 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline (CAS 636-30-6) is an off-white to brown crystal with a molecular
formula of C6H4Cl3N. 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline is a chlorinated aniline used in the
preparation of azo dyes, insecticides, herbicides as well as in antiviral agents.
 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline, an essential organic chemical intermediate, finds extensive
applications in sectors such as agrochemicals, dyes, and pharmaceuticals. The ongoing
development of global agriculture and the chemical industry has led to an escalating
demand for efficient pesticides and specialty chemicals, consequently fueling the
continuous expansion of the 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline market.
 However, in recent years, heightened environmental concerns and the call for
sustainability have prompted industry players to intensify their research and development
efforts, seeking more eco-friendly and efficient production processes and applications to
navigate the competitive market landscape.
 Looking ahead, the 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline market is projected to sustain robust growth,
especially driven by agricultural needs, while greater emphasis will be placed on
minimizing environmental impact during the production processes, thereby steering
towards a more sustainable trajectory.

2
 Figure 1.2 (2,4,5 Trichloroaniline Market Forecast)

GENERAL PROPERTIES:
 Molecular Formula: C6H4Cl3N
 Molecular Weight: 196.46 g/mol
 Physical State: Solid (grey-brown crystalline powder)
 Melting Point: 93-95°C
 Boiling Point: 270°C
 Density: 1.6807 g/cm³
 Refractive Index: 1.6300
 Solubility: Slightly soluble in chloroform and methanol
 Flash Point: 175°C
 Storage Temperature: Store below +30°C
 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for 2,4,5-trichloroaniline is 0.1 mg/m³ for inhalation
exposure over an 8-hour workday.
 The LD50 (Lethal Dose, 50%) for 2,4,5-trichloroaniline is 500 mg/kg for rats when
administered orally

Figure 1.1 (2,4,5 Trichloroaniline Structural Formula)

3
 Figure 1.3 (2,4,5 Trichloroaniline )

APPLICATIONS:

2,4,5-Trichloroaniline (TCA) has several important applications across various industries:

1. Azo Dyes Production:
TCA is extensively used in the synthesis of azo dyes, which are widely employed in the textile
industry to produce vibrant and long-lasting colors.
2. Pesticides and Herbicides:
It serves as an intermediate in the manufacture of various pesticides and herbicides, helping in
the control of pests and weeds in agriculture.
3. Pharmaceutical Industry:
TCA is utilized in the production of antiviral agents and other pharmaceutical compounds,
contributing to the development of medications.
4. Chemical Synthesis:
It acts as a starting material for the synthesis of other chemical compounds through reactions such
as nucleophilic aromatic substitution or electrophilic substitution at the nitrogen atom.
5. Research and Development:
TCA is used in research laboratories for studying chemical reactions, properties, and potential
applications in new materials and processes.

4
2) PROCESS SELECTION

5
Process Alternatives for 2,4,5-Trichloroaniline Production:
The production of 2,4,5-trichloroaniline can be achieved through various methods, each with its
advantages and disadvantages. This section compares the most prominent routes.

i. Hydrogenation of Trichloronitroaniline:
The hydrogenation of 2,4,5-trichloronitroaniline to produce 2,4,5-trichloroaniline is typically
carried out using a palladium/platinum (Pd/Pt) catalyst and methanol (MeOH) as the solvent. The
reaction is conducted at a temperature of 100°C and under a hydrogen pressure of 5 bar. The
process involves the reduction of the nitro group (-NO₂) to an amino group (-NH₂) in the presence
of the catalyst and hydrogen gas. The selectivity of the reaction is generally high, with a
conversion rate of around 90-98%. This means that most of the 2,4,5-trichloronitroaniline is
successfully converted to 2,4,5-trichloroaniline under these conditions.

C6H2NO2Cl3 + 3H2  C6H2Cl3NH2 + 2H2O

 Advantages:
 High yield (90–98%) and selectivity (>95%).
 Environmentally friendly, as water is the main byproduct.
 Scalable and widely used in industrial settings.

