Grouping and identifying organisms > 4.1 Characteristics of living organisms (renee sis ca + think about what makes living organisms different from non-living things * learn about the seven characteristics of living organisms. In your classroom, find one living thing and one thing that has never been alive. With your partner, make a list of thirigs that the living thing can do, but the non-living thing cannot do. Be ready to share your ideas with the rest of the class4 Gro __2fouring and identifying organisms Livi : Ving and non-living check, 20U know when something is alive? 1 iti a person, YOu cat © sce if they are breathing, or if they have a heartbeat. Pai t rr nts don’t breathe or have hearts, yet they are alive coe things are called organisms, Living organisms have a set of se" aracteristics that make them different from non-living things. Movernent: Li¥ing janisms car’move. vent Nutrition: Plants fe : Plants feed by Growth: All ivi Photosynthesis. Bears eat meat. . organisms aa orgs Respiration: Food is Excretion: Living are sensitive to changes going organisms get rid of waste Living organisms broken down inside ‘on around them. materials, such as carbon —_can produce young. _ cells to provide energy. dioxide. . Questions : These questions are about the picture of the polar bears. Copy and complete the sentences. Use these words. You can use each word once, more than once or not ‘ atall. carbon dioxide chewing feeding growth movement oxygen sight smell reproduce respiration . i iiuiuiuiuii 128) © scanned with OKEN Scannerie AA Charactaristics of living organisms Another Word for king in nutrition is ., Polar bears can sense things in thei : ir envit ent. For exa ‘i their nose they can sense the . a, eS a ‘ of meat Ms excrete waste substan When they breathe out, Allliving org " s. Animals exerete Living 0 kind of org - to make more of the same 5 Young plants and animals get bigger, This is ealied 6 Allliving organisms break down it 7 some of th . them with energy. This happensin he food they eat, to provide a process called roe Isa car alive? The picture shows a car Here are some facts about cars. + Cars use fuel and oxygen + Inside the engine of the car, the fuel and oxygen provide energy to make the car move. «The engine produces waste gases, including carbon dioxide. These are given off in the exhaust of the car. + Some cars have sensors. For example, they can sense when itis dark and turn the lights on automatically. Questions 1 In your group, make a list of similarities between a car and living organisms. 2. Make a list of differences between a car and living organisms. suey cea 129» © scanned with OKEN Scanner4 Grou Ping and identifying organisms I / \ 4 > 4.2 Viruses learn about the structure of a virus * discuss whether viruses are non-living oF living! ic SSSI RCCL electron microsco Work with a partner to answer these questions: Respiration is one of the characteristics of living things: List the other six characteristics. ach of the words in your list influenza protei replice RNA virus Now explain the meaning of e: 3) C scanned with OKEN Scannerwhat is a virus? uses worse Sill, A wiapsmalter thy nnot sce t Vitus With the kind of you use in school ny jou need 10 Use a special Find of mievoscope called 7 mcs ages are not made of cells. They do Ns is one of your cells, in vi pave ce plue-e! jsacoat ma . Regson the ouside ofthis coat, ‘he orange part inside contains a stance called NA. The RNA is Sade of little threads that contain a Rrof coded instructions for making sore viFuses. Ths photograph of viruses was taken using an! | membrane or cytoplasm, The een outer layer in the photograph ide of protein, There are little 42 Virwses not Indonesia. She is using an electron ject on the right-hand nin front ‘This scientist is working in Jakarta, microscope. The microscope isthe grey obi side of the photograph. It produces a picture on the screer ofthe scientist. vs mieroscope. The viruses inthe photograph look 100000 times bigger Ha virus is. lector {agine just how smal than they rally are. Its almost impossible to y really. —— 131 > © scanned with OKEN ScanneraS 9 ond identifying organisms > Making @ model of a virus ‘You will need: * modelling clay, paper that you can tear into little pie push pins ces, Use the materials to make: * an outer coat of protein * some little threads of RNA, inside the protein coat * some pegs on the outer coat. ; You could take a photograph of your model, then stick the photograp into your