VERTEBRAL COLUMN, SPINAL CORD AND MENINGES

- Vertebral column: 33 vertebrae

o 7 cervical
o 12 thoracic
o 5 lumbar
o Sacrum (5 fused)
o Coccyx (4 fused)

- Normal curvatures
o Primary  fetal = thoracic and sacral (natural kyphosis)
o Secondary  early childhood (hold head up, sitting) = cervical and
lumbar (natural lordosis)

- Typical vertrebra
o Body
o Pedicle
o Transverse process
o Lamina
o Spinous process
o Articular facets (2 superior, 2 inferior)

- CERVICAL VERTEBRAE:
o “smiley face”
o Large vertebral foramem
o Bifid spinous process
o Transverse foramen  vertebral aa.

- THORACIC VERTEBRAE:
o Giraffe
o Small vertebral foramen
o Long, pointing down spinous process
o Articulations with ribs (costal facets)

- LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
o Thick and strong body
o Short and stout spinous process
o Thin transverse process

- Joints of the vertebral bodies

o Symphyses  designed for shock absorption and weight-bearing
o Limited movement
o Intervertebral disc  nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus
 - ATYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAL  ATLAS AND AXIS
o Atlas  no conventional body, anterior arch articulates with dens of
the axis (transverse ligament)
o Axis  dens, inferiorly looks like a cervical vertebra

- Pars interarticularis  weakness point, part of lamina between articular

processes
o Spondylolysis
o Spondylolisthesis

- LIGAMENTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

o Anterior longitudinal ligament  turns into anterior atlanto-occipital
membrane
o Posterior longitudinal ligament  turns into tectorial membrane
o Ligamentum flavum (between laminae)  turns into posterior
atlanto occipital membrane between c1 and skull
o Interspinous ligament
o Supraspinous ligament  nuchal ligaments between C7 and skull

- Conus medullaris  L1/L2  termination of spinal cord

- Cauda equina and filum terminale
- S2  termination of dural sac

POSTERIOR BODY WALL MUSCLES

 3 layers  superficial, intermediate and deep back muscles
  SUPERFICIAL  appendicular, extrinsic, innervation from brachial
plexus of anterior rami
 INTERMEDIATE  intrinsic, innervation via dorsal rami
 DEEP  tranversospinal group, innervation via dorsal rami

MUSCLE ORIGIN INSERTION FUNCTION INNERVATIO

N
TRAPEZIUS Spinous Superior: Superior: CN XI
processes, lateral 1/3 elevates (spinal
nuchal clavicle scapula accessory
ligament nerve)
Middle: Middle: retracts
acromion scapula

Inferior: Inferior:
spine of depresses
scapula scapula

Superior +
inferior:
superior
rotation
LATISSIMUS Iliac crest, Floor of Extension, Thoracodorsa
DORSI thoracolumb bicipital adduction and l nerve (C6 –
ar fascia and groove medial rotation C8) –
thoracolumb of humerus posterior cord
ar spinous of the
processes brachial
plexus
DELTOID Lateral Deltoid Anterios: Axillary nerve
clavicle, tuberosity Flexion (C5-C6) –
acromion, of humerus posterior cord
scapula Middle fibers: of brachial
spine abduction of plexus
humerus

Posterior:
extension,
lateral rotation
of humerus
LEVATOR C1-C4 Superior Elevation, Dorsal
SCAPULA transverse angle of inferior rotation scapular
processes scapula od scapula nerve (C5)

RHOMBOIDS C7 – T5 Medial Retraction, Dorsal

(MAJOR, MINOR) Spinous scapula inferior rotation scapular
processes from spine of scapula nerve (C5)
 to inferior
angle
TERES MAJOR Inferior angle Medial lip of Medial rotation Lower
of scapula bicipital of humerus subscapular
groove, nerve (C5 –
courses C6)
anteriorly to
attach to Proximity
humerus with
subscapularis
muscle
SUPRASPINATUS Abduction of Suprascapula
humerus r nerve (C5 –
C6)
INFRASPINATUS Lateral rotation Suprascapula
of the humerus r nerve (C5 –
C6)
TERES MINOR Lateral rotation Axillary nerve
of the humerus (C5 - C6)
ERECTOR SPINAE: Ileocostalis: Bilateral Dorsal rami
attached to contraction: of spinal
LATERAL TO MEDIAl: ribs laterally back extension nerves
ILEOCOSTALIS
LONGISSIMUS Spinalis: Unilateral
SPINALIS spinous contraction:
process to ipsilateral
spinous bending of the
process back
TRANSVERSOSPIN TRANVERSE SPINOUS Stabilization of Dorsal rami
ALIS PROCESSES PROCESSES the spine of spinal
GROUP: nerves
Semispinalis: PROPRIOCEPTI
SEMISPINALIS most ON
superficial, (every small
ROTATORES head and muscles is
neck region, innervated)
MULTIFIDUS longer
muscle fibers