 Disadvantages:
 Requires specialized catalysts, which can be expensive.
 Hydrogen handling requires stringent safety protocols.

ii. Reduction using iron dust and Acid:

The reduction of 2,4,5-trichloronitroaniline using iron dust and hydrochloric acid involves
converting the nitro group (-NO₂) to an amino group (-NH₂). This process is carried out by mixing
2,4,5-trichloronitroaniline with iron dust and hydrochloric acid in a reaction vessel, and heating
the mixture to around 80-100°C. The iron dust acts as a reducing agent, donating electrons to the
nitro group, while the hydrochloric acid provides protons (H⁺) to facilitate the reduction. The
reaction proceeds at atmospheric pressure or slightly above, typically taking several hours to
ensure complete reduction. The overall chemical reaction can be represented as follows:

C6H2NO2Cl3 + 3Fe + 6HCl → C6H4Cl3NH2 + 3FeCl2 + 2H2O

After the reaction, the mixture is cooled, and the solid product (2,4,5-trichloroaniline) is
separated from the liquid phase by filtration. The product may be further purified by
recrystallization or other techniques. The process generally achieves high conversion rates, with
a conversion of around 90-95% and high selectivity towards 2,4,5-trichloroaniline.

 Advantages:
 Simple and does not require specialized equipment.

6
  Iron dust is inexpensive and readily available, making the process economically viable.
 The process achieves high conversion rates, typically around 90-95%, ensuring efficient
use of reactants.

 Disadvantages:
 The use of hydrochloric acid generates iron chloride (FeCl₂) as a by-product, which
requires proper disposal or recycling to minimize environmental harm.
 The iron catalyst can become deactivated over time due to the formation of by-products,
potentially reducing its effectiveness and requiring regeneration or replacement.
 Effective management of waste products and by-products is essential to ensure
environmental compliance and minimize the ecological footprint of the process.

iii. Electrochemical Reduction:

The electrochemical reduction of 2,4,5-trichloronitroaniline to produce 2,4,5-trichloroaniline

offers a greener alternative to traditional chemical methods. In this process, the reaction is carried
out in an electrochemical cell equipped with a cathode, typically made of platinum or graphite,
and an anode, often of inert materials like platinum or graphite. A suitable electrolyte, such as
sulfuric acid or a phosphate buffer solution, facilitates electron transfer within the cell.
The reaction is conducted at room temperature (around 25°C), and a voltage of 1-3 volts is
applied to drive the reduction. The nitro group in 2,4,5-trichloronitroaniline is electrochemically
reduced to an amino group at the cathode through electron transfer, while protons (H⁺) are
supplied by the electrolyte. After several hours, ensuring complete reduction, the product (2,4,5-
trichloroaniline) is separated from the electrolyte solution by filtration or extraction, followed by
purification steps such as recrystallization.

 Advantages:
 No external reducing agents required, reducing waste generation.
 Potentially green process with renewable electricity sources.

 Disadvantages:
 Moderate yield (80–90%) and selectivity (85–90%).
 High initial cost and scalability limitations.

Iron Powder Electrochemical

Parameter Hydrogenation
Reduction Reduction
Yield (%) 90–98 70–85 80–90
Selectivity (%) >95 75–85 85–90
Conversion (%) ~100 90–95 85–95

7
Why Hydrogenation is Preferred:
Hydrogenation of trichloronitroaniline using methanol as a solvent is preferred for the following
reasons:
 Efficiency and Selectivity: Hydrogenation using a Pd/Pt catalyst achieves high conversion
rates (90-95%) and high selectivity towards 2,4,5-trichloroaniline, minimizing the
formation of by-products and maximizing yield.
 Milder Reaction Conditions: The process operates under relatively mild conditions
(100°C and 5 bar), reducing the risk of side reactions and thermal degradation of the
reactants and products.
 Environmental Impact: Unlike the iron dust reduction method, hydrogenation does not
generate large quantities of waste by-products such as iron chloride. This makes the process
more environmentally friendly and easier to manage in terms of waste disposal.
 Catalyst Reusability: The Pd/Pt catalyst used in hydrogenation can be recovered and
reused multiple times, reducing the overall cost and resource consumption in the long run.
Proper catalyst management can further enhance the efficiency and sustainability of the
process.
 Scalability: The hydrogenation process is well-suited for large-scale industrial applications
due to its high throughput and consistent performance. It can be easily scaled up to meet
production demands without significant modifications to the process parameters.
 Safety: While handling hydrogen gas requires safety measures, the risks can be effectively
managed with proper equipment and protocols. This is often seen as more manageable
compared to the handling of strong acids and large volumes of iron dust in the iron
reduction method.

