Chapter I Chemical Kinetics

Chapter 1 Chemical Kinetics

Lesson 1: Chemical Reaction Rates

1. Time factor in reaction rates

1.1 Fast reactions
A fast reaction is the reaction that can occur completely in a short time.
For example, synthesis reaction of water, decomposition reaction of explosives, acid-base reaction,
and reaction of precipitate increase, etc.
Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(s)
1.2 Slow reactions
A slow reaction is the reaction that its rate can be observed by human eyes or measured by
instruments in many minutes or hours. The study of slow reactions is the objective of chemical
kinetics.
For example, when iron (II) hydroxide is exposed to the air, it converts to iron (III) hydroxide.
1
2Fe(OH)2 (s) + O2 (g) + H2O (l) 2Fe(OH)3 (s)
2

Precipitates Precipitates

Fig.1: Green precipitates of Fe(OH)2 turns

brown precipitates of Fe(OH)3
1.3 Slowest reactions
A slowest reaction is the reaction that occurs in many months or years. In general, this
reaction cannot be studied quickly.
For example, the decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide is represented by the following
equation.
1
H2O2 H2O + O2
2
2H2O2 2H2O + O2
2. Reaction rates
Some chemical reactions are fast and others are slow; however, fast and slow are inexact,
relative.
We know that any reaction can be represented by the general equation:
reactants products
We can follow the progress of a reaction by motoring either the decrease in concentration of
the reactants or the increase in the concentration of the products.

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
2.1 The increase in product concentration
A) Average reaction rates
Average reaction rate of a product increase is the change in concentration
of the product over a time period.
[ P] − [ P]t
Average reaction rate: V( m) ( P)t1 ,t2 = [ P] = t 2 1

t t 2 − t1
Where,  [P] = [ P]t2 − [ P]t1
 t = t2 – t1
For example, the reaction between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and iodide ion (I-) is represented by
the following equation.
H2O2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2I- (aq) I2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
Reactants are colorless but when the reaction occurs the solution turns brown because of I2
increase.
Based on the curve, calculate the average reaction rate of I2 increase over a time period of t1
= 50s and t2 = 100s.

Fig.2 Gamma Rule of

Reduction H2O2 by I- ion
(A) (B)
Colorless Brown
Solution Solution

Fig.3: (A) The solution at t = 0

(B) The solution at t = 70s

Fig.4: The change in I2 concentration with time

Solution
[ I ] − [ I 2 ]t
Average reaction rate: V( m) ( I 2 )t1 ,t2 = [ I 2 ] = 2 t 2 1

t t 2 − t1
Where,  [I2] = [I 2 ]t2 − [I 2 ]t1 = 9.5  10-3 – 7.2  10-3 = 2.3  10-3

 t = t2 – t1 = 100s – 50s = 50s

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
−3
V( m) ( I 2 )t1 ,t2 = 2.3 10 = 4.6  10-5mol.L-1.s-1
50
B) Instantaneous reaction rates

Instantaneous reaction rate of a product increase is the rate at any specific

time that can be determined by the slope of the tangent to the curve at that instant.

For example, calculate the instantaneous reaction of I2 increase at t = 50s based on the curve.
Solution
The instantaneous reaction rate of I2 increase is
[ y] [ I 2 ]2 − [ I 2 ]1 10 10−3 − 5 10−3
V ( I 2 ) 50 = = = = 8.62 10−5 mol.L-1s-1
x t 2 − t1 80 − 22

2.2 The decrease in reactant concentration

A) Average reaction rates

Average reaction rate of a reactant decrease is the change in concentration

of the reactant over a time period.
[ R] − [ R]t
Average reaction rate: V( m) ( R)t1 ,t2 = - [ R] = − t 2 1

t t 2 − t1
Where,  [R] = [ R]t2 − [ R]t1 and  [R] < 0
 t = t2 – t1
For example, the same reaction between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and iodide ion (I-) is represented
by the following equation.
H2O2 (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2I- (aq) I2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
Based on the curve,

a) calculate the average reaction rate of I- decrease over a time period of t1 = 50s and t2 = 100s.
b) Calculate the average reaction of hydrogen peroxide at the same time period.