Rotatores:
deepest,
thoracis

Multifidus:
lumbar
SPLENIUS Cervical Skull Bilateral Dorsal rami
spine contraction: of proximal
extension of spinal nerves
head/neck
 Unilateral
contraction:
lateral flexion
and rotation of
head/neck

- Superficial back muscles  contraction leads to movements of the upper

limbs, appendicular muscles
- Intermediate muscles  “true back muscles” stability of spine
- Deep back muscles  “true back muscles”, transversospinal group
- Dorsal rami  innervate true back muscles
- Ventral rami branches such as the brachial plexus  superficial muscles

- Scapular movement  RETRACTION vs PROTRACTION (PUNCH)

- Root of spinal scapula – aligns with T3

- Iliac crest – aligns with L4
- Sacral dimple – aligns with S2

- Shoulder region  less superficial fascia

- Thoracolumbar fascia  thick
- ROTATOR CUFF lateral rotation vs. TERES MAJOR medial rotation
- Glenohumeral joint  articulation scapula (glenoid fossa)/humerus (head)

- ILEOCOSTALIS  “costa” = ribs, denticulations

- SPINALIS  SPINOUS PROCESSES

UPPER LIMB
- Shoulder joint  glenohumeral joint
- Other joints involved in upper limb movement: acromioclavicular,
scapulothoracic
- Glenohumeral = mobility vs. Hip joint = stability
- Glenohumeral joint is not very stable, rotator cuff critical to stability,
relatively few fibrous layers of joint capsule

- Axillary nerve  deltoid, teres minor

- Glenohumeral joint  rotator cuff tendons (infraspinatus, supraspinatus,

subscapularis, teres minor)
 - Joint capsule  reinforced by glenohumeral ligaments, relatively lax, specially
inferiorly
- Coracoacromial ligament  strong structure, strong roof, prevents
superior dislocation
- Transverse humeral ligament  long head of biceps
- Acromioclavicular joint  distal end of the clavicle + coracoclavicular
ligament (strength, strong ligaments), acromioclavicular ligament

- Shoulder separation AC joint (vs shoulder dislocation = GH joint) 

dislocation of AC joint with or without coracoclavicular ligament rupture

- Scapular rotation: Superior rotation  Glenoid fossa pointing up, Inferior

rotation  GF pointing down
- Trapezius  sup rotation

- Subdeltoid/Subacromial bursa  reduce friction, protect tendons from the

movement across bones and ligaments

- PECTORALIS MAJOR  Clavicular head + sternocostal head

Clavicular head  flexion
Sternocostal head  extension
Medial and lateral pectoral nerves  medial and lateral cords of the brachial
plexus

- PECTORALIS MINOR  behind pectoralis major

Protract the scapular, great landmark to brachial plexus
Medial pectoral nerve
Originates on ribs 3-5, inserts on coracoid process

- Deltopectoral groove  cephalic vein

- Cords of the brachial plexus  superficial nerves travel along with superficial
veins

- SERRATUS ANTERIOR  Protracts scapula

innervation  long thoracic nerve  exposed in the surface of the serratus
anterior muscle, vulnerable  winged scapula

ANTERIOR ARM
MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE (C5 – C7)
 - BICEPS BRACHII  SUPINATION + FLEXION (SHOULDER, ELBOW)
Long head  inserts into the bicipital groove/intertubercular groove

- CHORACOBRACHIALIS  WEAK FLEXION, ADDUCTION (SHOULDER

ONLY)
Protection of the GH joint, sustains against gravity (farmer carry)

