9/24/2023
Electromagnetic Field
Lecture 1: Introduction, History, Basic concept
Jamal A. Hassan
[Link]@[Link]
Course contents -syllabus
Recommended Textbook:
1- David K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetics.
2- Engineering Electromagnetics, William H. Hayt
3- Engineering Electromagnetics U.A Bakshi
1
9/24/2023
How to do It
Definition
2
9/24/2023
History of Electromagnetics
What will we learn?
• Coordinate systems , Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical
• Vector Algebra: Dot product ( )
Cross Product ( × )
Del Operation ( 𝛻 )
Divergence theorem (𝛻 )
Stockes’s theorem (𝛻× )
3
9/24/2023
What will we learn?
1- Electrostatics:
• Coulomb’s Law: E ( E-Fiels Intensity= F/q )
• Gauss’s Law : D (electric flux density =ɛE)
2- Magnetostatics:
• Biot-Savart’s Law: H ( Magnetic field intensity)
• Ampere’s Law : B (Magnetic flux density =µH)
3- Time-Varying (Dynamic) Fields:
• Current continuity equation: 𝛻 𝑱= -
𝑩
• Faraday’s Law :𝛻 × 𝑬= -
What will we learn?
4
9/24/2023
What will we learn?
Electromagnetics
5
9/24/2023
Electromagnetics spectrum
6
9/24/2023
Electromagnetics spectrum
Electromagnetics
7
9/24/2023
Units
Units
8
9/24/2023
Vector Analysis
Vector Algebra
9
9/24/2023
Vector Algebra
Vector Algebra-Example
10
9/24/2023
Vector Algebra
• Vectors addition, subtraction,…
Vector Algebra
11
9/24/2023
Vector Algebra
Vector Algebra
12
9/24/2023
Vector Algebra
Vector Algebra
13
9/24/2023
Vector Algebra
Vector Algebra
14
9/24/2023
Vector Algebra
Coordinate systems
15
9/24/2023
Properties of coordinate systems
Cartesian coordinate systems
16
9/24/2023
Cylindrical coordinate system
Spherical coordinate system
17
9/24/2023
Spherical coordinate system
Week #2
18
9/24/2023
Del Operator
Gradient of scalar field
19
9/24/2023
Divergence
Divergence
20
9/24/2023
Curl
Curl
21
9/24/2023
Divergence Theorem
Stokes’s theorem
22
9/24/2023
Laplacian of Scalar
Null Identity: Curl of the Gradient
23
9/24/2023
Null Identity: Divergence of the Curl
The electric charge
24
9/24/2023
Coulomb’s law
Coulomb’s law
25
9/24/2023
continuous distribution of charges
The electric field
26
9/24/2023
Electric field lines
HW #2
• Point charges Q1 and Q2 are, respectively, located at (4,0, -3) and
• (2,0, 1). If Q2 = 4 nC, find Q1 such that The force on a test charge at (5,
0, 6) has no x-component. K =9×109 N·m2/C2
27
9/24/2023
The concept of flux
The concept of flux
28
9/24/2023
Direction of surface
Flux of Electric Field
29
9/24/2023
Electric Flux through closed 3D surface
Electric Flux through closed empty surface
30
9/24/2023
Electric Flux through surface contain Q
Gauss’s law
31
9/24/2023
Gauss’s law
Q #1 5/11/2019
32
9/24/2023
Q #1 7/11/2019
Applications of Gauss’s law
33
9/24/2023
Postulates of Electrstatics
Examples
1- Electric Field due to point charge
2- Electric field due to infinite line charge.
3- electric field due to infinite surface charge.
4- electric field due to sphere of charge
34
9/24/2023
Electric Potential
Definition: Work done against the field in moving a unit charge from point P1 to point P2 in an
electric field is equal to
Electric Potential
35
9/24/2023
Electric Potential
Differential form of Gauss’s Law
36
9/24/2023
Electric flux density and dielectric constant
Boundary condition for Electrostatic fields
37
9/24/2023
Boundary condition for Electrostatic fields
Some Examples
38
9/24/2023
Steady Magnetic Field
77
Objective
To understand:
• Biot-Savart law
• Ampere’s law of force
• magnetic flux density
• applications of Ampere’s law
78
39
9/24/2023
Magnetostatics
• Magnetostatics is the branch of electromagnetics
dealing with the effects of electric charges in
steady motion (i.e, steady current or DC).