Fig.5: The change in I- concentration

with time

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
Solution
− [ I − ] [ I − ]t − [ I − ]t
V
a) Average reaction rate: ( m ) ( I ) t1 ,t2 = - =− 2 1

t t 2 − t1
Where,  [I-] = [ I − ]t − [ I − ]t = 0.1  10-2 – 0.5  10-2 = -0.4  10-2
2 1

 t = t2 – t1 = 100s – 50s = 50s

−2
V( m ) ( I − ) t1 ,t2 = − (−0.4 10 ) = 8  10-5mol.L-1.s-1
50
b) Based on the equation, V( m ) ( I − ) t1 ,t2 = 2 V( m) ( H 2O2 )t1 ,t2

V(m) (I − )t1 ,t2 8 10−5

V( m) ( H 2O2 )t1 ,t2 = = = 4  10-5mol.L-1.s-1
2 2

B) Instantaneous reaction rates

Instantaneous reaction rate of a reactant decrease is the rate at any specific

time that can be determined by the slope of the tangent to the curve at that instant.

For example, calculate the instantaneous reaction of I- decrease at t = 50s based on the curve.
Solution
The instantaneous reaction rate of I- decrease is
[ y] [ I − ]2 − [ I − ]1 (0.110−2 − 0.8510−2 )
V ( I − ) 50 = − =− =−
x t 2 − t1 70 − 30
= 1.8710−4 mol.L-1s-1

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
Questions and Problems
1. Given: ClO- (aq) + 2H+ (aq) + 2I- (aq) I2 (aq) + Cl- (aq) + 2H2O (l)
a. Which chemical species are reactants and which are products?
b. Define the average reaction rate of I2 increase over a time period of t1 and t2.
c. Define the instantaneous reaction rate of I2 increase at t and the instantaneous reaction rate
of I- decrease at t.
d. Are the two rates the same or different? Write the relationship between the two rates.

2. Lime stone can react with hydrochloric acid as follow:

CaCO3 (s) + 2H+ (aq) Ca2+ (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
At t = 0s the concentration of Ca2+ ion is zero. At t = 15s the concentration of Ca2+ ion
increases 1.8  10-3mol.L-1 and at t = 30s is 3.13  10-3mol.L-1.
a. Calculate the average reaction rate of the increase in Ca2+ ion over a time period of 15s
and 30s.
b. Calculate the average reaction rate of the decrease in H+ ion over the same time period.

3. Hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium represented as the following equation.

Mg (s) + 2H+ (aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2 (g)
The change in the concentration of Mg2+ ion increase is represented as the following curve.

a. Calculate the average reaction rate of the increase in Mg2+ ion over a period of t1 = 3min
and t2 = 5min.
b. Calculate the instantaneous reaction rate of the increase in Mg2+ ion at t = 4min.

(C)

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics

Lesson 2: Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

1. Surface area of Reactants
Many chemical reaction rates depend on the surface area of the reactant. How does the
surface area affect the chemical reaction rates?

Chemical equation:
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq) CaCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

Observation:
- The rate of the reaction between calcium carbonate powder and hydrochloric acid is
faster, which takes 60 minutes.
- The rate of the reaction between small chips of calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
is slower, which takes 120 minutes.
- The rate of the reaction between small chips of calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid
is slowest, which takes 180 minutes.
Conclusion:
The smaller the pieces of the reactant, the larger the surface area of reactant and the faster
the reaction rate. This is because, for the same mass, many small particles posses more total surface
area than one large particle.
The example illustrates that increasing the surface area of a reactant does not change its
concentration or quantity, but it does increase the rate of reaction by increasing the collision rate
between reacting particles.
liquid particles liquid particles

solid chip solid chips

Fig.7: The same amount reactant but different surface area

Volume of CO2 (cm3)

Small chips

Large chips

Fig.8: The effect of surface area of reactant on reaction rates

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
2. Concentration of Reactants
Reactions speed up when the concentrations of reacting particles are increased. One of the
fundamental principles of the collision theory is that particles must collide to react. Increasing the
concentration of reactant makes more molecules available to collide with each other, which
increases the probability of collision, and ultimately increases the rate of reaction between reacting
particles.