8
3)PROCESS DESCRIPTION

9
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PLANT:

10
11
PROCESS DESCRIPTION:
Synthesis of 2,4,5-TCA from 2,4,5-TCNB using hydrogenation is take place in two
division. In first division reaction section known as BUSS I or BUSS II. While other division
is recovery division known as methanol recovery division.

Reaction Section:

a) Autoclave reactor: In autoclave reactor Raw material 245 DCNB and Hydrogen type ejector
where majority of reaction take place. Methanol is also feed as a solvent. 10% pt is used as a
catalyst for hydrogenation reaction. In start-up condition catalyst feed from charging vessel to
low pressure vessel where nitrogen used for pressure generation and after process come in
steady state catalyst charge from high pressure vessel where hydrogen use to generate pressure.
For this reaction optimal condition in 100 °C and 5 bar pressure.

b) Heat exchanger: From autoclave product and unreacted mixture pass through heat exchanger
where we maintain temperature to 100°C because its optimum temperature for maximum
conversion of raw material. To maintain temperature, we provide secondary system of heating
and cooling. After heat exchanger crude feed into inline filter mount on heat exchanger which
filter out catalyst and other crude.

c) Product cooler: Material is circulated in autoclave to heat exchanger to filter to autoclave and
so on. So, after GC report we take some part as a product and start feeding raw materials
continuously and get product continues which send to product cooler. In product cooler
temperature is maintain around 64 °C because it is boiling point of methanol so it’s easy to
separate in next step. From product cooler crude transfer to intermediate vessel because some
of unreacted hydrogen is present in crude stream which is remove through vent line and crude
is stored in storage tank. Now material feed to methanol recovery column.
Recovery Section:

a) Column: In distillation column separation of two component take place based on relative
volatility. Here packed column is used for separation because it results less pressure drop
and material separated is heat sensitive. Here structural packing is used. The column operated
at atmospheric pressure. Methanol recovered from top and stored for further use and bottom
mixture further separated in different unit.

12
b) Gravity settler: Bottom of distillation column fed into gravity settler, where material separated
due to density difference. Product settle down and water float so water can easily remove
through overflow line and bottom product fed to drier. Water stored in30KL storage tank and
sent to ETP plant.

c) Dryer: In drier material is dried as per product specification. Continuous vacuum is maintained
inside the drier by means of water jet ejector. Material is circulated through a heat exchanger.
As pressure decreased boiling point of water decreased and remove through condenser and final
product obtained which stored in specific storage tank.

13
4)MATERIAL BALANCE

14
Overall Material Balance:
Taking basis of 660 Kg/hr production of 2,4,5Trichloroaniline.
Considering 1% loss during production.
⸫ 660 * 1.01 = 666.67 Kg/hr of 2,4,5Trichloroaniline production.
Here, we take 100% conversion as TCNB is fully reacted with H2 gas in presence of Pd catalyst.
Overall Rxn,
C6H2NO2Cl3 + 3H2  C6H2Cl3NH2 + 2H2O
From stoichiometry, To produce 1 mol of TCA we require 1 mol of TCNB & 3 mols of H2.

Compound M.W.(gm/mol)
C6H2NO2Cl3 227.45
H2 2
C6H4Cl3N 196.46
H2O 18

Moles Of TCA produced = 666.67/196.46 = 3.3934 Kmols/hr.

From stoichiometry, 3.3934 Kmols/hr of TCNB is required. 3.3934 Kmols/hr = 3.3934 * 227.45
= 771.8288 Kg/hr.
From stoichiometry, 10.1802 Kmols/hr of H2 is required. 10.1802 Kmols/hr = 10.1802 * 2
= 20.3604 Kg/hr.
From stoichiometry, 6.7868 Kmols/hr of H2O is also produced as by product.
6.7868 Kmols/hr = 6.7868 * 18 = 122.1624 Kg/hr.

Compound Kg/hr Kmol/hr TPD

C6H2NO2Cl3 771.8280227 3.393396451 18.52387254

Reactants

H2 20.3603787 10.18018935 0.488649089

C6H2Cl3NH2 666.6666667 3.393396451 16

Products
H2O 122.1622722 6.786792901 2.931894533

15
Material Balance over Autoclave Reactor:
 In Autoclave Reactor, we use Methanol as solvent. Methanol is taken as 60%
of total feed.
 Feed contain TCNB,MeOH and H2. If MeOH is 60% then (TCNB + H2) is
40%.
 ⸫ Total Feed = (771.8280 + 20.3604)/0.4 = 1980.471Kg/hr.
 ⸫ MeOH in Feed = 1980.471 * 0.6 = 1188.2826 Kg/hr.
 Pd catalyst is also added in the initial starting stage of autoclave reactor.
 It is taken as 10% of Meoh. ⸫ Pd Catalyst = 1188.2826 * 0.1 = 118.83 Kg/hr.
 But it is recycled with the help of inline filter,so we do not include it in
material balance.