notebook, How viruses replicate Viruses cannot do anything at all on their own. They do not respire, feed, excrete or grow. They are not sensitive and cannot move. ‘Viruses have to get inside a living cell before they can make copies of themselves. The brown viruses in the photograph are H3N2 influenza viruses. This kind of (virus can * invade (get inside) cells of birds, humans ee and other mammals\(The viruses get eS into your body by going up your nose % when you breathe in) The little pegs on(the virus’s coat help it to stick 2 e onto one of your cells and then - get inside the cell.) Py * (When the viruses are inside the cell, each virus bursts open) Thetvirus forces the cell to copy the instructions on its RNA, and make many new viruses. This is called 4s replication}\This kills the cell.. Then the new viruses bufst out of the dying cell, ready to infect more cells,) 132) © scanned with OKEN Scannerll A2 Viruses sis mes the anima Whose eet aye avery unpleasint and dangenee ‘968-1969, these Viruses Killed ted feel ill, H3N2 vi q 2 viruses ‘t FS i Kind of influenza (flu), proximately one flu viruses are jst one OF thousand! tan Feet kines OF ViFWSES We Know an Vis has & particular kind oF et me viruses infect plant ccs, cat ml hese Each kind that it infects, of so 2019, a neW Vitus ap 20 peared, We ¢ geeloped in a wild animal and then spe a Hnans. The NeW virus is similar to the pene pee flu and colds. Its official name is SARS tet hele it cases scaled Covi, Thi sana Joronavirus disease 2019, The virus a over the World s quickly spread all Many people get the virus without b orjust have mild symptoms. But in ome sad ie geauses dangerous illness and even death, Scientists will work hard for many years to find the fest ways of preventing this, inchading vaccination, and drugs to treat Covid-19, f This is drawing of 2 SARS-CoV-2 virus. The ed bits ‘on the outside are called spike proteins. They help the virus attach to cells and get inside. neu Are viruses alive? Some scientists consider that viruses are living organisms. Others think that they are not. Ina group of three, discuss the question: Are viruses living organisms? Moke a list of reasons for your decision. Be ready to share your | | ideas with others. summary checklist | Ican describe what a virus is anc «give reasons for classifying viruses 25 how itreplicates. living or non-t 133 © scanned with OKEN Scanner= 4 Grouping and identifying organisms My > 4.3 What is a species? Ih this topic you will yrganisms t See All living things belong to groups called species. Imagine you are looking at two birds in your garden. They look quite similar, but are not exactly the same. Discuss this question with your partner: How would you decide if the two birds belong to the same species or two different species? Be ready to share your ideas. © scanned with OKEN ScannerA.A Wihat ie a apecias? species jentists 20D fiving Onan m8 into ditt cons called a spe nto different kinds, r ach kind o comparing two species of elephant with a partner, look at the tw Went species. © Pictures of elephants. These elephants belong to two ke a list of the similari Mal ne rities that you can see between the two species of elephant. Then make alist of differences that you can see between them. n them. indan elephant African elephant Species and reproduction All the organisms in a species share the same characteristics but they are not all identical to each other. For example, some Indian elephants have straighter tusks than others. They have pink markings on tl skin in different places. There is variation between the individual Indian elephants. Variation between individuals can sometimes make it difficult to decide iether two organisms belong to the same species. To be sure, scientists try to find out if they can reproduce with one another. Indian elephants reproduce only with other Indian elephants. They do aot reproduce with African elephants, Each species reproduces only with ES ee 135) © scanned with OKEN Scanner* Grouping and Monising rane > other mem the off pS kk lel children), e offspring (chil 8 Of its own species. When they have offsp it s. as their parent ne belong to the same species as theit p The offsprin e offspring. a roduce o! 8 aire fertile, This means they can also pr Organisms ¢ roduce - usually rep! hat belong to different species cannot U With one another, r. ice together ies do reprodu Very rarely. two organisms from different species als from 3 if two animal mMetimes happens in a zoo. It can happen if ‘nt species are put into the same enclosure. ee rin a-z00 sometim ‘ For example, a male lion and female tiger in a: — ei ‘member of their together. They will only do this if they do not h Own species to reproduce with. The young ani animals, But I are infertile, his. differe, healthy mals that are produced are called ligers. Lees ae on ligers cannot reproduce. They cannot have o! reproduce So, we can describe a species as a group of organisms that can rep! together to produce fertile offspring. 