Fig. 9: The effect of I- concentration on the reaction rate

* Observation:
At time t , the color of the solution in each beaker has turned to dark brown in beaker (3), to
brown in beaker (2) and to yellow in beaker (1).
* Discussion:
- At time t , the concentrations of I2 solution has been produced are [I2]t (beaker 3) > [I2]t
(beaker 2) > [I2]t (beaker 1)
- The initial concentrations of I- solution are [I-]0 (beaker 3) > [I-]0 (beaker 2) > [I-]0
(beaker 1)
- At time t , the higher the concentration of I- solution, the higher the I2 concentration
produced.
- From time t =0 to time t , the average reaction rate of the increase in I2 is

[I 2 ] [I 2 ]t − [I 2 ]t [ I 2 ]t
Vm (I2) = = =
t t −0 t
Therefore, Vm (I2)0,t in beaker 3 > Vm (I2)0,t in beaker 2 > Vm (I2)0,t in beaker 1
* Conclusion:
The higher the concentration of I-, the faster the reaction rate.
The example illustrates that increasing the concentration of one reactant makes more molecules
available with which other molecules collide, which increases probability of collision, and
ultimately increases the rate of reaction.

Fig. 10: The effect of H2O2 concentration on the reaction rate

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
* Observation:
At time t , the color of the solution in each beaker has turned to dark brown in beaker (3), to
brown in beaker (2) and to yellow in beaker (1).
* Discussion:
- At time t , the concentrations of I2 solution has been produced are [I2]t (beaker 3) > [I2]t
(beaker 2) > [I2]t (beaker 1)
- The initial concentrations of I- solution are [I-]0 (beaker 3) > [I-]0 (beaker 2) > [I-]0
(beaker 1)
- At time t , the higher the concentration of I- solution, the higher the I2 concentration
produced.
- From time t =0 to time t , the average reaction rate of the increase in I2 is
[I 2 ] [I 2 ]t − [I 2 ]t [ I 2 ]t
Vm (I2) = = =
t t −0 t
Therefore, Vm (I2)0,t in beaker 3 > Vm (I2)0,t in beaker 2 > Vm (I2)0,t in beaker 1
* Conclusion:
The higher the concentration of H2O2, the faster the reaction rate.
The example illustrates that increasing the concentration of one reactant makes more molecules
available with which other molecules collide, which increases probability of collision, and
ultimately increases the rate of reaction.

2.2 Generalization and Explanation

A) The Law of the concentration
Based on the experiments,
* The rates of chemical reactions in term of the increase in products or in term of the
decrease in reactants increases if the concentration of reactants increases.
* The rates of chemical reactions in term of the increase in products or in term of the
decrease in reactants are faster at the initial time and then get slower and slower because the
concentration of reactants decreases.
B) Explanation
* Molecules or ions always collide each other in solution. The collisions that lead to the
reaction between reacting particles is called “effective collisions”.

* The more the effective collisions, the faster the reaction rate. The higher the concentration
of reactants increases probability of collisions between reacting particles in solution, and
ultimately increases the rate of reaction. This explanation is also true for reactions in gaseous
phases at constant temperature.
C) Application
* To increase the rate of a slow reaction, the concentration of the reactant would be
increased. If in gaseous phases, the pressure of reaction system would be increased.
* To decrease the rate of a chemical reaction, the concentration of reactant would be diluted
with a solvent. This technique is implemented in titrations. The dilution of reaction mixture with
water slows down the rate of the chemical reaction.
Note: washing the skin in contact with chemicals with water several times is to decrease the rate of
corrosive reaction on the skin.

