B Lesson Title: Definite Integral.

Book References: Integral Calculus, B.C. Das & B.N. Mukherjee.

Aim: To apply the ideas of accumulation to calculate areas, volumes, and lengths.

Objectives:
Explain the Big Idea of Accumulation in terms of the definite integral, Series and Power
Series.

Acquire the skills to calculate definite integrals, determine convergence (or radii of
convergence) for series and Power Series, and to create Taylor Series.

e2 dx
∫1 x (1+log x )2
1. 1. Integrate the :
e2 dx
Let I=∫1
Sol: x (1+log x )2
1
put 1+ log x=t , ∴ dx =dt
x
when x=1 ⇒t=1 , and when x=e 2 ⇒t=1+log e2 =1+2=3
[ −1t ] =− 13 +1= 23
3 3
dt
∴ I =∫1 =
t2 1
.

1
2. 2. Integrate the : ∫0 [Link]−1 x dx
dx 1 1 2 x dx 1
I=∫0 [Link] x dx =[ x . tan x ]0 −∫0 x . 1+x 2 =[1 . π /4−0 ]− 2 ∫0 1+ x2
1 −1 −1 1

Sol: Let

π 1 π 1 π 1
= − [ log(1+x 2 )]10 = − ( log2−log 1)= − log 2
4 2 4 2 4 2
1
Integrate the: ∫0
−1 2
(cos x) dx
3.
1
I=∫0 (cos x) dx
−1 2
Sol: , put x cos  , dx  sin  d

Now, when x 0, then θ cos  1 0 π 2 and when x 1 , then  cos -11 0
0  2  2
 I   2 sin  d   2 sin  d [ 2 ( cos  )]0 2 
 2 0 
0
2 ( cos  ) d

 2  2
0  2  cos  d 2[ sin  ]0 2  2  sin  d
0 0
 π
=2 . −2[−cos θ ]0π /2
2 =π +2(0−1)=π −2
π
∫ sin2 nx dx
4. Integrate the: 0
π 1 π 1 sin 2 nx π
I=∫0 sin2 nx dx= ∫ (1−cos2 nx )= [ x− ]
Sol: 2 0 2 2n 0
1 sin 2 nπ
= (π − )−0 = π −sin 2 nπ
2 2n = 2 4n
π
= [ since sin 2 nπ vanishes as n and hence 2 n is an integer]
2
a dx
∫0 (a 2+ x 2 )3/2
5. Integrate the :
a dx
I =∫0
Sol: put x=a tanθ , dx=a sec 2 θ dθ
(a + x2 )3/2 ,
2

Now, when x=0 ⇒θ=0 and x=a⇒ θ=π /4

π /4 a sec 2 θ dθ π /4 a sec 2 θ
∴ I=∫0 =∫
(a 2 +a 2 tan2 θ )3/2 0 a3 (1+tan2 θ )3/2
1 π /4 sec2 θ 1 π /4 1 1
2 ∫0
= dθ= 2 ∫0 cosθ dθ= 2 [ sin θ ]π0 / 4 = 2
a 3
sec θ a a a √2

π /2
6. Integrate the :∫0
(sec θ−tan θ ) dθ
π /2
Sol: ∫0
I= (secθ−tanθ ) dθ =[ log(sec θ+ tan θ )−logsec θ ]π0 /2

=[ log {(sec θ+tan θ ) π/2

sec θ
]0 } =[ log(1+sin θ)]0π /2 =log 2
=[ log {
sec θ }
(sec θ+tan θ ) π/2
]0

=[ log(1+sin θ)]0π /2 =log 2

π /4
7. Integrate the : ∫0
xcos x cos3 x dx
π /4
I=∫0 x cos x cos3 x dx
Sol:
1 π/4
2 ∫0
= x (cos 4 x +cos2 x ) dx [ using 2 cos A cos B=cos( A +B )+cos( A−B )]