1 Copy and complete these sentences Choose from these words, 5 bigger different identical similar Organisms that belong to the same Species usualy look : ————— 0 one another, They look orpanismns belo, sig to other Species, 136 > © scanned with OKEN Scanner4.3 What is a species? 2 Explain why biologists say that lions and tigers belong to different species. even though they’ can sometimes reproduce together. PaaS Comparing organisms belonging to different species ask will give you practice in looking very carefully at specimens (samples) of This isms, You will also practise describing similarities and differences. organ You will need: « specimens of two similar species of organism safety ifyou handle live organisms, wash your hands carefully afterwards. Look carefully at the specimens. The organisms belong to two different species. Questions 1 Write down five similarities between the two species. 2 Now write down some differences between them. Try to find at least two differences. 3. Suggest what a scientist would do to be sure that these organisms really do belong to two different species. Summary checklist “Ican compare organisms belonging to iferent species. © scanned with OKEN Scanner) pinom sup nok op Kem yoiynA “Si Op PIno> NOK YDiym ul skead ‘sauyy ySe9] 12 JO AUIKP OF Al) Z3NO Puy Oo} AR NOK pinom MoH, sj eweU Si 1eYM MOU OF UEM no, gas sanau aney nof yeyp 328SUI Ue Puno} aAeY Nok > a1033q uiBeuy yeuuled € Ym Uonsanb siyy ssnosiq Sos “fas wov0yp © 0 2IMs 2U0 Way, Kay @ aBueys dnoi6 & oyu | 41 Ayssepp 0140 ‘uis}ueBso ue Aynuap! 0} £0¥ & asn oy Moy Wea} @ © scanned with OKEN Scanner aseq ay ag [aAA Using kay identifying organisms poles! often want to identity an of {good Way 10 SEITE iS L0 Look at pictures i The biologist may be ape ures in a reference book, or on the internet le to fi ins me. BUC this does not ae a picture ofthe organism, always wor 'ganism that they have found. giologsts also use keys johelp them to identify t : organisms. A Key is a set of vestions about the organism, jou want to identify. The jaswer to each question fakes you to another question, you work through all of the questions unt You arive atthe game of the organism, Hf Here is a imple key to help someone to identify an organism. jtisa dichotomous key. Dichotomous means ‘branching into two". You will have to imagine that you fave the whole animal to look at, not just these pictures. > Touse the key: + Choose one organism ee you want to identify. ve No + Starting at the top of Does it have more than six legs? ‘body made up of rings? the key, answer the first question — yes or no? Yes No 7 a + Flow theline tothe ab eh et next question. Keep going until you arrive at the name of the * r organism. dragonfly housefly 139 © scanned with OKEN ScannerKeys are sometimes arranged ilfeent ina different way. atements tO vith a pair of St Instead of a question, the key starts with @ P choose from, , there is @ number Instead of arrows pointing to where UBD Me telling you which pair of statements 0 £0 goto? 1 a Ithastegs goto3 b Tt does nat have legs —————— goto4 2 a Ihasexacty sles ————__ crab b_ Ithas more than six legs. arto 3. a. Itsbody is made up of rings. we sc b Its body is not made up of rings dragonfly 4 a Ithas four wing; > "8 i ousef b Ithas two wings housefly Try working through the key to identify the dragonfly. You will work through steps 1a, 2a, 4a. Questions 11 Using the key above, which steps would you go through to identify the earthworm? 2 Explain why the key is called a dichotomous key. © scanned with OKEN Scannerack ScCUnis ysing key to identify species of fish qhe pictures show four species of fish © scanned with OKEN ScannerSrouping and identi fying womins > Questions 1 Use this key Remember A. * Take one fish at a time. Start with fish through the questions ang Start at the top of the key and work your way fish. to identify the four species of Until you arrive at the name of the fish. * Then do the same for fish B, and so on y No 'orn shar} | Arethe stipes vertical | Y Yes No | Pothefinshavesping?