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
3. Pressure of reaction system
Assume the temperature is held constant. Decreasing the volume pushes the gas particles
closer together. As the gas particles are pushed closer together, the number of collisions between
particles themselves and between the particles and the walls of their container increases. As the
number of collisions per unit time increases, so does the reaction rate.

Fig.10: Two reaction

systems at different
pressures

low pressure
high pressure

Knowing the pressure effect on reaction rate has great practical value for industrial
applications; for instance, polyethylene can be prepared from ethylene at high pressure and in Haber
process, the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen can be obtained higher yield of NH3
when higher pressures are used (See Fig. 11). Today’s ammonia plants utilize pressures between 10
and 100 MPa (100 and 1000atm).

Fig.11: Percentage yield of ammonia as a function of

pressure, various temperatures

4. Temperature of reaction system

Fig.12: The effect of temperature on the reaction rate

* Observation:
At time t , the color of hotter solution (600) turned to darker brown, that of warmer solution
turned to brown, and that of cooler solution (00) turned to yellow.
* Conclusion:
The reaction rate of the increase in I2 increases with temperature.

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
The example illustrates that increasing the temperature of the reactants (reaction system) increases
the reaction rate because raising the kinetic energy of the reacting particles raises both the collision
frequency and the collision energy.

5. Catalysts
A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a spontaneous reaction by lowering
activation energies without its self being chemically changed (not included in the balanced
chemical equation).
* Experiment:
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution in the presence of catalyst manganese
(IV) oxide is represented as the following equation.

2H2O2 ⎯⎯⎯→
MnO2
O2 + 2H2O

* Procedure:
- Place 5mL of H2O2 solution in two beakers.
- Test a lit match with the first beaker and observe the result.
- Place half coffee spoon of manganese (IV) oxide in the second beaker. Test a lit match
with the second beaker and observe the result.

a lit match a lit match glows

oxygen bubbles

H2O2 solution

Fig.13: The effect of catalyst on the reaction rate

* Observation:
- The first beaker: the flame of the lit match remains constant.
- The second beaker: the flame of the lit match increases.
* Conclusion:
In the second beaker in the presence of catalyst manganese (IV) oxide produces higher
oxygen concentration which causes the more flame.

* The three types of catalyses:

5.1 Homogeneous catalysis is the reaction in which catalyst and reactants are in the same phase (a
catalyst that exists in the same physical state as the reaction it catalyzes).
For example, 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⎯⎯2⎯ → 2SO3(g)
(g) NO

Fe2+
2H2O2 ⎯⎯→
⎯ O2 + 2H2O
The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is called disproportionation reaction because one
reactant can act as both reducing agent and oxidizing agent.

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
5.2 Heterogeneous catalysis is the reaction in which catalyst is in a different phase to the reactants
(a catalyst that exists in a different physical state as the reaction it catalyzes) —usually solid
catalyst and liquid or gaseous reactants.
For example, 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⎯⎯
Pt
→ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)

2H2O2 ⎯⎯⎯→
MnO2
O2 + 2H2O

2H2O2 ⎯⎯
Pt
→ O2 + 2H2O
5.3 Enzyme catalysis is the reaction in which an enzyme catalyst is used.
An enzyme catalyst is a highly specific, powerful biological catalyst.
It is a fact that many chemical reactions in living organisms would not occur quickly enough to
sustain life at normal living temperatures if it were not for the presence of enzymes.
For example, 2H2O2(l) ⎯⎯ ⎯→ 2H2O(l) + O2 (g)
Liver

Common enzyme catalysts are blood, liver, and carrot.