- BRACHIALIS  FLEX AT THE ELBOW ONLY

POSTERIOR ARM
- TRICEPS
Radial nerve, midshaft fractures of the humerus may damage
- Long head of triceps brachii attaches to the scapula  long head crosses
shoulder and elbow joints, medial and lateral heads only cross the elbow joint
-

AXILLA AND BRACHIAL PLEXUS

- Axillary fossa  anteriorly formed by the pectoralis major and posteriorly
formed by latissimus dorsi and teres major
- Deltopectoral groove  cephalic vein
- Lateral wall = humerus (bicipital groove)
- Medial wall = serratus anterior

Inside the axillary pyramidal space:

- Axillary artery
- Axillary vein
- Brachial plexus
- Lymph nodes
- Axillary fat

- Axillary artery  3 components: proximal, posterior and distal to the

pectoralis minor
- Axillary artery is the landmark that defines the cords of the brachial plexus
- Subclavian artery  changes name after 1st rib  Axillary artery
- Axillary artery  changes name after teres major  Brachial artery

- BRANCHES:
1ST PART  SUPERIOR THORACIC ARTERY
2ND PART (BEHIND THE PEC MINOR)  THORACO-ACROMIAL TRUNK
AND LATERAL THORACIC ARTERY
3RD PART  SUBSCAPULAR ARTERY, ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
CIRCUMFLEX HUMERAL AA.

- COLATERAL CIRCULATION AROUND THE SCAPULA  Dorsal scapular

artery  anatosmosis with the axillary artery (thoracodorsal artery)
- Distally to the subscapular artery  no collateral circulation

- Posterior circumflex artery travels with the axillary nerve

- Thoracodorsal artery runs with the thoracodorsal nerve

- Brachial veins (venae comitantes) travel along the brachial artery (axillary
artery becomes the brachial artery?)
- Brachial veins (deep) + cephalic vein (superficial)  unite to form the axillary
vein
- Cephalic vein communicates to the Basilic vein via medial cubital vein 
drain to axillary vein

- BRACHIAL PLEXUS
- C5, C6, C7, C8, T1  ROOTS  TRUNKS  DIVISIONS  CORDS  TERMINAL
BRANCHES/NERVES
- The roots are ventral rami of C5 – T1, emerge anterior and middle scalene
muscles
- Close to the subclavian a. and subclavian v.
- Supraclavicular branches:
o Dorsal scapular  Levator scapula and Rhomboids
o Suprascapular  Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus
o Long thoracic  Serratus anterior
 o Subclavian nerve
- TRUNKS:
o C5 + C6 ROOTS  Superior  ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOS DIVISIONS
o C7 ROOT  Middle  ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOS DIVISIONS
o C8 + T1  Inferior  ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOS DIVISIONS
- DIVISIONS UNITE TO FORM 3 CORDS – BEHIND THE PEC MINOR
(POSITION RELATES TO THE AXILLARY ARTERY):
o All posterior  Posterior cord
o Superior and middle anterior  Lateral cord
o Inferior anterior  Medial cord
- BRANCHES:
o POSTERIOR CORD  RADIAL NERVE(TRICEPS) AND AXILLARY
NERVE (DELTOID)
o MEDIAL CORD  ULNAR NERVE AND MEDIAL ROOT OF MEDIAN
NERVE
o LATERAL CORD MUSCULOCUTANEOS (BICEPIS,
CORACOBRACHIALIS, BRACHIALIS), LATERAL ROOT OF MEDIAN
NERVE

ELBOW AND FOREARM

- Capitulum, throchlea, medial and lateral epicondyles
o Rounds ends of bones  condyles
o Specializations  trochlea and capitulum
- Olecranon fossa  hole in the posterior distal part of the humerus
- Capitulum articulates with the head of the radius
 - Throclea articulates with trochlear notch of ulna
- Throclear notch  Coronoid process and olecranon of ulna
- HUMEROULNAR and HUMERORADIAL  2 sites of articulation 
Humeroulnar is the primary site of articulation
- LIGAMENTS  radial collateral ligament, ulnar collateral ligament (triangle
shaped), joint capsule
- PIVOTING RADIUS OVER ULNA  Syndesmodis joint, pronation/supination
- RADIO-ULNAR JOINT  proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints  head
of radius + radial notch of ulna  located within the loose fibrous capsule of
elbow joint
- Anular ligament of radius  allows rotation
- Radial nerve  runs in the radial groove, can be injured in bony fractures

