2024-2025
Analogue Electronic Circuits 1 CH1 : BJT
Outline
BJT Construction
BJT Operation
Common Base Configuration
Common Emitter Configuration
Common Collector Configuration
Transistor Testing
Electronic devices Simulator
Analogue Electronic Circuits 2 CH1 : BJT
Transistor Construction
There are two types of
• pn
transistors:
p pn
• np p
n
The terminals are labeled:
• E - Emitter
• B - Base
• C - Collector
npn
Analogue Electronic Circuits 3 CH1 : BJT
Transistor Operation
With the external sources, VEE and VCC, connected as
shown:
• The emitter-base junction is forward
biased
• The base-collector junction is reverse
biased
PNP
NPN
Analogue Electronic Circuits 4 CH1 : BJT
Currents in a Transistor
Emitter current is the sum of the collector and
base currents:
I E IC I B
The collector current is comprised of two
currents:
IC IC ICO
majority minority
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Common-Base Configuration
The base is common to both input (emitter–base) and
output (collector–base) of the transistor.
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Configuration Common-Base
Input Characteristics
This curve shows the relationship
between of input current (IE) to input
voltage (VBE) for three output voltage
(VCB) levels.
Analogue Electronic Circuits 7 CH1 : BJT
Common-Base Configuration
The following points may be noted from these characteristics:
IE increases rapidly with small increases in VBE it means that input
resistance is very small
VCB constant
It can be observed that there is slight increases in IE with increases in VCB
this is due to changes in the width of the depletion region in the base region
under the reverse biased condition.
Analogue Electronic Circuits 8 CH1 : BJT
Configuration Common-Base
Output Characteristics
This graph demonstrates
the output current (IC) to
an output voltage (VCB) for
various levels of input
current (IE.)
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Operating Regions
• Active – Operating range of the
amplifier.
• Cutoff – The amplifier is basically
off. There is voltage, but little
current.
• Saturation – The amplifier is full on.
There is current, but little voltage.
Emitter and collector currents:
I I
C E
Base-emitter voltage:
VBE 0.7 V (for Silicon)
Analogue Electronic Circuits 10 CH1 : BJT
Operating Regions
Analogue Electronic Circuits 11 CH1 : BJT
)Alpha (
Alpha () is the ratio of IC to IE :
I
αdc C
IE
Ideally: = 1
In reality: is between 0.9 and 0.998
Alpha () in the AC mode:
∆I
αac C
∆IE
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Example-1
Fig1 Fig2
Analogue Electronic Circuits 13 CH1 : BJT
Example-1 )cont’d)
2
1 2
2 1
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Common–Emitter Configuration
The emitter is common to both
input (base-emitter) and output
(collector- emitter).
The input is on the base and
the output is on the collector.
Analogue Electronic Circuits 15 CH1 : BJT
Common-Emitter Characteristics
Collector Characteristics Base Characteristics
Analogue Electronic Circuits 16 CH1 : BJT
Common-Emitter Currents
Ideal Currents
IE = IC + IB IC = IE
Actual Currents
IC = IE + ICBO where ICBO = minority collector current
ICBO is usually so small that it can be ignored, except in
high power transistors and in high temperature
environments.
When IB = 0 A the transistor is in cutoff, but there is some minority
current flowing called ICEO.
I
ICEO CBO IB 0µA
1 α
Analogue Electronic Circuits 17 CH1 : BJT
)Beta (
represents the amplification factor of a transistor. ( is
sometimes referred to as hfe, a term used in transistor
modeling calculations)
In DC mode:
I
β dc C
IB
In AC mode:
IC
ac VCE constant
IB
Analogue Electronic Circuits 18 CH1 : BJT
)Beta (
Determining from a Graph
(3.2mA 2.2mA)
βAC
(30 µA 20 µA)
1 mA
10µA VC 7.5
E
100
2.7 mA
β DC V CE 7.5
25A
108
Analogue Electronic Circuits 19 CH1 : BJT
)Beta (
Relationship between amplification factors and
β α
α β
β 1 α 1
Relationship Between Currents
IC βIB I E )β 1)IB
Analogue Electronic Circuits 20 CH1 : BJT
Example-2
Analogue Electronic Circuits 21 CH1 : BJT
Example-3
Analogue Electronic Circuits 22 CH1 : BJT
23
Common–Collector Configuration
The input is on the
base and the output
is on the emitter.
Analogue Electronic Circuits 23 CH1 : BJT
Common–Collector Configuration
The characteristics are
similar to those of the
common-emitter
configuration, except
the vertical axis is IE.
Analogue Electronic Circuits 24 CH1 : BJT
Operating Limits for Each Configuration
VCE is at maximum and IC is at
minimum (ICmax= ICEO) in the cutoff
region.
IC is at maximum and VCE is at
minimum (VCE max = VCEsat = VCEO) in
the saturation region.
The transistor operates in the active
region between saturation and cutoff.
Analogue Electronic Circuits 25 CH1 : BJT
as a Switch Transistor
Analogue Electronic Circuits 26 CH1 : BJT
Beta (), Collector Current and Junction
Temperature
Analogue Electronic Circuits 27 CH1 : BJT
Transistor Testing
• Curve Tracer
Provides a graph of the characteristic curves.
• Ohmmeter
Analogue Electronic Circuits 28 CH1 : BJT
Multisim
Multisim™ is industry-standard SPICE simulation and
circuit design software for analog, digital, and power
electronics in education and research
SPICE simulation with an interactive schematic
environment to instantly visualize and analyze
electronic circuit behavior
Its intuitive interface helps educators reinforce circuit
theory and improve retention of theory throughout
engineering curriculum
Analogue Electronic Circuits 29 CH1 : BJT
LT SPICE
LTspice® is a high performance SPICE simulation
software, schematic capture and waveform viewer with
enhancements and models for easing the simulation of
analog circuits. Included in the download of LTspice are
micromodels for a majority of Analog Devices switching
regulators, amplifiers, as well as a library of devices for
general circuit simulation.
Analogue Electronic Circuits 30 CH1 : BJT
End of Chapter One
Analogue Electronic Circuits 31 CH1 : BJT