In Out
Component
Kg/hr Kmol/hr Kg/hr Kmol/hr
TCNB 771.8280227 3.393396451 0 0
H2 20.3603787 10.18018935 3.359462486 1.679731243
Methanol 1188.282602 37.13383131 1188.282602 37.13383131
TCA 0 0 666.6666667 3.393396451
Water 0 0 122.1622722 6.786792901
Total 1980.471003 50.70741712 1980.471003 48.99375191

Material Balance over Inline Filter:

 Inline Filter removes catalyst and any traces of TCNB from Crude TCA.

16
 Material Balance over Inline Filter
In Out
Component
Kg/hr Kmol/hr Kg/hr Kmol/hr
H2 3.359462486 1.679731243 3.359462486 1.679731243
Methanol 1188.282602 37.13383131 1188.282602 37.13383131
TCA 666.6666667 3.393396451 666.6666667 3.393396451
Water 122.1622722 6.786792901 122.1622722 6.786792901
Total 1980.471003 48.99375191 1980.471003 48.99375191

Material Balance over Product Cooler:

 Product cooler just cooled the Crude TCA.

Material Balance over Product Cooler

In Out
Component
Kg/hr Kmol/hr Kg/hr Kmol/hr
H2 3.359462486 1.679731243 3.359462486 1.679731243
Methanol 1188.282602 37.13383131 1188.282602 37.13383131
TCA 666.6666667 3.393396451 666.6666667 3.393396451
Water 122.1622722 6.786792901 122.1622722 6.786792901
Total 1980.471003 48.99375191 1980.471003 48.99375191

Material Balance over intermediate vessel:

 0.34% Methanol & 0.07% Water Vapor is lost in the Intermediate vessel
along with that H2 vapours are completely removed through vents.

17
 Material Balance over Intermediate Vessel
In Out Vent
Component
Kg/hr Kmol/hr Kg/hr Kmol/hr Kg/hr Kmol/hr
H2 3.359462486 1.679 0 0 3.359462486 1.679731243
Methanol 1188.282602 37.13383131 1187.878586 37.12120581 0.404016085 0.012625503
TCA 666.6666667 3.393396451 666.6666667 3.393396451 0 0
Water 122.1622722 6.786792901 122.0767586 6.782042146 0.085513591 0.004750755
Total 1980.471003 48.99375191 1976.622011 47.29664441 3.848992161 1.697107501

Material Balance over Storge Tank:

 About 2% Methanol is lost in Storage Tank.

Material Balance over Storage Tank

In Out
Component
Kg/hr Kmol/hr Kg/hr Kmol/hr
Methanol 1187.878586 37.12120581 1164.121014 36.3787817
TCA 666.6666667 3.393396451 666.6666667 3.393396451
Water 122.0767586 6.782042146 122.0767586 6.782042146
Total 1976.622011 47.29664441 1952.86444 46.55422029

Material Balance over Distillate Column:

 100% Methanol is collected from the top of the column, some vapor fractions are also
present in top.

18
 Material Balance over Distillation Column
In Top Bottom
Component
Kg/hr Kmol/hr Kg/hr Kmol/hr Kg/hr Kmol/hr
Methanol 1164.121014 36.22217139 1164.121014 36.22217139 0 0
TCA 666.6666667 3.393396451 0 0 666.6666667 3.393396451
Water 122.0767586 6.741184161 10.86483152 0.603601751 111.2119271 6.178440395
Total 1952.86444 46.356752 1174.985846 36.82577314 777.8785938 9.571836845

Material Balance over Gravity Separator:

 Gravity Separator removes 98% water from crude TCA but nearly 1% TCA is also lost to
ETP.