ANTERIOR FOREARM
- Superficial layer (4 muscles) and Deep layers (4 muscles)
- Median nerve  most muscles
- Ulnar nerve  flexor digitorum profundus, flexor carpi ulnaris

SUPERFICIAL LAYER - ANTERIOR FOREARM MUCLES  PFPF

- Common flexor tendon  Find it to find the 4 superficial muscles, site of
common flexor origin from MEDIAL EPICONDYLE
- PRONATOR TERES  short, only pronates forearm, no function at the wrist
- FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS
- PALMARIS LONGUS
- FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS  attaches to palmar aponeurosis
DEEP LAYER – ANTERIOR FOREARME MSUCLES  FFFP
- 2ND LAYER  FLEXOR DIGITORUM SUPERFICIALIS (FDS)  4 tendons, 1 for
each finger
- 3RD LAYER  FLEXOR DIGITORUM PROFUNDUS + FLEXOR POLLICIS LONGUS
- 4TH LAYER  PRONATOR QUADRATUS

POSTERIOR FOREARM
- Superficial layer (6 muscles) and deep layer (5 muscles)
- Extension in joints they cross
- Radial nerve  Dominant nerve of the compartment

SUPERFICIAL LAYER – POSTERIOR FOREARM MUCLES

- BRACHIORADIALIS  flexes at the elbow
 - EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS LONGUS
- COMMON EXTENSOR TENDON  COMMON ORIGIN IS LATERAL EPICONDYLE
- EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS BREVIS
- EXTENSOR DIGITORUM
- EXTENSOR DIGITI MINIMI  dedicated to the 5th digit
- EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS

CR LONGUS BREVIS
DIGITORUM
DIGITI MINIMI
CU

DEEP LAYER – POSTERIOR FOREARM MUCLES

- ABDUCTOR POLLICIS LONGUS
- EXTENSOR POLLICIS BREVIS
- EXTENSOR POLLICIS LONGUS
- EXTENSOR INDICIS
- SUPINATOR

ARTERIES
- BRACHIAL A  RADIAL A (travels inside brachioradialis) + ULNAR A
(flexor carpi ulnaris)

WRIST AND HAND

- Scaphoid  narrow part  point of weakness
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform  lives in a tendon
- Trapezium
- Trapeoid
- Capitate  larger of carpal bones
- Hamate  little hook to one of the ulnar sides tendon

- Falling on outstretched hand  scaphoid fx, colles fx

- Scaphoid fx  complication: avascular necrosis  fracture separates
proximal bone from blood supply, artery reaches distal part of bone
- Proximal wrist bones x distal wrist bones  midcarpal joint
- Distal carpal vs. metacarpal  carpal-metacarpal joints CMC
- Metacarpal vs. Proximal phalangeal bones  metacarpal-phalangeal joints
- Proximal and Distal interphalangeal joints
- Thumb only has 1 IP joint

- Radio  articulation with carpal bones

- Ulna  does not articulate directly to the carpal bones
- Adduction  ulnar deviation
- Abduction  radial deviation

- Flexor CR + Palmaris longus + Flexor CU  flexion of the wrist

- Worm-like muscles along FDP  lumbrichae mm.
- Extensor CRL + CRB + Extensor digitorum + DM + ECU
- Extensor pollicis longus  curves into the thumb
- Ext. pollicis brevis  direct to the thumb

- Synovial sheets surrounding tendons  2nd, 3rd, 4th digits, thumb, minimi +
wrist

- Compartments of the hand

o Thenar compartment  Abductor pollicis brevis, Flexor pollicis brevis,
Opponens pollicis
o Hypothenar compartment  Abductor digit minimi, Flexor digiti
minimi,Opponens digiti minimi
o Central compartment  covered by palmar aponeurosis, lumbricals,
superficial nerves and arteries (superficial palmar arch)
o Adductor compartment  Adductor pollicis
o Interosseous compartments

- Hand  Ulnar nerve dominant + median helps

- Median nerve  thenar compartment + lateral 2 lumbricals
- Ulnar nerve  Hypothenar compartment + interosseous + adductor pollicis +
medial 2 lumbricals
- Interosseous mm.  all innervated by the ulnar nerve, palmar interossei
adduct (PAD), dorsal interossei abduct (DAB)
- Lumbricals  Always on the lateral side of the FDP tendon on each finger
o 1,2  median n.
o 3,4  ulnar n.