* Autocatalysis: An autocatalysis occurs when one of the products of the reaction is a catalyst for
the reaction.
Common examples of autocatalyses are the following:
a. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5Fe2+ Mn2+ + 4H2O + 5Fe3+
The autocatalyst is Mn2+ ion because it is one of the products that can increase the reaction
rate.
b. 2MnO4- + 5H2C2O4 + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
The autocatalyst is Mn2+ ion because it is one of the products that can increase the reaction
rate.
* Catalysis of a homogeneous catalyst
For example, the disproportionation reaction of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution
in the presence of the catalyst: Fe2+ ion.
The redox pairs involved in the catalysis are H2O2/H2O , Fe3+/Fe2+ , and O2/H2O
Based on gamma rule, the first step hydrogen peroxide oxidizes Fe2+ ion to Fe3+:

H2O2 H2O E0 = 1.77V

Fe3+ Fe2+ E0 = 0.77V

O2 H2O2 E0 = 0.68V
Step 1:
H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 2H2O  1
Fe2+ Fe3+ + 1e- 2
H2O2 + 2Fe2+ 2Fe3+ + 2H2O (1)
Step 2:
H2O2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e- 1
Fe3+ + 1e- Fe3+ 2
H2O2 + 2Fe3+ O2 + 2H+ + 2Fe2+ (2)
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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
By adding (1) and (2), the catalysis equation:
H2O2 + 2Fe2+ 2Fe3+ + 2H2O (1)
3+ + 2+
H2O2 + 2Fe O2 + 2H + 2Fe (2)
2H2O2 2H2O + O2

Since, Fe2+ ion is a catalyst, it does not appear in the balanced chemical equation.
Note: If the catalyst is Fe3+ ion, the order of the reaction catalyzed is vice versa
(Step 2 first and Step 1 second).

* The Role of Catalysts in Reactions

A. Homogeneous catalysts
- The overall reaction is converted to two or more steps
- Catalyst is consumed in the first step and produced in the following step.
- Catalyst lowers the activation energy of reaction and increases reaction rate.
- Catalyst changes the process of reaction but does not change the initial state of reactants and
final state of products.

Activation energy
Energy Activation energy

(A)

(B)

reactants

products

Fig.16: (A) has no catalyst and (B) has

a catalyst
* Industrial advantages of Catalyses
Knowing the catalyst effect on reaction rate has great practical value for industrial
applications because catalysts can
- increase the rate of reactions
- cause reactions occur at low temperature
- make cost of products lower

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics

Questions and Problems

1. How does surface area of reactant affect the rate of reaction?
2. What are the four factors affecting the reaction rates?
3. Why is the rate of reactions affected by temperature?
4. At a specific temperature, the rate of the reaction of hydrochloric acid solution reacts with lime
stone or calcium carbonate chips is slower than that of lime stone or calcium carbonate powder.
a. Explain why the reaction rates are different?
b. Describe two factors which increase the reaction rate.

5. The I- ion is oxidized by H2O2 as the following reaction:

H2O2 + 2I- + 2H+ I2 + 2H2O
How is the reaction rate affected according to the following changes?
a. If [I-] increases (ii) If [H2O2] decreases

6. In the oxidation of I- ion by bleach solution (Javel water):

ClO- + 2I- + 2H+ I2 + Cl- + H2O
How is the reaction rate affected according to the following changes?
a. Potassium iodide (KI) is added to reaction medium
b. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is added to reaction medium
7. Explain the effect of reactant concentration on reaction rate.
8. Medium concentrated hydrochloric acid is added into a beaker containing zinc chips (Zn). The
reaction occurs violently. How do you do to slow down the reaction rate?
9. Does the color change of potassium permanganate solution by oxalic acid occur fast: (a). At room
temperature or (b). At 00C?
10. Define catalyst.
11. What are homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis?
12. What is enzyme catalysis?
13. Give an example of homogeneous catalysis of diproportaionation reaction of hydrogen
peroxide.
14. Give an example of heterogeneous catalysis of diproportaionation reaction of hydrogen
peroxide.
15. How does Fe2+ or Fe3+ ion catalyze diproportaionation reaction of hydrogen peroxide?
16. Give an example of autocatalysis.
17. Describe the industrial advantages of catalysts.
18. Of the following reactions, determine homogeneous catalysis and heterogeneous catalysis, and
enzyme catalysis.
a. 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) ⎯⎯
Pt
→ 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)
3+
b. 2H2O2(aq) ⎯⎯→
⎯ O2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Fe

c. 2H2O2(aq) ⎯⎯ ⎯⎯→ O2(g) + 2H2O(l)