1 π/4 1 π /4
=
2 ∫0
x cos 4 x dx+ ∫0 xcos2 x dx
2
1 sin 4 x π /4 1 π/ 4 sin 4 x 1 sin 2 x π /4 1 π /4 sin 2 x
= [x. ]0 − ∫0 dx+ [ x . ] − ∫ dx
2 4 2 4 2 2 0 2 0 2
 1 π 1 −1 π 1 1
= [−1−1 ]+ + [ 0−1] = + − = ( π−3 )
32 16 8 16 16 8 16
π /2 2
8. Integrate the :
∫0 x sin x dx
π /2 2 π /2
I=∫0 x sin x dx =[ x (−cos x)]0 +2 ∫0 x. cos x dx
2 π /2
Sol:
π /2
=0+2[ x . sin x ]0π /2 −2∫0 sin x dx
π
=2 . −2[−cos x ]π0 /2 =π +2[cos x ]0π /2=π +2(0−1)=π −2
2
log 2 ex 3
∫0 1+e x
dx=log
2
9. Show that :
log 2 ex
I=∫0 dx
Sol: L.S. Let 1+e x
putting 1+e x=t ⇒e x dx=dt
when x=0 , then t=2 and when x=log 2 , then t=3
3 dt
∴ I=∫2 =[ log t ]32 =log3−log 2=log3 /2
t =R.S. (Showed)

∫a logx x 1 b
()
b
dx= log log( ab)
10. Show that : 2 a
b log x 1
∫a x
dx Putting log x=t ⇒ dx=dt
x
Sol: Let L.S.=I= .
when x=a , then t=log a and when x=b , then t=log b
log b t2 log b
I=∫log a t dt=[ ] 1
= [(log b )2−(log a )2 ]
2 log a 2
1 1
= (log b+log a)( logb−log a ) = log ab . logb /a
2 2 =R.S.

a 2t
∫0 sin−1 1+t 2 dt=2 a tan−1 a−log(1+a2 )
11. Show that :
a 2t
I =∫0 sin−1 dt
Sol: Let 1+t 2
putting t=tan θ ⇒dt=sec 2 θ dθ
when t=0 , then θ=0 and when t=a , then θ=tan−1 a
 −1
1 tan−1 a −1 2 tan
15 1 dxθ 2 1
tan 1a
5]=
2
L.S. =
=∫0/6−log1/5
= [Ilog2 ∫
sin
8
]=
1+ 2
tan
[ log1
2
θ
. /3−log
sec
( x−3 ) √(x+1 ) 2 3
=
θ dθ= ∫
1/5
log 0.
2
log . sec 2 θ dθ
2θ 5/3
=R.S. (Showed)
12. Show that
−1
tan a
−∫0
−1
tan a15
=2 [θ . tan θ ]I= dx
(1 . tan θ) dθ =2 [ tan−1 a . a ]−2[ logsec θ ]tan
−1
a
0 ∫8
( x−3 ) √( x+1)
] 0
Sol: Let L.S.=
−1 2 tan−1 a −1
=2 [a tan a ]−[logsec
2 θ ]0 =2 [a tan−1 a ]−[log(1+tan2 θ )]tan a
putting x +1=t , dx =2tdt 0

when −1 ⇒ t=3 and ⇒t=4

=2 a tanx=8 x=15
a−[log(1+a2 )−log 1 ]=2 a tan−1 a−log(1+a2 ) =R.S.
4 2tdt 4 dt 1 t−2 4
∴ I=∫3 =2 ∫ =2. [ log ]
(t 2 −1−3)t 3 2
(t −4 ) 2. 2 t+2 3

15 dx 1 5
∫8 = log .
( x−3 ) √(x+1 ) 2 3
12. Show that
15 dx
I=∫8
Sol: Let L.S.= ( x−3 ) √( x+1)
putting x +1=t 2 , dx =2tdt
when x=8 ⇒ t=3 and x=15 ⇒t=4
4 2tdt 4 dt 1 t−2 4
∴ I=∫3 =2 ∫ =2. [ log ]
(t 2 −1−3)t 3 2
(t −4 ) 2. 2 t+2 3
1 1 1
= [ log2 /6−log1/5 ]= [ log1 /3−log 1/5 ]= log 5/3
2 2 2 =R.S. (Showed)

Home work

Integrate the following:

π
2 π

∫x sin x dx ∫ cos 2 nx dx
1. 0 2. 0

π π 1
4 2

∫ sec x dx ∫ sin x sin 2 x dx ∫ x log(1+2x ) dx

3. 0 4. 0 5. 0
a √e
dx
∫ 2 2
dx ∫ x log x dx
6. 0 a +x 7. 0
 π 5π 2

∫0 ( 1+cos x ) dx= 2
3
∫ √( x −1)( 2−x ) dx= 18 π
Show that: 1. Show that: 1. 1 2.
π
2
32
∫ cos 3 x 4√ sin x dx=
65
0

π
3.
∫0
7
cos θdθ=0