- Extensors  passes posteriorly to all the joints  extension in all the joints
 - Long flexors (FDS, FDP)  flexion on all the joints (pass anteriorly)
- Lumbricals  flex at the MCP (pass anteriorly), extend at DIP and PIP (cross
and attach posteriorly to interphalangeal joints)

- The carpal tunnel  median n. + tendons (4 FDS, 4 FDP, 1 FPL)

- Carpal Tunnel Sd.  inflammation of tendons compressing median n
- Guyon’s (Ulnar) canal  ulnar nn.+ ulnar aa. + May be
compressed

LOWER LIMB
- Lower limb  locomotion, stability, walking
- Upper limb  mobility, reaching
- Analogies  analogous structures

- Iliac crest, ASIS, AIIS, PSIS, PIIS, iliac fossa

- Greater and lesser sciatic notches, obturator foramen
- Ilium, ischial and pubis  meet at the ACETABULUM
- Bony features  origins, insertions, passage of structures

- HIP BONE: LIGAMENTOUS STRUCTURES

o Sacrospinous ligament
o Sacrotuberous ligament
o Form two holes  greater and lesser SCIATIC
FORAMEN

- Inguinal ligament  ASIS to the pubic tubercle

- PROXIMAL FEMUR
o Greater trochanter
o Lesser trochanter
o Intertrochanteric line
o Neck
o Smooth anterior surface
o Posterior surface  linea aspera and gluteal tuberosity
o
- Ligaments of the hip joint
o Joint capsule  3 specialized ligaments that blend in and reinforce
the capsule
 Iliofemoral ligament  attached to the intertrochanteric
line
 Pubofemoral ligament  attached to the
intertrochanteric line
 Ischiofemoral ligament

- Acetabulum  lunate surface (horse shoe shaped inside the acetabulum),

acetabular labrum, fibrous cartilage
- Ball in socket synovial joint
- Functional compartments, based on
movement/function

- COMPARTMENTS OF THE THIGH:

o Anterior  Femoral nerve
o Medial  Obturator nerve
o Posterior  Sciatic nerve

- ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT
o ILEOPSOAS  Flexor of the hip
o PECTINEUS
o SARTORIUS  “Tailor” muscle, longest muscle in the body, crosses
leg
 FLEX TIGH
 ABDUCTS TIGH
 LATERAL ROTATION TIGH
 FLEX KNEE
o RECTUS FEMORIS + VASTUS LATERAIS + MEDIALIS +
INTERMEDIUS = QUADRICEPS FEMORIS

- MEDIAL COMPARTMENT
o OBTURATOR INTERNUS
o ADDUCTOR LONGUS
o ADDUCTOR BREVIS
o ADDUCTOR MAGNUS
o GRACILIS  most medial muscle of the thigh
o Obturator nerve and artery divide around adductor brevis
o Adductor hiatus  Femoral a. and femoral v pass

- POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT
o Biceps femoris (long head, short head)
o Semitendinosus
o Semimembranosus

- GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
 o Deep fibers attach to gluteal tuberosity
o Iliotibial tract (IT band)
o Powerful extension

- FASCIA LATA  Over all the muscles in the thigh

- External iliac a.  Femoral a.  deep femoral a.  medial and lateral

circumflex aa. (greater trochanter, neck of the femur)

- Great saphenous v.  drains the medial side of the lower limb  to femoral
vein in the femoral triangle

- THE FEMORAL TRIANGLE

o Sartorius, Adductor Longus, Inguinal ligament
o Femoral nerve  LATERAL
o Femoral a.  Deep to the inguinal ligament
o Femoral v.  MEDIAL
o Floor: adductor longus, iliopsoas, pectineus
o Catheterization

- Deep to the Sartorius m.  ADDUCTOR CANAL

(SUBSARTORIAL CANAL, HUNTER’S CANAL)
o Femoral nerve  branches  saphenous
nerve
KNEE AND LEG
- The knee is a modified hinge joint  3 articulations
o 2 femorotibial
o 1 femoropatellar (intermediate)