• The fundamental law of magnetostatics is
Ampere’s law of force.
• Ampere’s law of force is analogous to Coulomb’s
law in electrostatics.
• In magnetostatics, the magnetic field is produced
by steady currents.
79
Ampere’s Law of Force
• Ampere’s law of force is the “law of action” between current
carrying circuits.
• Ampere’s law of force gives the magnetic force between two
current carrying circuits in an otherwise empty universe.
• Ampere’s law of force involves complete circuits since
current must flow in closed loops.
80
40
9/24/2023
Ampere’s Law of Force (Cont’d)
• Experimental facts: F21 F12
• Two parallel wires
carrying current in
the same direction I1 I2
attract.
• Two parallel wires
carrying current in F21 F12
the opposite
directions repel. I1 I2
81
Ampere’s Law of Force (Cont’d)
• Experimental facts:
• The magnitude of the force is inversely proportional to the distance squared.
• The magnitude of the force is proportional to the product of the currents
carried by the two wires.
82
41
9/24/2023
Ampere’s Law of Force (Cont’d)
• The force acting on a current element I2 dl2 by a current
element I1 dl1 is given by
F 12
0 I 2 d l 2 I 1d l 1 a R
12
4 R122
Permeability of free space
0 = 4 10-7 H/m
83
Ampere’s Law of Force (Cont’d)
• The total force acting on a circuit C2 having a current I2 by a
circuit C1 having current I1 is given by
0 I1 I 2
d l 2 d l1 a R
4 C C
F 12 12
2 1
R122
84
42
9/24/2023
Ampere’s Law of Force (Cont’d)
• The force on C1 due to C2 is equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction to the force on C2 due to C1.
F 21 F 12
85
E&B
43
9/24/2023
Force on a Moving Charge
• A moving point charge placed in a magnetic
field experiences a force given by
F m Qv B Id l Q v
The force experienced
by the point charge is
v B in the direction into the
Q
paper.
87
Lorentz Force
• If a point charge is moving in a region where both
electric and magnetic fields exist, then it
experiences a total force given by
F Fe Fm q E v B
• The Lorentz force equation is useful for
determining the equation of motion for electrons
in electromagnetic deflection systems such as
CRTs.
88
44
9/24/2023
The Biot-Savart Law
• The Biot-Savart law gives us the B-field arising at a specified point P
from a given current distribution.
• It is a fundamental law of magnetostatics.
89
The Biot-Savart Law (Cont’d)
• The contribution to the B-field at a point P from a
differential current element Idl’ is given by
0 I d l ' R
d B(r )
4 R 3
90
45
9/24/2023
The Biot-Savart Law (Cont’d)
• The total magnetic flux at the point P due to the entire
circuit C is given by
0 I d l ' R
B (r )
C
4 R 3
91
Types of Current Distributions
• Line current density (current) - occurs for
infinitesimally thin filamentary bodies (i.e.,
wires of negligible diameter).
• Surface current density (current per unit
width) - occurs when body is perfectly
conducting.
• Volume current density (current per unit
cross sectional area) - most general.
92
46
9/24/2023
The Biot-Savart Law (Cont’d)
• For a surface distribution of current, the B-S law
becomes
B(r )
0 J s r ' R
ds
S
4 R 3
• For a volume distribution of current, the B-S law
becomes
B(r )
0 J r ' R
dv
V
4 R 3
93
Ampere’s Circuital Law in Integral Form
• Ampere’s Circuital Law in integral form states
that “the circulation of the magnetic flux
density in free space is proportional to the total
current through the surface bounding the path
over which the circulation is computed.”
B dl I
C
0 encl
94
47
9/24/2023
Ampere’s Law and Gauss’s Law
• Just as Gauss’s law follows from Coulomb’s law, so Ampere’s
circuital law follows from Ampere’s force law.
• Just as Gauss’s law can be used to derive the electrostatic
field from symmetric charge distributions, so Ampere’s law
can be used to derive the magnetostatic field from
symmetric current distributions.
95
Applications of Ampere’s Law
• Ampere’s law in integral form is an integral
equation for the unknown magnetic flux
density resulting from a given current
distribution.
known
B dl I
C
0 encl
unknown
96
48
9/24/2023
Applications of Ampere’s Law (Cont’d)
• In general, solutions to integral equations must be obtained using
numerical techniques.