MnO2 (s)

+
d. CH3COOH(aq) + C2H5OH(aq) ⎯⎯
H
→CH3 COOC2H5(aq) + H2O(l)

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
e. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) ⎯⎯⎯→2SO3(g)
N O2 ( g)

f. 2Al(s) + 3I2(s) ⎯⎯ ⎯→ 2AlI3(s)

H2O(l )

g. 2H2O2(aq) ⎯⎯
⎯→ O2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Liver

3+
h. S2O82-(aq) + 2I-(aq) ⎯⎯→
⎯ 2SO42-(aq) + I2(aq)
Fe

i. CH3CH2OH(aq) ⎯Cu
⎯⎯ ⎯→ CH3CHO(aq) + H2(g)
orPt

j. 2H2O2(aq) ⎯C⎯⎯→ O2(g) + 2H2O(l)

ar r ot

19. a. When ethanol vapor is passed through alumin (Al2O3) at 4000C, it produces water vapor, the
remaining ethanol, and a gas which can cause the color of bromine solution to disappear.
What is the gas? Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction to produce this gas
from ehtanol and the reaction between the gas and dibromine.
b. When ethanol vapor is passed through copper at 3000C, it produces a gas which is condensed
in a condenser and in its liquid state, it produces yellow precipitates with 2,4-DNPH and can
react with Tollens reagent. What is the gas produced from the reaction? Write the balanced
chemical equation for producing it from ethanol.
c. What do alumin and copper act as in the experiments?

20. Given standard reduction potentials of the following pairs at 250C:

E0 (Cr2O72-/Cr3+) =1.33V and E0(Cu2+/Cu) = 0.34V
a. Can dichromate ion Cr2O72- be reduced by dihydrogen current? Is the acidic solution
needed for this reaction?

b. A catalyst is needed for the reaction. Can Cu2+ ion act as a catalyst for this reaction?
Why?
21. Given the reaction:
2MnO4- + 5H2C2O4 + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
a. Does H+ ion act as a catalyst? Why?
b. Does Mn2+ ion act as an autocatalyst? Why?
22. A 25mL of 2.0  10-2mol.L-1KI solution is mixed with a 25mL of K2S2O8 solution in a beaker.
After about 1 minute, there is a color change from colorless to dark red.
a. Which species is oxidized? And which species is reduced?
b. Write the balanced chemical equation between the pairs:
S2O82-/SO42- (E0 = 2.01V) and I2/I- (E0 = 0.54V)
c. Indicate that Fe3+/Fe2+ (E0 =0.77V) pair can act as a catalyst for this reaction.

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
Questions and Problems of Chapter 1

1. What are the factors affecting reaction rates?

2. Why does reaction rate increase when concentration of reactant is increased?
3. Why do smaller reactant particles react faster?
4. Why increasing pressure of reaction system increase reaction rate?
5. Why are collisions between reacting molecules required in chemical reactions?
6. At 5000C, dimethylether decomposes slowly to yield methane carbon monoxide and hydrogen
gas as the following equation.
CH3OCH3 I(g) CH4 (g) + CO (g) + H2 (g)
a. Define the average reaction rate of the decrease in dimethylether over a time period of t1
and t2.
b. Define the average reaction rate of the increase in methane over a time period of t1 and
t2 .
c. Write the relationship between the average reaction rate of reactant decrease and the
average reaction rate of product increase.