- Adductor tubercle  Adductor magnus attachment

- Primarily flexion/extension + some rotation about the vertical axis
- Quadriceps femoris + ligaments  stability
- PATELLA  Largest sesamoid bone in the body, increases leverage of the
quadriceps tendon and patellar tendon during knee extension
o Attachment point for the quadriceps tendons
o Patellar tendon  attach to the tibia tuberosity

- Tibia = medial, Fibula = lateral

- Head of the fibula  articulates with lateral tibial condyle

- Superior aspects of tibial condyles (Tibial Plateaus)  relatively flat 

Femoral condyles sit on the tibial plateaus like balls on a plate

- FEMORAL AND TIBIAL CONDYLES  SAME SHAPE AS

CORRESPONDING
o Medial = elongated
o Lateral = circular

- MENISCI  Improve articular surface, shock absorption

o Medial meniscus  C-shaped, larger, broader posteriorly, attached to
ligament (tibial collateral ligament)
o Lateral meniscus  smaller, free from ligament (fibular collateral
ligament)
 o CORONARY LIGAMENT  Menisci attaching to tibia around the
edges

- ATERIOR CUCIATE LIGAMENT  attaches anteriorly to the intercondylar

eminence, weaker of the two cruciates, frequently injured, LIMITS
ANTERIOR DISLOCATION OF THE TIBIA RELATIVELY TO THE FEMUR

- POSTERIOR CRUCIATE LIAGEMNT  attaches posteriorly to the

intercondylar eminence, LIMITS POSTERIOR DISLOCATION OF THE TIBIA
RELATIVELY TO THE FEMUR

- MEDIAL/ TIBIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT  20x more injuries, due to

attachment to inner structures (medial meniscus)

- EXTENSOR RETINACULAR  DERIVED FROM QUADRICEPS FEMORIS

o Reinforces anterior part of joint capsule
- POPLITEUS M.  unlocks the knew from terminal extension and protects
lateral meniscus during flexion

- PES ANSERINE BURSA  S,G, T SARTORIUS, GRACILIS AND

SEMITENDINOSUS
o Medial support primarily from TCL
o Medial knee rotation  medial hamstrings (SGT??)
- Lateral support primarily from FCL
- IT band  stabilizes knee during repeated flexion/extension movements,
common source of pain

- EXTENSION OF THE KNEE

o QUADRICEPS FEMORIS  FEMORAL NERVE
o TENSOR FASCIA LATA  SUPERIOR GLUTEAL NERVE
- FLEXION OF THE KNEE
o HAMSTRING MM. (BICEPS FEMORIS, ST, SM)  SCIATIC NERVE
o GASTROCNEMIUS M. (MEDIAL AND LATERAL HEADS)  TIBIAL
NERVE
o WEAK FLEXION  SARTORIUS, GRACILIS

- POPLITEAL FOSSA  Diamond shaped area behind the knee, bounded by

biceps femoris, ST, SM, MEDIAL AND LATERAL HEADS OF GASTROCNEMIUS
o POPLITEAL A.
o POPLITEAL V.
o SMALL SAPHENOUS VEIN  DRAINS TO POPLITEAL V.
o TIBIAL NERVE AND COMMON FIBULAR NERVE  DERIVATES FROM

SCIATIC NERVE

- BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE LOWER LIMB

o External iliac a.  Femoral a.  Popliteal a.  Anterior and Posterior
Tibial a.
o Posterior tibial a  Fibular a.
o Deep Femoral a. (hip supply)

- VENOUS DRAINAGE
o Great saphenous v.  drains to femoral v.
o Small saphenous vein  between gastrocnemius heads
o Perforating veins

- INNERVATION
 o FEMORAL NERVE  Motor nerve of the anterior compartment, and
sesory to skin overlying (anterior cutaneous nerves of the thing) 
SAPHENOUS NERVE  sensory to the medial aspect of the leg 
patella tendon reflex

o OBTURATOR NERVE  motor to the

medial compartment of the thigh, skin overlying medial thigh, no

o SCIATIC NERVE  motor to the medial compartment of the thig, skin

overlying (posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh)  splits into the
TIBIAL NERVE AND COMMON FIBULAR NERVE  MOTOR AND
SENSORY FUNCTIONS BELOW THE KNEE

o COMMON FIBULAR NERVE

 SUP. BRANCH: MOTOR TO LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG,
SENSORY TO THE LATERAL OF THE LEG AND DORSUM OF FOOT
(EVERTERS)
 DEEP BRANCH OF THE COMOON FIBULAR NERVE 
DORSIFLEXION

o TIBIAL NERVE  Posterior compartment of the leg, plantar flexion

and inversion, muscles on inferior surface of the foot 
achilles tendon reflex
ANKLE AND FOOT
- Tibia and Fibula
o Tibial tuberosity  insertion of patellar ligament
o Tibial shaft on anterior surface, soleal line on posterior surface
o Tibia  Medial malleolus
o Head and neck of fibula
o Fibula  Lateral malleolus