• However, for certain symmetric current distributions closed form
solutions to Ampere’s law can be obtained.
97
Applications of Ampere’s Law (Cont’d)
• Closed form solution to Ampere’s law relies on our ability to construct
a suitable family of Amperian paths.
• An Amperian path is a closed contour to which the magnetic flux
density is tangential and over which equal to a constant value.
98
49
9/24/2023
Examples on Ampere’s Law
Applying Stokes’s Theorem to
Ampere’s Law
B dl Bd s
C S
0 I encl 0 J d s
S
Because the above must hold for any
surface S, we must have
Differential form
B 0 J of Ampere’s Law
100
50
9/24/2023
Ampere’s Law in Differential Form
• Ampere’s law in differential form implies that the B-field is
conservative outside of regions where current is flowing.
101
Fundamental Postulates of Magnetostatics
• Ampere’s law in differential form
B 0 J
• No isolated magnetic charges
B is solenoidal
B 0
102
51
9/24/2023
Divergence of B-Field
• The B-field is solenoidal, i.e. the divergence of the B-field is identically
equal to zero:
B 0
• Physically, this means that magnetic charges (monopoles) do not
exist.
• A magnetic charge can be viewed as an isolated magnetic pole.
103
Divergence of B-Field (Cont’d)
• No matter how small
the magnetic is N
N
divided, it always has S
a north pole and a N
south pole. S S
• The elementary N
source of magnetic
field is a magnetic
dipole. I
S
104
52
9/24/2023
Magnetic Flux
• The magnetic flux
crossing an open
surface S is given by
B
S C
Bds
S
Wb Wb/m2
105
Magnetic Flux (Cont’d)
• From the divergence theorem, we have
B 0 B dv 0 B d s 0
V S
• Hence, the net magnetic flux leaving any closed
surface is zero. This is another manifestation of the
fact that there are no magnetic charges.
106
53
9/24/2023
Fundamental Postulates of Magnetostatics in Free Space
Boundary Conditions for Magnetostatic Fields
54
9/24/2023
Boundary Conditions for Magnetostatic Fields
Examples
55
9/24/2023
Maxwell’s Equations
Lecture 6
Introduction
56
9/24/2023
Faraday’s Law
• Faraday discovered that the induced emf. Vemf(in
volts), in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux linkage by the circuit.
• where N is the number of turns in the circuit and V is
the flux through each turn. The negative sign shows
that the induced voltage acts in such a way as to
oppose the flux producing it. This is known as Lenz's
law.
Faraday’s Law ( Con,d)
By applying Stokes's theorem to the middle term in eq.
It shows that the time varying
E field is not conservative
57
9/24/2023
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
58
9/24/2023
DISPLACEMENT CURRENT
Maxwell’s Equations
59
9/24/2023
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
PROPAGATION
• In general, waves are means of transporting energy or information.
• All forms of EM energy share three fundamental characteristics:
• they all travel at high velocity;
• in traveling, they assume the properties of waves;
• and they radiate outward from a source
Solution of Maxwell’s Equations
• goal is to solve Maxwell's equations and derive EM wave motion in
the following media:
where w is the angular frequency of the wave
60
9/24/2023
Solution of Maxwell’s Equations
Solution of Maxwell’s Equations
61
9/24/2023
62
9/24/2023
63
9/24/2023
64
9/24/2023
PLANE WAVES IN LOSSLESS DIELECTRICS
PLANE WAVES IN FREE SPACE
65
9/24/2023
PLANE WAVES IN GOOD CONDUCTORS
66
9/24/2023
Gauss’s Law
The net electric flux through any closed
( Gaussian) surface is proportional to the net charge inside the surface.
67
9/24/2023
Nonexistence of Isolated Magnetic Field (
Gauss’s Law in Magnetism)
The net Magnetic flux through any closed surface is equal to zero,
means there is no Magnetism Monopole.
Faraday’s Law
The line integral of the electric field vector around any closed path
equals the rate of change in the magnetic flux through any surface
bounded by that path.
68
9/24/2023
Ampere’s Circuit Law
The circulation of the magnetic field vector around any amperian loop
is proportional to the sum of the total conduction and displacement
current through any surface bounded by the path.
69