| zebrafish y ¥ Yes the fins have pines? | | dragon fish clown fish inning of the sam YOu to choose ba a. The fish has stipes 2 Here is the beg Statements for 1 key, written out in the s *yle that uses pairs of tween, 2 svete G0 t0.2 b The fish does not have stripes, Write out the whole’ of the key in this style, Wiel ANSI © scanned with OKEN Scanner4.5 Constry ting keys Eu ‘learn how to create Your own ki ey + lear how to change your key following feedback feedback, Here are four questions that coul jey'0 identify some difercntaanee part of a dichotomous is the plant tall? Do the flowers on the plant have five or more petals? Does the plant have dark green leaves? Are the leaves darker on the cf non upper si Se < pe face than on the With a partner, think about these four questions Which two questions would not be good to use ina key? Explain your answer. A Constructing keysb a Grouping mnet iste yng ergmnionne Constructing a key X00 the photograph of four learners. sone to identify Tenn some Yow ne poinp to construct a Key to help there learners, sep 1 For Think of a way you can split the learners into two ae “Sample, you could split them into male and female learn So, your first question could be: Is the learner female? Step 2 Now look at just one of these groups ~ the female learners, for eat qu example. Think of a Way to split these into two. For example, yor could use the colour of their hair, Step 3 Repeat Step 2 u learner in turn, Deidre ntil you have thought of ways to identify each Now use your ideas tocomplete the “Think like a scientist? activity. = i Aci Elsa _- 144 > © scanned with OKEN Scannerwaking Keys to identify four lear ners copy this key and com plete i fe it, to help someone to identify each of the four learners in the photographs, = No Yes No Yes ° Ben Aa, " Deirdre fe Now try writin i 2 ry 1g your key in the other style, using pairs of statements, ja and b, 2a and band so on. You could use the same pail pairs of feature: yourself to use different pairs. = 2 for your ist ey or you could challenge "Peer assessment ne Exchange your key with a partner. For each of the four staternents below, give your partner: 2 marks if they did it really well rk if they have done it quite well ly, or not at all “ks if they have done it very badl ade up of pairs of statements to choo: statements each time. of statements to choose from. it to identify the four learners. ch other. 1 mal Oma + They have written a key that is m Short +. [tis easy to choose between the + There are no more than three palts © The key works - someone can use it With your partner, look at the marks you have given €2 What could each of you do better next time? 14s) © scanned with OKEN Scanner1 Write a key that someone can use to identify these four cat Species. You can use either style of key 2 Exchange your key with a partner and ask them to try it out. Does it work? Ask them for suggestions for improving it. Use their ideas to make Some changes to your key so that it works better, CE Scanned with OKEN Scanner— AS Constructing boys inthis PIECE YOU will work jp NO group t jassifying Organisms Cay WOUp t affect their h IMIS Of people ‘© think about haw differant decisions about NCes of survival. You will produce a short play to who may be affected by these decisions ghow some of the view) piologists often disagree ame species oF as differ cave a particular kind of about whether ENt species, Thi Organism, oF to imagine there is a small area Coffee traders want to build ified as the two kinds of organism should be class S can cause arguments about whether to try to Protect a habitat. Tainforest where farmers want to plant coffee trees. lactory to process and pack coffee beans, to sell. biologists say th : Fate forests cut down ere? 28-200 different species of birds tha live in this forest. e of these species may bi But other biologists i y become extinct. Bu' disagree: They Say that 100 ofthese ‘spaces are or eho species at all. Tam sure there if we build a coffee $t 200 di x Secs her pacing acto here = can employ lot of people. I think lot of your species are not different species atall; but certainly there are at least 100 different species of bird in the forest. ifl can plant coffee trees here, can make a lot of money. Ifyou wish, you could include other people, such as children who like to play in the forest, or someone from an international conservation organisation. © scanned with OKEN Scanner