- Tibiofibular joints
 o Interosseus membrane  syndesmosis joint, superior gao for
passage of anterior tibial vessels
o Proximal joint  synovial joint
o Distal joint  Syndesmosis joint
o Mortise  Inferior pocket, formed distally by tibial and fibula

- Osteology of the foot

o Calcaneus
o Talus  articulates with Tibia and Fibula
o Tarsal bones  Navicular, 3 cuneiform bones, Cuboid (lateral)
o Metatarsal bones
o Phalanges
o Arch higher on the medial side than on the lateral side

- Sustentaculum tali  Talar shelf, bony extension of the calcaneus to

support head of the Talus
- ANKLE JOINT  Hinge synovial joint, plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
o Mortise + Talus
o Ankle congruency is highest during dorsiflexion  Wider part of the
talus articular surface in anterior + stable
o Plantarflexion  less stable (ballerina)
o Inversion  SOLE FACING MIDLINE
o Eversion  SOLE FACING LATERAL
o Inversion and Eversion  2 separate joints  Transverse Tarsal joint

- LATERAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT  3 PARTS

 o Calcaneofibular ligament  Lateral malleolus to the calcaneus
o Talofibular ligament  Lat. Mal to the lateral side of the Talus
o Posterior Talofibular ligament  Lat. Mal. To the back of the Talus

- MEDIAL COLLATERAL LIGAMENT == DELTOID LIGAMENT (TRIANGULAR

SHAPE)
o Strong ligament, rarely injured, stable
o Ankle is more likely to invert, because the lateral ligaments are weaker
o Tibiocalcaneal ligament
o Posterior Tibiotalar lig,
o Anterior Tibiotalar lig.
o Tibionavicular

- Deep fascia of the leg (Crural Fascia)  Continuation of the Fascia Lata,
thick, divides the muscular compartments
o Muscular contractions  helps the blood return to the heart, dues to
the limitation of the crural fascia, creating compressive force

- Compartments of the Leg

o Lateral compartment  eversion
o Anterior compartment (between bones)  dorsiflexion, extension of
the toes
o Posterior  Superficial and Deep  Superficial only plantarfexion,
Deep plantarflexion and flexors of the toes

- ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG

- DORSIFLEXION, EXTENSION OF TOES
AND INVERSION
o Tibialis anterior
o Extensor hallucis longus 
EXTENSOR HALLUX
o Extensor digitorum longus
o Extensor retinacula
o DEEP FIBULAR NERVE

- LATERAL COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG

- EVERSION
o Fibularis longus
o Fibularis brevis
o Fibular retinacula
o SUPERFICAL FIBULAR NERVE
- SUPERFICIAL POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG
- PLANTARFLEXION
o Gastrocnemius
o Soleus
o Soleus + Gastrocnemius  insert into the Calcaneus via THE
ACHILLES TENDON (CALCANEAL TENDON)  TRICEPS SURAE

- DEEP POSTERIOR
- BEHIND SOLEUS AND GASTROCNEMIUS
o Tibialis posterior
o Flexor digitorum longus
o Flexor hallucis longus
o TIBIAL NERVE

- POSTERIOR TO THE MEDIAL MALLEOLUS  TOM, DICK AND HARRY

(TARSAL TUNNEL)
- TIBIALIS POSTERIOR TENDON
- FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS TENDON
- FLEXOR HALLUCIS LONGUS TENDON
- POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERU
- TIBIAL NERVE

- ARCHES OF THE FOOT  Help to protect soft tissue and neurovasculature

from compression by body weight

- Anterior Tibial Artery  DORSALIS PEDIAL A.

- Post. Tibial Artery  LATERAL AND MEDIAL PLANTAR AA.
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