Material Balance over Gravity Separator

In Out Sent to ETP
Component
Kg/hr Kmol/hr Kg/hr Kmol/hr Kg/hr Kmol/hr
TCA 666.666667 3.393396 660 3.359462 6.6666667 0.033934
Water 111.211927 6.17844 2.2242385 0.123569 108.98769 6.0548716
Total 777.878594 9.571837 662.22424 3.483031 115.65436 6.0888056

Material Balance over Dryer:

 Nearly 99.99% of the water from crude TCA is removed by dryer and pure TCA is stored
in storage tank.

Material Balance over Dryer

In Out
Component
Kg/hr Kmol/hr Kg/hr Kmol/hr
TCA 660 3.359462486 660 3.359462486
Water 2.224238542 0.123568808 0.000222424 1.23569E-05
Total 662.2242385 3.483031294 660.0002224 3.359474843

19
4) ENERGY BALANCE

20
 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY BALANCE:

Energy balance is a fundamental concept in engineering that involves accounting for energy
entering and leaving a system, ensuring that the energy input equals the energy output plus any
changes in energy storage within the system. In chemical engineering, energy balance calculations
are crucial for designing and optimizing processes, ensuring efficiency, and maintaining
operational stability. By applying energy balance principles, engineers can analyse heat transfer,
predict system behaviour, and optimize energy usage across various industrial applications.

HEAT OF REACTION:

Rxn:

C6H2NO2Cl3 + 3H2 ------> C6H2Cl3NH2 + 2H2O

Bond Enthalpies
Type Bond No. Enthalpy(KJ/Mol)
N-O 1 201
Bond Breaking N=O 1 607
H-H 3 432
O-H 4 467
Bond Forming
N-H 2 391

The heat of reaction (ΔHrxn) is obtained by summing up the bond enthalpy changes for all bonds
involved in the reaction:

ΔHrxn=∑ΔHbond

Alternatively, you can directly write the equation as:

ΔHrxn = ∑(BEbonds broken) − ∑(BEbonds formed)

So, ∑(BEbonds broken) = 2104 Kj/mol.

And, ∑(BEbonds formed) = 2650 Kj/mol.

So, ΔHrxn = ∑(BEbonds broken) − ∑(BEbonds formed)

= 2104 – 2650 = -546 Kj/mol

⸫ ΔHrxn = -546 Kj/mol = -546/0.19646 = -2779.191693 Kj/kg

⸫ ΔHrxn = -546 Kj/mol = -2779.191693 Kj/kg

Note: Here negative sign signifies that the reaction is exothermic.

21
Now, Heat load(Qrxn) = ΔHrxn × ṁ

= 2779.191693 Kj/kg × 666.67 Kg/hr

⸫ Qrxn = 1852794.26 Kj/hr

HEAT BALANCE ON AUTOCLAVE REACTOR:

• Autoclave operates at temperature of 100 °C

• Reference Temperature: 25 °C

Chemical Cp (kj/kg k) M.w. (kg/kmol)

TCNB 0.913 211.44

TCA 1.06 196.46
Hydrogen 0 2
Water 4.186 18
Methanol 1.917 32

• Heat Capacities are found by Group contribution Method (Joback Method).

• Heat Input and Output can be calculated by Q = ṁ×Cp×∆T.

Temp(°C) Mass flowrate(Kg/hr) Heat Heat

Chemical
Input Output Input Output Input(Kj/hr) Output(Kj/hr)

TCNB 60 - 771.82802 0 24663.7645 -

TCA - 100 0 666.66667 - 53000
Hydrogen 30 100 20.360379 1.6797312 0 0
Water - 100 0 122.16227 - 38352.84536
Methanol 40 100 1188.2826 1188.2826 34169.0662 170845.3311

22
 Heat Input = (m * CP * ΔT) TCNB + (m * CP * ΔT) MeOH + (m * CP * ΔT) H2

= 246633.7645 + 34169.0662 + 0
= 58832.8307 KJ/hr

Heat Output = (m * CP * ΔT) TCA + (m * CP * ΔT) MeOH + (m * CP * ΔT) water

= 53000 + 170845.3311 + 38352.85

= 262198.1765 KJ/hr

• Net Heat Flux (Q) = Heat Input - Heat Output + Heat Of Reaction
Q = 58832.83 - 261959.96 + 1852794.26
Q = 1649428.914 Kj / hr
• This Heat is cool down by cooling coil in which cooling water flows in at 32°C and flows out
at 52°C.