7. The following data is obtained the study of the following reaction.

2Br- (aq) + H2O2 (aq) + 2H3O+ (aq) Br2 (aq) + 4H2O (l)

Time t (s) [H3O+] M or mol.L-1 [Br2] M or mol.L-1

0 0.0500 0
85 0.0298 0.0101
95 0.0280 0.0110
105 0.0263 0.0118
Use two ways to calculate the average reaction rate of H3O+ ion decrease and that of Br2
increase over a time period of t1 = 85s and t2 = 95s.
8. A reaction is represented by: 2NO (g) + Br2 (g) 2NOBr (g)
Calculate the average reaction rate when:
a. Concentration of bromine decreases 5.3  10-5M over a time period  t =38s.
b. Concentration of nitrogen monoxide decreases 1.04  10-5M over a time period  t =38s.
9. The following curves represent the change in the concentration of the substance C with time.
Which represents the change in the concentration of the decrease in reactant and which
represents the change in the concentration of the increase in the product?

[C] [C]

t (s) t (s)
(A) (B)
10. The following cure represents the change in concentration of diiodine [I2] = f(t) in the reaction:
S2O82- + 2I- 2SO42- + I2
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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
a. What is the concentration of diiodine at infinite time ( t  )?
b. Determine the time of half-life of the reaction t1/2.
c. Determine the reaction rate of the increase in diiodine at half life of the reaction (at time
t1/2).
d. Calculate the average reaction rate of I2 increase over a time period of t1 = 10min and
t2 = 20min.

10. The following cure represents the change in concentration of hydrogen peroxide with time in the
decomposition reaction of hydrogen peroxide:
1
H2O2 H2O + O2
2
a. Determine the average reaction rate of the decrease in hydrogen peroxide from t 1 =3min
to t2 = 7min.
b. Determine the instantaneous reaction rate of the decrease in hydrogen peroxide at t =
5min in the above reaction.

(min)
11. Given standard reduction potentials of the following pairs:
S2O32-/S : E0 =0.50V and SO2/S2O32- : E0 =0.40V
a. Write reduction half-reaction for each pair.
b. How does the spontaneous reaction between the two pairs occur? Write the balanced
chemical equation for the redox reaction.
c. What does this reaction indicate the special property to reduction-oxidation reaction?
Kinetics?

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Chapter I Chemical Kinetics
12. a. The redox pair of oxalic acid is CO2/H2C2O4. Write the balanced chemical equation for the
redox reaction between oxalic acid (H2C2O4) and permanganate ion (MinO4-) in acidic
solution.
b. Define the reaction rate of the decrease in MnO4- ion at time t.
c. What is the relationship between the reaction rate of the decrease in oxalic acid and that of the
decrease in MnO4- ion at the same time?
13. The peroxodisulfate ion (S2O82-) is reduced to sulfate ion (SO42-) by iodide ion (I-). The
concentrations of I2 increase change with time depending on different conditions of the
experiments. The result is shown in the following graph.

Trial 1: [I-]0 = 2[S2O82-]0 = 2  102-mol.L-1, at 200C

Trial 2: [I-]0 = 2[S2O82-]0 = 4  102-mol.L-1, at 200C

Trial 3: [I-]0 = 2[S2O82-]0 = 2  102-mol.L-1, at 360C

Trial 4: [I-]0 = 2[S2O82-]0 = 4  102-mol.L-1, at 360C
a. Write the balanced chemical equation for the redox reaction.
b. Define the instantaneous reaction rate of I2 produced and determine its value at t = 40min
for Trial 1 and Trial 2.
c. Compare the effects of these factors (temperature and concentration) on the reaction rate
of the increase in product based on each trial.
14. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes slowly in the presence of catalyst represented by the following
equation:
2H2O2(aq) O2(g) + 2H2O(l)
The changes in concentrations of H2O2 is as follow

t (min) 0 1 3 5 7 10 12 15
-2
[H2O2] (10 M) 4.5 4.0 3.1 2.4 1.9 1.3 1.1 0.8

a. Construct a graph of [H2O2] = f(t).

b. Calculate the average reaction rate of the decrease in H2O2 over a time period of t1=
0min and t2 = 10min.

&?'
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