Q = ṁ × Cp × ∆T

Cooling water require for cooling = Q / (Cp × ∆T)

ṁ = 1649428.914 / (4.186 × (52 – 32))

⸫ṁ = 19.70173094 m3/hr

HEAT BALANCE ON PRODUCT COOLER:

MASS FLOWRATE(Kg/hr) Heat Heat

CHEMICAL
Input Output Input(Kj/hr) Output(Kj/hr)
TCA 666.6666667 666.6666667 53000 27560
Hydrogen 3.359462486 3.359462486 0 0
Water 122.1622722 122.1622722 38352.84536 19943.47959
Methanol 1188.282602 1188.282602 170845.3311 88839.57218

23
Heat Input = (m * CP * ΔT) TCA + (m * CP * ΔT) MeOH + (m * CP * ΔT) water

= 53000 + 170845.3311 + 38352.85

= 262198.1765 KJ/hr

Heat Output = (m * CP * ΔT) TCA + (m * CP * ΔT) water + (m * CP * ΔT) MeOH

= 27560 + 19943.479 + 88839.57

= 136343.0518 KJ/hr

Heat Extracted = 262198.177- 136343.052

= 125855.1247 KJ/hr

This energy can be extracted using 32 C cooling water and outlet temperature is 37 C.

Q = ṁ × Cp × ∆T

Cooling water require for cooling = Q / (Cp × ∆T)

ṁ = 125855.1247 / (4.186 × (37 – 32))

⸫ṁ = 6.013144993 m3/hr

HEAT BALANCE ON DISTILLATION COLUMN:

64°C

64°C

64°C

64°C 100°C

64°C 100°C

 Formula for Energy Balance over Distillation Column is:

Qfeed + Qreboiler = Qdistillate + Qbottoms + Qcondenser

24
  The reference temperature for calculation is 25°C.

5.3.1 Feed Heat Load Calculation: (Qfeed)

 Feed Temperature is 64°C.
 ∆T = 39 & Q = ṁ × Cp × ∆T.

MASS FLOWRATE(Kg/hr) Heat Load(Kj/hr)

Chemical
Feed Top Bottom Feed Top Bottom

TCA 666.67 0 666.67 27560 0 53000

Water 122.16 10.8648 111.3 19943.48 1773.73 34941.83
Methanol 1188.28 1188.28 0 88839.57 88839.57 0

• QFeed = (m * CP * ΔT) TCA + (m * CP * ΔT) MeOH + (m * CP * ΔT) water

QFeed = 27560 + 88839.57 + 19943.48

QFeed = 136343.052 KJ/hr

• QTop = (m * CP * ΔT) TCA + (m * CP * ΔT) MeOH + (m * CP * ΔT) water

QTop = 0 + 1773.73 + 88839.57

QTop = 90613.3 KJ/hr

• QBottom = (m * CP * ΔT) TCA + (m * CP * ΔT) MeOH + (m * CP * ΔT) water

QBottom = 53000 + 0 + 34941.83

QBottom = 87941.83 KJ/hr

Condenser Duty Calculation:

⸫ Qcondenser = V × ∆Hvap

⸫Qcondenser = 1199.147 Kg/hr × 1100 Kj/kg

⸫ Qcondenser = 1319062.177 Kj/hr

Reboiler Duty Calculation:

Qfeed + Qreboiler = Qdistillate + Qbottoms + Qcondenser

25
 Qreboiler = Qdistillate + Qbottoms + Qcondenser - Qfeed

Qreboiler = 90613.3 + 87941.83 + 1319062.18 - 136343.052

⸫ Qreboiler = 1361274.256 Kj/hr

Steam Required = Qreboiler / ∆Hsteam

ṁsteam = 1361274.256 Kj/hr / 2259.36 Kj/Kg

ṁsteam = 602.5043623 Kg/hr

ENERGY BALANCE OVER DRYER:

Heat Input = (m * CP * ΔT) TCA + (m * CP * ΔT) water

= 52470 + 698.29
= 53168.29KJ/hr

Heat Output = (m * CP * ΔT) TCA + (m * CP * ΔT) water

= 59466 + 0.0791 = 59466.07 KJ/hour

Q = Heat out - Heat input

= 6297.77945 Kj/hr

Heat required to evaporate water = m * λ = 6297.78 Kj/hr

ṁ = Q / λ = 6297.78 Kj/hr / 2259.36 Kj/Kg = 2.7874 Kg/hr

26